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It seems realistic that one of the long-term preconditions of European integration is the strengthening of European identity. Otherwise, it might happen that a growing split occurs between the elites and the population in the question of integration. In the Western European countries the concepts of Europe and the EU frequently coincide, while in the Eastern European countries Europe has primarily cultural-historical connotations and the EU embodies economic development and welfare. In an international comparison, European identity was stronger in the newly joining countries, but in some of them (i.e. in Hungary and Estonia) the national identity was among the strongest as well. The current study is based on a Hungarian representative survey carried out in 2003 - that is before Hungary joined the European Union. We supposed that class positions, the availability of material, cultural and social resources strongly influence European identity. We examined two aspects of identity, a symbolic and a pragmatic one. The symbolic identity was measured by questions addressing national vs. supra- and sub-national belonging, while pragmatic identity was approached by a question addressing the fair redistribution of taxes among the different levels. We could compare these dimensions and investigate the possible reasons for inconsistencies. .

This paper provides an overview of the relevant theoretical frameworks of well- being and migration and the links between the two concepts. The article is part of the theoretical preparatory work for the MIGWELL project. We argue that increasing it at the individual level is a universal human desire. From this perspective, migration - if it is truly voluntary - may be a tool to reach the desired outcome of increasing well-being. In general, micro-level approaches are more suitable for linking subjective well-being and migration. In particular, the "new economics and sociology of migration", the "network theory" and the "capabilities approach" offer the implicit or explicit possibility to do so. Regarding well-being, we apply a hybrid approach, inspired by both the OECD and the WeD concepts. Finally, in this paper we propose a research design that may be suitable (with some limitations) to capture the two-way relationship between the two concepts: the impact of subjective well-being on migration intention and the effect of migration on subjective well-being [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of European identity -- problematic as it is -- has been amply dealt with in relation to different segments of society. From the perspective of their attachments, third-country immigrants form an interesting population: in balancing between identification with their country of origin and their country of residence, literature indicates that it might be more natural for them to feel part of a transnational social space, such as Europe. In this paper we compare the Hungarian public and third-country immigrants according to their attachment to Europe. Besides transnational embeddedness, different forms of acculturation and social status are also taken into account in the analysis as important determinants of supranational identification. Third-country immigrants are "supposed" to have more transnational ties than the receiving population, and, in opposition to international trends, in Hungary they are also in a better position in terms of their cultural and material resources which makes them more likely to have supranational attachment. However, our findings (based on empirical surveys carried out in 2011) show that, despite their higher transnational involvement, immigrants are less attached to Europe than the receiving population. It seems that the link between "Europeanness" and transnationalism is not as straightforward as expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]