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ObjectiveTo investigate how tobacco and tea spread among virgin populations and how the first addictions have subsequently influenced the behavior of present-day populations.DesignRetrospective observational study using data from frozen burials and levels of theobromine, theophylline, caffeine, nicotine, and cotinine measured in hair samples from frozen bodies of autochthonous people. Confrontation of the results with new ethnobotanical, historical and cultural data from the past and with present day epidemiological data from the same region.SettingEastern Siberia (Yakutia) from the contact with Europeans (17th century) to the assimilation of people into Russian society (19th century).Participants47 frozen bodies of autochthonous people from eastern Siberia and a review of present-day populations from YakutiaInterventionLevels of theobromine, theophylline, caffeine, nicotine, and cotinine were measured in hair samples. Along with the collection of cultural data associated with the bodies, potential comorbidities were investigated.Main outcome measureWe combined LC-HRMS and LC-MS/MS tools for toxicological investigations in hair and we assessed the association between xenobiotic concentrations and geography using several permutation-based methods to infer the economic circuits of tobacco and tea. Comparison of the results obtained with ethno-botanical analyses allowed to identify the products from which the metabolites were derived.ResultsHair levels of theobromine, theophylline and caffeine vary with the type of beverage consumed: green, black or local herbal teas. At the beginning of our study period, a few heavy consumers of tobacco were found among light or passive consumers. Tobacco-related co-morbidities began to be recorded one century after contact with Europeans. Heavy tea users were only found from the 19th century and the heaviest users of the two substances date from this century. After the first contact, teas were widely consumed as beverages and medicines but also for shamanic reasons. Economic factors, fashion and social and family contacts seem to have played a decisive role in tobacco consumption very early on.ConclusionEpidemiological characteristics of present-day Yakutia suggest that the high prevalence of smokers and tea consumers, the prevalence of female smokers and tobacco use in the north, find their origins in the diffusion phenomena of the 18th and 19th century. Behavioral evolution governed the process of substance integration and was determinant for the continuity of use of these substances over a long period of time.

The necropolis of Adaima has provided the largest sample in the world of a population so ancient and so well preserved. It makes it possible to test the interest of the different standard mortality tables in the study of past populations and to question the epidemiology of the population. The phenomenon known as “ Neolithic demographic transition” which postulates an excess mortality of children in the Neolithic period linked to an increase in the population and the development of infectious diseases is highlighted here in a funerary assemblage. The modalities, in particular excessive infant mortality compared to historical periods, are underlined and the first known epidemic of tuberculosis is discussed. The implications for the emergence of the pharaonic society are discussed as are the prospects for future studies., La nécropole d’Adaïma a fourni le plus important échantillon de population aussi ancien et aussi bien conservé au monde. Il permet de tester l’intérêt des différentes tables-types de mortalité dans l’étude des populations du passé et de s’interroger sur l’épidémiologie de la population. Le phénomène connu sous le nom de «Neolithic demographic transition » qui postule une surmortalité des enfants au Néolithique lié à une augmentation démographique et au développement des maladies infectieuses est ici mis en évidence dans un ensemble funéraire. Les modalités, avec en particulier des surmortalités dans les classes jeunes par rapport aux périodes historiques sont soulignées et la première épidémie connue de tuberculose est mise en évidence. Les implications pour la mise en place de la société pharaonique sont discutées tout comme les perspectives des études à venir., Crubézy Eric, Duchesne Sylvie, Donat Richard, Gérard Patrice, Dabernat Henri. Évolution humaine, tuberculose et démographie : Adaïma et le phénomène « NDT ». In: Archéo-Nil. Revue de la société pour l'étude des cultures prépharaoniques de la vallée du Nil, n°28, 2018. pp. 31-42.

A la luz de los nuevos datos arqueológicos obtenidos en cerro Cuzco (Potosí, Bolivia), en este trabajo trataremos sobre un conjunto de montañas antiguamente sacralizadas por los inkas, las cuales intervinieron en la conformación de una jurisdicción territorial asociada con el wak'a de Porco. La articulación de los registros arqueológico e histórico permitió explorar diversos aspectos que envuelven los adoratorios de altura inkaicos de esta región, en los cuales se destacan tanto su relación con la explotación de yacimientos mineros como su vínculo con los cultos a la divinidad prehispánica del rayo. In light of new data obtained at Cerro Cuzco (Potosi, Bolivia), this article deals with a group of mountains sanctified by the Inkas which intervened in the formation of the territorial jurisdiction associated with the wak'a of Porco. The articulation between the archaeological register and archival records allows for the exploration of different aspects in the high altitude Inkan shrines located in this region -well known for the exploitation of mineral deposits as well as for cults of worship dedicated to the pre-Hispanic lightning divinity. Fil: Cruz, Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Crubézy, Eríc. Université Paul Sabatier; Francia Fil: Gérard, Patrice. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia