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The Rhipicephalus microplus tick is widely recognized as the most economically significant ectoparasite affecting cattle globally, particularly in the Neotropical region. In Mexico, at least 65% of the cattle are infested with R. microplus and are susceptible to tick-borne diseases. Integrated tick management strategies are required to maintain compatible levels of animal production and reduce the reliance on chemical acaricides for tick control. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze current methods for controlling tick infestation in extensively raised cattle using Integrated Tick Management (ITM) and to propose an ITM program suitable for implementation in the humid tropical region of Veracruz, Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a disease that affects 2 to 25 % of equines worldwide, 56% of which go blind; therefore, it is considered the most common cause of blindness in horses. ERU is a spontaneous immune-mediated condition characterized by recurrent intraocular inflammatory events. Currently, there is no treatment for horses with this disease. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) derived from various tissues, such as Wharton's jelly (WJ), have demonstrated their ability to modulate the immune response by negatively regulating the inflammatory process. The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the effect of using MSCs derived from WJ as a treatment for ERU. The WJ was obtained and processed according to previously described methodologies for obtaining EMF. The horses involved in this study received a dose of 5x106 MSCs in the subpalpebral area. The research evaluated the concentration of interleukins (IL: IL-lα, IL-2, IL-10, IFN-y, and TNFα) in tear samples obtained before treatment inoculation, 30 min after the inoculation, and 7 days post inoculation. No significant changes in IL concentration were observed suggesting a decrease in pro-inflammatory ILs. However, horses with ERU treated with MSCs exhibited a positive response to therapy, evidenced by a decrease in signs of ERU. The results obtained suggest that treatment of ERU with WJ-derived MSCs is a safe alternative with promising results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report describes a fatal case of mucosal disease in a two-year-old bull. For causal agent detection, scab, whole blood, and feces samples were tested by RT-PCR, PCR, ELISA, and viral isolation. RT-PCR positive amplification was obtained in blood samples for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Viral isolation from the scab samples confirmed BVDV as the causative agent of the clinical manifestations. Subsequently, genetic characterization based on phylogenetic analysis of three partial sequences revealed the presence of BVDV subgenotype lb in analyzed samples. Due to the development of clinical manifestation named mucosal disease, these findings suggest the detection of BVDV persistently infected (Pl) bull; therefore, these results demonstrate the importance of establishing BVDV control programs that rely on testing the presence of PI in cattle from Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is considered the most important viral pathogen in ruminants worldwide due to the broad range of clinical manifestations displayed by infected animals. Therefore, infection with BVDV leads to severe economic losses in several countries' beef and dairy industries. Vaccination prevents reproductive failure and gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders caused by BVDV infection. However, considering their limitations, conventional vaccines such as live, attenuated, and killed viruses have been applied. Hence, different studies have described subunit vaccines as an effective and safe alternative for BVDV protection. Therefore, in this study, the ectodomain of E2 (E2e) glycoprotein from NADL BVDV strain was expressed in mammalian cells and used in two vaccine formulations to evaluate immunogenicity and protection against BVDV conferred in a murine model. Formulations consisted of solo E2e glycoprotein and E2e glycoprotein emulsified in adjuvant ISA 61 VG. Five groups of 6 mice of 6-to-8-week-old were immunized thrice on days 1, 15, and 30 by intraperitoneal injection with the mentioned formulations and controls. To evaluate the conferred protection against BVDV, mice were challenged six weeks after the third immunization. In addition, the humoral immune response was evaluated after vaccination and challenge. Mice groups inoculated with solo E2e and the E2e + ISA 61 VG displayed neutralizing titers; however, the E2 antibody titers in the E2e + ISA 61 VG group were significantly higher than the mice group immunized with the solo E2e glycoprotein. In addition, immunization using E2e + ISA 61 VG prevents animals from developing severe lesions in surveyed tissues. Moreover, this group acquired protection against the BVDV challenge, evidenced by a significant reduction of positive staining for BVDV antigen in the lungs, liver, and brain between the experimental groups. Our findings demonstrated that using E2e + ISA 61 VG induces greater BVDV protection by an early humoral response and reduced histopathological lesions and BVDV antigen detection in affected organs, indicating that E2e + ISA 61 VG subunit formulation can be considered as a putative vaccine candidate against BVDV. The efficacy and safety of this vaccine candidate in cattle requires further investigation., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Gómez-Romero, Arias, Verdugo-Rodríguez, López, Valenzuela-Moreno, Cedillo-Peláez and Basurto-Alcántara.)