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Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Intraspecific variation in the effect of sugar in the adult diet on the amount of fat in 10 day-old males. Table S1. The results of ANOVA for the effect of population, the yeast content in the developmental and the adult diet, and their interactions on early fecundity, egg-to-adult viability, early fecundity standardised for body size, and early fecundity per ovariole. Table S2. The results of ANOVA for the effect of population, the sugar content in the developmental and adult diet, and their interactions on early fecundity, egg-to-adult viability, early fecundity standardised for body size, and early fecundity per ovariole. Table S3. The results of ANOVA for the effect of population, the yeast content in the developmental and the adult diet, and a match/mismatch between developmental and adult nutritional environment on early fecundity, egg-to-adult viability, early fecundity standardised for body size, and early fecundity per ovariole. Table S4. The results of ANOVA for the effect of population, the sugar content in the developmental and the adult diet, and a match/mismatch between developmental and adult nutritional environment on early fecundity, egg-to-adult viability, early fecundity standardised for body size, and early fecundity per ovariole. Table S5. The results of ANOVA for the effect of population and the yeast content in the developmental diet, and their interactions on various traits on different adult diets. Table S6. The results of ANOVA for the effect of population and the sugar content in the developmental diet, and their interactions on various traits on different adult diets. Table S7. The results of ANOVA for the effect of population and the yeast or sugar content in the developmental diet, and their interactions on thorax length and ovariole number. Table S8. The ANCOVA results for early fecundity with the yeast content in the developmental diet as the fixed factor and thorax length or ovariole number as the covariate. Table S9. The ANCOVA results for early fecundity with the sugar content in the developmental diet as the fixed factor and thorax length or ovariole number as the covariate. Table S10. The results of ANOVA for the effect of population and the yeast or sugar content in the developmental diet, and their interactions on the fat and glycogen content at emergence. Table S11. The results of ANOVA for the effect of population, the yeast content in the developmental and the adult diet, and their interactions on the fat content and glycogen content in 10-day old males. Table S12. The results of ANOVA for the effect of population, the sugar content in the developmental and the adult diet, and their interactions on fat content and glycogen content in 10-day old males. Table S13. The results of ANOVA for the effect of population, the yeast content in the developmental and the adult diet, and a match/mismatch between developmental and adult nutritional environment on fat content and glycogen content in 10-day old males. Table S14. The results of ANOVA for the effect of population, the sugar content in the developmental and the adult diet, and a match/mismatch between developmental and adult nutritional environment on fat content and glycogen content in 10-day old males.

The major goal of evolutionary thermal biology is to understand how variation in temperature shapes phenotypic evolution. Comparing thermal reaction norms among populations from different thermal environments allows us to gain insights into the evolutionary mechanisms underlying thermal adaptation. Here, we have examined thermal adaptation in six wild populations of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) from markedly different natural environments by analyzing thermal reaction norms for fecundity, thorax length, wing area, and ovariole number under ecologically realistic fluctuating temperature regimes in the laboratory. Contrary to expectation, we found only minor differences in the thermal optima for fecundity among populations. Differentiation among populations was mainly due to differences in absolute (and partly also relative) thermal fecundity performance. Despite significant variation among populations in the absolute values of morphological traits, we observed only minor differentiation in their reaction norms. Overall, the thermal reaction norms for all traits examined were remarkably similar among different populations. Our results therefore suggest that thermal adaptation in D. melanogaster predominantly involves evolutionary changes in absolute trait values rather than in aspects of thermal reaction norms.

The non-proteinogenic amino acid beta-methyl-amino-l-alanine (BMAA) is a neurotoxin produced by cyanobacteria. BMAA accumulation in the brain of animals via biomagnification along the food web can contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Parkinsonism dementia complex (ALS/PDC), the latter being associated with a loss of dopaminergic neurons. Daphnia magna is an important microcrustacean zooplankton species that plays a key role in aquatic food webs, and BMAA-producing cyanobacteria often form part of their diet. Here, we tested the effects of BMAA on putative neurodegeneration of newly identified specific dopaminergic neurons in the optic ganglia/brain complex of D. magna using quantitative tyrosine-hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and fluorescence cytometry. The dopaminergic system was analysed in fed and starved isogenic D. magna adults incubated under different BMAA concentrations over 4 days. Increased BMAA concentration showed significant decrease in the stainability of dopaminergic neurons of D. magna, with fed animals showing a more extreme loss. Furthermore, higher BMAA concentrations tended to increase offspring mortality during incubation. These results are indicative of ingested BMAA causing neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in D. magna and adversely affecting reproduction. This may imply similar effects of BMAA on known human neurodegenerative diseases involving dopaminergic neurons.