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PAH’lar, iki veya daha fazla aromatik halkayı bünyesinde bulunduran, yarı uçucu organik bileşiklerdir. Su ortamlarında PAH konsantrasyonları ve etkileri son yıllarda üzerinde önemle durulan konuların başında gelmektedir. Sedimentler, su ortamındaki en önemli PAH rezervuarlarındandır. Bu nedenle sedimentler, sucul ekosistemlerinin su kalitesinin kirliliklerinin değerlendirmesinde sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. PAH’lar organik bileşiklerin tam yanmamasından dolayı oluşmakta ve çeşitli kaynaklardan alıcı ortamlara ulaşabilmektedirler. PAH’lar çevre ve insan sağlığı açısından zararlı etkilere sahiptir ve endüstriyel gelişme ile doğal ortamlardaki PAH konsantrasyonlarında önemli artışlar olmuştur. Sanayi-yoğun havzalarda kentleşme ve endüstrileşmeden dolayı PAH miktarlarının yüksek olması beklenmektedir. Amerikan Çevre Koruma Ajansı (USEPA) tarafından belirlenen 16 öncelikli PAH türünün su kaynaklarında ve sedimentlerde izlenmesi, PAH’ların su ve sedimentlerdeki konsantrasyonlarının belirlenmesi ve PAH-toksisite ilişkisini ortaya konması açısından oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmada literatürdeki çalışmalar derlenerek dünyada bu konuda yapılmış çalışmaların sonuçları ortaya koymaktadır., PAHs are semi-volatile organic compounds containing two or more aromatic rings. PAH concentrations and their effects on aquatic environments are among the issues that have been emphasized in recent years. Sediments are one of the most important PAH reservoirs in the aquatic environment. Therefore, sediments are frequently used in the evaluation of water quality pollution of aquatic ecosystems. PAHs can reach receiving environments from various sources and are formed due to incomplete combustion of organic compounds. PAHs have harmful effects on the environment and human health and with industrial development, there have been significant increases in PAH concentrations in the natural environment. Due to the intense urbanization and industrialization in industrial-dense basins, PAH amounts are expected to be high. The monitoring of 16 priority PAH species determined by the USEPA in water resources and sediments, and the determination of the concentrations of PAHs in water and sediments are very important in terms of revealing the PAH-toxicity relationship. In this study, the studies in the literature are compiled and the results of the studies conducted in the world on this subject are revealed.

In this study, COD removal efficiencies were investigated in dairy industry wastewater by using variations of coagulation-flocculation and ozone oxidation in laboratory. Coagulationflocculation (CF), ozonation (O), ozonation following coagulation-flocculation (CF+O) and coagulation-flocculation following ozonation (O+CF) processes were applied to the wastewater. Optimum pH and optimum dosages were studied at various pH values and at various coagulant doses at room temperature (25oC). In ozone oxidation, wastewater was taken to ozonation reactor and ozone was given 1 g/hour dose and COD removal efficiencies were determined by taking samples in 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 150, 210 and 240 minutes. Treatment performance of coagulation and flocculation and ozonation processes and their variations were evaluated by COD removal efficiencies. The optimum pHs for the Al2(SO4) 3 and FeCl3 were found as 7 and 6 respectively. The optimum dosages were 1200 mg/L for Al2(SO4) 3 and 500 mg/L for FeCl3. At optimum conditions, approximately 45% and 28% of COD were removed by using FeCl3 and Al2(SO4) 3 respectively. When only ozonation was applied, COD removal efficiency was determined as 20% at the end of 240 minutes. COD removal efficiency was 65% with the application of ozonation after coagulation-flocculation (CF+O). When the coagulation-flocculation process was applied after the ozonation process (O+CF), COD removal efficiency remained at 52%.

The coal bottom ash accumulated at the bottom of the boilers due to the burning of coal harm the environment both due to the need for storage space during their disposal and the possibility of leakage of pollutants into the groundwater in the area where they are stored. Therefore, in many studies, studies are carried out on the use of coal bottom ashes in the coThe coal bottom ash accumulated at the bottom of the boilers due to the burning of coal harm the environment both due to the need for storage space during their disposal and the possibility of leakage of pollutants into the groundwater in the area where they are stored. Therefore, in many studies, studies are carried out on the use of coal bottom ashes in the construction industry instead of cement or sand in the production of mortar/concrete. Bottom ash is used as a binder instead of cement, as aggregate instead of sand, or as a filling material instead of very fine material. In this study, the chemical composition, grain shape characteristics and strength activity index of the bottom ash obtained from a landfill facility in Tekirdağ-Çorlu, where the bottom ash of the Thrace Region was disposed of, were determined and a comparison with CEM I 42.5 R Portland cement was made considering these features. As a result of the study, the 28-day strength activity index of 75 µm under-sieve waste bottom ashes was obtained as 79.8%. This value provides the 75% limit given for fly ash. Accordingly, 75 µm under-sieve waste bottom ashes used in the study were considered to be usable at certain levels instead of cement, since they showed pozzolanic properties. It has been stated that the 2 mm sieve bottom ash is quite fine compared to CEN standard sand and its use instead of CEN standard sand may reduce the workability of fresh concrete/mortar samples.nstruction industry instead of cement or sand in the production of mortar/concrete. Bottom ash is used as a binder instead of cement, as aggregate instead of sand, or as a filling material instead of very fine material. In this study, the chemical composition, grain shape characteristics and strength activity index of the bottom ash obtained from a landfill facility in Tekirdağ-Çorlu, where the bottom ash of the Thrace Region was disposed of, were determined and a comparison with CEM I 42.5 R Portland cement was made considering these features. As a result of the study, the 28-day strength activity index of 75 µm under-sieve waste bottom ashes was obtained as 79.8%. This value provides the 75% limit given for fly ash. Accordingly, 75 µm under-sieve waste bottom ashes used in the study were considered to be usable at certain levels instead of cement, since they showed pozzolanic properties. It has been stated that the 2 mm sieve bottom ash is quite fine compared to CEN standard sand and its use instead of CEN standard sand may reduce the workability of fresh concrete/mortar samples., Kömürün yanması ile kazan diplerinde biriken taban külleri hem bertarafları sırasında depolama alanı ihtiyaçları dolayısıyla hem de depolandıkları bölgede kirleticilerin yeraltı sularına sızma olasılıkları nedeniyle çevreye zarar vermektedirler. Bundan dolayı birçok çalışmada taban küllerinin inşaat sektöründe çimento veya kum yerine harç/beton yapımında kullanımı konusunda çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Atık taban külleri, çimento yerine bağlayıcı olarak ve kum yerine agrega olarak veya çok iKömürün yanması ile kazan diplerinde biriken taban külleri hem bertarafları sırasında depolama alanı ihtiyaçları dolayısıyla hem de depolandıkları bölgede kirleticilerin yeraltı sularına sızma olasılıkları nedeniyle çevreye zarar vermektedirler. Bundan dolayı birçok çalışmada taban küllerinin inşaat sektöründe çimento veya kum yerine harç/beton yapımında kullanımı konusunda çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Atık taban külleri, çimento yerine bağlayıcı olarak ve kum yerine agrega olarak veya çok ince malzeme yerine dolgu malzemesi olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Trakya Bölgesi taban küllerinin bertaraf edildiği Tekirdağ-Çorlu’da bulunan bir düzenli depolama tesisinden temin edilen taban küllerinin kimyasal bileşimi, tane biçim özellikleri ve dayanım aktivite indeksi belirlenmiş ve bu özellikler dikkate alınarak CEM I 42,5 R Portland çimentosu ile karşılaştırma yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçlarında 75 m elek altı atık taban küllerinin 28 günlük dayanım aktivite indeksi %79.8 olarak elde edilmiştir. Bu değer uçucu küller için verilen %75 sınırını sağlamaktadır. Buna göre çalışmada kullanılan 75 m elek altı atık taban külleri puzolanik özellik gösterdiği için çimento yerine belirli düzeylerde kullanılabilir olarak değerlendirilmiştir. 2 mm elek altı taban külünün CEN standard kuma göre oldukça ince olduğu ve CEN standard kum yerine kullanımının taze beton/harç numunelerinin işlenebilirliğini azaltabileceği belirtilmiştir. nce malzeme yerine dolgu malzemesi olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Trakya Bölgesi taban küllerinin bertaraf edildiği Tekirdağ-Çorlu’da bulunan bir düzenli depolama tesisinden temin edilen taban küllerinin kimyasal bileşimi, tane biçim özellikleri ve dayanım aktivite indeksi belirlenmiş ve bu özellikler dikkate alınarak CEM I 42,5 R Portland çimentosu ile karşılaştırma yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçlarında 75 m elek altı atık taban küllerinin 28 günlük dayanım aktivite indeksi %79.8 olarak elde edilmiştir. Bu değer uçucu küller için verilen %75 sınırını sağlamaktadır. Buna göre çalışmada kullanılan 75 m elek altı atık taban külleri puzolanik özellik gösterdiği için çimento yerine belirli düzeylerde kullanılabilir olarak değerlendirilmiştir. 2 mm elek altı taban külünün CEN standard kuma göre oldukça ince olduğu ve CEN standard kum yerine kullanımının taze beton/harç numunelerinin işlenebilirliğini azaltabileceği belirtilmiştir.

We explained the methodology used in setting the basic and supplementary measures for diffuse pollutants at Küçük Menderes Basin. As the majority of diffuse pollutants arise from livestock breeding and agricultural activities, we focused to propose measures regarded with tackling the pollution from agricultural activities. The types and distribution of diffuse loads were expressed by total nitrogen and phosphorous parameters. We used the results of a yearlong surface water quality monitoring involving physico-chemical, chemical and biological parameters with specific pollutants and priority substances, set in the European Union Water Framework Directive as the AquaTool input data. The AquaTool model was run for attaining the outcomes of a series of measures determined according to the ecological sensitivity of each water body. The removal efficiency of pollution loads provided by the best management practices in agricultural activities and livestock breeding were compiled from literature, and typical removal rates were further determined for the basin. We produced nine alternative scenarios at first cycle for determining compliance measures for mitigating point and diffuse sources of pollution in surface water bodies, and water quality improvements observed in the Model were reported. A number of exemptions were defined for some of the water bodies that could not achieve the environmental objectives at the end of first implementation cycle. 759 proposed measures for tackling diffuse pollution were 81% of the total measures considered. Additionally, the measures for mitigating diffuse agricultural pollution were almost equal to half of the diffuse pollutant measures, and 40% of the overall measures listed

We explained the methodology used in setting the basic and supplementary measures for diffuse pollutants at Küçük Menderes Basin. As the majority of diffuse pollutants arise from livestock breeding and agricultural activities, we focused to propose measures regarded with tackling the pollution from agricultural activities. The types and distribution of diffuse loads were expressed by total nitrogen and phosphorous parameters. We used the results of a yearlong surface water quality monitoring involving physico-chemical, chemical and biological parameters with specific pollutants and priority substances,set in the European Union Water Framework Directive as the AquaTool input data. The AquaTool model was run for attaining the outcomes of a series of measures determined according to the ecological sensitivity of each water body. The removal efficiency of pollution loads provided by the best management practices in agricultural activities and livestock breeding were compiled from literature,and typical removal rates were further determined for the basin. We produced nine alternative scenariosat first cycle for determining compliance measures for mitigating point and diffuse sources of pollution in surface water bodies, and water quality improvements observed in the Model were reported. A number of exemptions were defined for some of the water bodies that could not achieve the environmental objectives at the end of first implementation cycle. 759 proposed measures for tackling diffuse pollution were 81% of the total measures considered. Additionally, the measures for mitigating diffuse agricultural pollution were almost equal to half of the diffuse pollutant measures, and 40% of the overall measures listed

SAR Journal; Vol 1, No 2, 2018. ISSN 2619-9955, This study explored the effects of two representative endocrine disrupting compounds (Bisphenol A (BPA) and Octhyl Phenol Ethoxylate (OPEO)) on Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal efficiency. The biofilm reactor was operated at different initial BPA (1.6-15 mg/l) and OPEO (3.01-20.1 mg/l) concentrations. Performances of the process were evaluated in terms of BPA, OPEO degradation and COD removal. Results revealed that 95% of COD removal could be achieved with influent COD and BPA concentrations of 430 mg/L and 1.67 mg/L respectively. The coexistence of BPA (25 mg/l) and OPEO (25 mg/l) resulted in a 64% of COD removal with an initial COD of 542 mg/l. COD removal efficiency was 83% for 3.5 mg/l BPA+3.5 mg/l OPEO, and 64% for 25 mg/l BPA+25 mg/l OPEO indicating a 19% decrease. Rather than the toxic effect of BPA and OPEO, the reduction in COD removal was due to the increase in influent COD values.

Dye decolorization of RB19 using commercial laccase (Cerrena unicolor) enzyme was evaluated in this study. The effect of pH, laccase concentration, temperature, metal salt, carbon and nitrogen sources and solvents on the removal of RB19 dye were examined in detail. Highest RB19 removal with laccase (Cerrena unicolor) was obtained at pH 6, 40°C, 0.3 g/L enzyme concentration and 200 mg/L initial dye concentration. According to the Michaelis–Menten kinetics, the highest Vmax was 6.61 mg/L.min at these conditions. 0.25 mM of Cu2+ or Mn2+ enhanced the decolorization of RB19 but further increase in metal concentration decreased the removal of RB19. In the presence of carbon source such as glucose, starch and lactose, removal of RB19 by laccase was not significantly affected. However, in the presence of nitrogen sources such as urea and NH4Cl, the removal of RB19 by laccase was significantly reduced.

In this study, COD and color removal from wastewaters by Fenton’s oxidation were investigated. In the study the response variables of Y1 and Y2 were selected as COD removal rate (%) and color removal rate(%), and efficacy variables of A, B, anc C were selected as H2O2 concentration (mmol/L), reaction time (h) and H2O2/Fe2+. The experimental design was used as a two-level factorial design. In the corner points 23 = 8, in the center points 3 and a total of 3(8+3)=33 experiments were conducted. Effect of H2O2 concentration (mmol/L), reaction time (h) and H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio on COD removal rate and color removal rate were investigated. The optimum conditions for maximum COD removal rate and color removal rate were at H2O2 concentration 8 mmol/L, reaction time 3 h and H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio 2.6. At optimum conditions 82% COD removal rate and 93% color removal rate were achieved.

The rapid depletion and pollution of water resources are extremely negative impact on all life in Ergene River Basin in Turkey. The highly polluted sites were Corlu and Cerkezköy in the basin which located near the most urbanized and industrialized area. New discharge standards were developed by Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation (TWPCR) for COD (chemical oxygen dimend) and color to prevent pollution caused by insufficient wastewater treatment in the basin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the color and COD removal efficiency of various adsorbents for biologically treated effluents of a local textile factory in Corlu which has COD:200 mg/L and color:39.4 m-1. In the study four adsorbents were used: the waste metal hydroxide (WMH) obtained from aluminum electroplating industry, colemanite waste (CW) and ulexite waste (UW) collected from boron ore wastes and magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4) (MNP). The adsorption of color and COD onto different adsorbents were studied at natural pH (pH 7.5), different adsorbent doses (2-30 g/L) and different contact times (0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min). The color removal efficiencies of WMH and UW were bigger than MNP and CW. Adsorption with UW achieved to equilibrium at 120 min and with WMH at 180 min. The maximum color removal efficiencies were 67% for UW and 57% for WMH. The maximum COD removal efficiencies were 72% for UW and 70% for WMH. Both adsorbents were reduced COD below 100 mg/L and color below 20 m-1. Freundlich model yielded better fit than the Langmuir model for the adsorption of color and COD on UW and WMH.

In this study, COD and color removal from wastewaters by Fenton’s oxidation were investigated. In the study the response variables of Y1 and Y2 were selected as COD removal rate (%) and color removal rate(%), and efficacy variables of A, B, anc C were selected as H2O2 concentration (mmol/L), reaction time (h) and H2O2/Fe2+. The experimental design was used as a two-level factorial design. In the corner points 23 = 8, in the center points 3 and a total of 3(8+3)=33 experiments were conducted. Effect of H2O2 concentration (mmol/L), reaction time (h) and H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio on COD removal rate and color removal rate were investigated. The optimum conditions for maximum COD removal rate and color removal rate were at H2O2 concentration 8 mmol/L, reaction time 3 h and H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio 2.6. At optimum conditions 82% COD removal rate and 93% color removal rate were achieved., Bu çalışmada, atıksulardan Fenton prosesi ile KOİ ve renk giderimi için gerekli şartların optimizasyonu sağlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada, tepki değişkenleri Y1 ve Y2 sırasıyla KOİ giderim verimi (%) ve renk giderim verimi (%), etki değişkenleri A, B ve C sırasıyla H2O2 miktarı (mmol/L), reaksiyon süresi (sa) ve H2O2/Fe2+ oranı olarak seçilmiştir. Deneysel tasarım olarak iki düzeyli faktöriyel tasarım kullanılmıştır. Köşe noktalarda 23=8, merkez noktasında 3 ve toplamda 3.(8+3)=33 deneme noktasında ölçüm gerçekleştirilmiştir. H2O2 miktarı (mmol/L), reaksiyon süresi (saat) ve H2O2/Fe2+ oranı olmak üzere üç değişkenin KOİ giderim ve renk giderim verimlerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. KOİ giderme verimi ve renk giderme verimi birlikte dikkate alındığında optimum şartlar H2O2 konsantrasyonu 8 mmol/L, temas süresi 3 sa ve H2O2/Fe2+ oranı 2.6 olarak seçilmiştir. Bu şartlarda en yüksek KOİ giderim verimi ve renk giderim verimi sırasıyla %82 ve %93 olarak bulunmuştur.

Endüstrileşmenin hızlı olduğu bölgelerde, akışı sürekli olmayan, tatlı su miktarı genellikle yağışlarla orantılı olan ve deşarjlar için alıcı ortam olarak kullanılan nehir ve dereler atıksu kanalları haline gelebilmektedir. Bu su kaynakları deşarj-bağımlı ve deşarj-ağırlıklı sistemler olarak sınıflandırılarak, farklı şekilde yönetilmesi gereken sistemlerdir. Bu çalışma, böyle nehir ve nehir kollarına sahip, endüstrileşmenin çok hızlı gerçekleştiği ve yaklaşık 1000 endüstrinin arıtılmış veya arıtılmamış deşarjlarını alan Ergene Nehri ve kollarında yapılmıştır. Çok karmaşık özellikteki birçok deşarjı alan bu nehir ve nehir kollarının, kirlenme durumlarına bağlı olarak zehirliliklerinin belirlenmesi sürdürülebilir kullanımlarının sağlanabilmesi ve yönetimlerinin doğru şekilde yapılması için önemli bir veri sağlayacaktır. Bu çalışmada bu nehir ve nehir kollarından numuneler alınmış ve kirletici parametreler ile Vibrio fischeri organizmasına zehirlilik etkileri ölçülmüştür. Çalışma sonuçlarında, bölgedeki özellikle deşarj-bağımlı sistemlerin kimyasal parametreler ve zehirlilik açısından oldukça etkilenmiş oldukları görülmüştür. Referans bölge olarak seçilen su kaynağının kimyasal parametreler ve zehirlilik açısından kirletilmediği, en çok kirlenmiş bölgenin tekstil ağırlıklı organize sanayi ve deri organize sanayi ile daha birçok endüstrinin deşarjlarını birlikte alan ve deşarj-bağımlı bir sistem olan Çorlu Deresi ile bir kolu olan Sinandede Deresi olduğu görülmüştür. Vibriofischeri test organizmasının zehirliliğine neden olan parametreler istatistiki analizler yapılarak belirlenmiş ve çoklu regresyon analizi kullanılarak regresyon modeli kurulmuştur. Kurulan regresyon modeline göre zehirlilik ölçütlerinden olan EC 10 değeri en çok Çözünmüş Oksijen (ÇO), Kimyasal Oksijen İhtiyacı (KOİ) ve Toplam Çözünmüş Maddelerden(TÇM) etkilenmiştir.