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Dünyada ve ülkemizde kullanılabilir su miktarı, su kaynakları üzerinde artan kirlenme ve aşırı tüketim baskısıyla her geçen gün azalmaktadır. Özellikle artan nüfus ve sanayi faaliyetleriyle birlikte küresel iklim değişiminin su kaynakları üzerindeki olumsuz etkisi her geçen gün hızla artmaktadır. Bu nedenle günümüzde, suyun kullanımı ve tasarrufu önem kazanmakta olup kaynakların yeni stratejilerle verimli ve bilinçli kullanımı gerekmektedir. Yenilikçi teknolojilere sahip sanayi üretimi ile su tüketiminin azaltılması, evsel nitelikli atık suların arıtılarak tekrar kullanılması, su sıkıntısının yoğun olarak yaşandığı bölgelerde deniz suyundan tatlı su elde edilerek kullanılması ve binalarda yağmur suyu hasadı gibi su kaynaklarına yönelik alternatif teknolojiler tüm Dünya’da giderek yaygınlaşmaktadır. Tatlı su kaynaklarının sürdürülebilir kullanımında hasat edilen yağmur suyunun birçok alanda kullanımı alternatif su kaynağı oluşturabilir. Bina çatılarından toplanan yağmur suları, evsel ihtiyaçlarda veya bahçe sulama gibi diğer ihtiyaçlarda kullanılmakta olup diğer teknolojilere göre kurulumu oldukça basittir. Bu çalışmada, binalardan yağmur suyu hasadı uygulamalarında kullanılan sistemlerin projelendirme esasları geniş bir literatür araştırması yapılarak incelenmiş ve derlenmiş olup yağmur suyu hasat sistemlerinin kurulum maliyeti ile amortisman süresi çalışma kapsamına alınmamıştır. Yağmur suyu hasadı planlaması ve uygulanmasına yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur. The amount of usable water in the world and in our country is decreasing day by day with the increasing pollution and excessive consumption pressure on water resources. The negative impact of global climate change on water resources, especially with the increasing population and industrial activities, is increasing day by day. For this reason, the use and saving of water is of great importance today, and efficient and conscious use of resources with new strategies is required. Alternative technologies for water resources such as reducing water consumption through industrial production with innovative technologies, treating and reusing domestic wastewater, obtaining fresh water from sea water in areas where water shortage is intense, and rainwater harvesting in buildings are becoming increasingly widespread all over the world. The use of rainwater harvested in the sustainable use of fresh water resources in many areas can create an alternative water resource. Rain water collected from building roofs is used for domestic needs or other needs such as garden irrigation, and its installation is quite simple compared to other technologies. In this study, the design principles of the systems used in the rainwater harvesting applications from the buildings were examined and compiled by conducting an extensive literature search, and the installation cost and depreciation period of rainwater harvesting systems were not included in the study. Recommendations for rainwater harvesting planning and implementation are presented.

Atıksu arıtma tesislerine her gün farklı kaynaklardan mikro plastikler gelmektedir ve mikro plastikleri gidermek için tasarlanmamışlardır. Buna rağmen birincil ve ikincil arıtma süreçlerinde mikro plastiklerin giderimi mevcuttur. Yapılan çalışmalar atıksu arıtma tesislerinin tatlı su ortamları için potansiyel bir mikro plastik kirliliği kaynağı olduğunu kanıtlamıştır. Yüksek oranlarda giderim verimi olmasına rağmen büyük hacimlerde deşarj göz önüne alındığında alıcı ortamlar için mikro plastik kirlilik söz konusudur. Ayrıca arıtma çamurunun gübre olarak yeniden kullanımı sonucunda çamurda tutulan MP'ler toprak kirliliğine neden olmaktadır. Mikro plastiklerin etkili bir şekilde giderimi üçüncül arıtmada uygulanan ileri arıtma teknolojilerine göre değişmektedir. Daha önce yapılan çalışmalar incelendiğinde mikro plastiklerin gideriminde en yüksek verimin Membran Biyoreaktörler ile olduğu görülmektedir. Arıtma tesisleri tasarımında mikro plastiklerinin uygun bir şekilde giderimini sağlayan ileri arıtma teknolojilerinin seçilmesi mikro plastik kirliliğinin azalmasında etkili bir yöntem olabilir., Micro plastics come from different sources in wastewater treatment plants and the facilities are not designed to remove micro plastics. Despite this, there is removal of micro plastic in primary and secondary treatment processes. Studies have proven that wastewater treatment plants are a potential source of micro-plastic pollution for freshwater environments. Although there is a high rate of removal efficiency, considering the discharge in large volumes, there is micro plastic pollution for the receiving environments. In addition, as a result of reuse of treatment sludge as fertilizer, MPs kept in the sludge cause soil pollution. The effective removal of micro plastics varies according to the advanced treatment technologies applied in tertiary treatment. When the studies are examined, it is seen that the highest efficiency in the removal of micro plastics is with Membrane Bioreactors. The selection of advanced treatment technologies that ensure the proper removal of micro plastics in the design of treatment plants can be an effective method of reducing micro plastic pollution.

Electrooxidation (ELOX) of synthetic and real wastewater containing nonylphenol ethoxylate-10 (NP10E) surfactant as a model pollutant was investigated using a boron-doped diamond anode (BDD) in a c...

In this study, the performance of the wastewater treatment plant, which treats approximately 80,000 m

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered one of the important sources of aquatic/terrestrial microplastic (MP) pollution. Therefore, the abundance and properties of MPs in the wastewater and sludge of an urban WWTP in Bursa Turkey were investigated. The amount, properties, and removal of MPs were evaluated. The results showed that the average abundance of MPs was 135.3 ± 28.0 n/L in the influent and 8.5 ± 4.7 n/L in the effluent, with a 93.7% removal rate, MP was removed and transferred to the sludge. The daily MP amount released in the aquatic environment is calculated as 525 million MPs, and the annual amount is 1.9 × 10

Plastics are used in many different fields because they are light, cheap and easy to process and become one of the most important commercial materials of today. The use of plastics is increasing every year, and since most of these materials are disposable and their wastes are not managed well, it brings environmental pollution problem. Particles smaller than 5 mm and known as microplastics are formed as a result of the breakdown of plastics by different processes in nature or as a result of direct use such as microbonces, textile fibers. Microplastics are ubiquitous in nature and are of concern for ecosystems. Environmental problems related with microplastic and studies on this subject have become the focus of interest in the last decade. Microplastics into receiving water from different sources poses a threat to aquatic organisms and humans. In this study, microplastics in different environments and their effects on environment and human health were reviewed.

This study concerns about the reclamation of municipal effluent for agricultural irrigation by the application of a pilot-scale advanced treatment plant capable of rapid sand filter and disinfection. The rapid sand filter significantly reduced suspended solids and turbidity. Average reductions in these parameters 76 and 62%, respectively, were achieved. The percentage removals of chemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand by the rapid sand filter were 32 and 55%, respectively. The amounts of heavy metals in the rapid sand filter effluent were below the national and international standards. The pilot-scale advanced treatment plant eliminated almost the 100% of fecal coliforms. Hence, the treatment costs of the pilotscale advanced treatment plant were calculated approximately US $0.063/m 3 . These results showed that the pilot-scale advanced treatment plant provided a low-cost water source which can be used for agricultural irrigation.

Regeneration studies of wastewater effluent from an organized industrial district (OID) for possible reuse in textile industry as process water was investigated. Advanced treatment methods including Fenton process, polyaluminium chloride (PAC) coagulation and ion exchange were applied on OID effluent. In Fenton process removal efficiencies for suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), SAC(436) (spectral absorption coefficient), SAC(525) and SAC(620) were determined 61%, 36%, 35%, 49% and 67%, respectively. After Fenton process, wastewater samples were coagulated with PAC. Optimum removal efficiencies for SS, COD, Fe ion, SAC(436), SAC(525) and SAC(620) were determined 83%, 18%, 93%, 32%, 36% and 58%, respectively. Ion exchange experiments were conducted on chemically coagulated wastewater samples to improve the quality of wastewater. Optimum dosage of resins was determined. The experiments revealed that 1:1 resin ratio (20 mL H-type resin:20 mL OH-type resin) gave the best removal rates for the parameters considered in this study. Study results indicated that quality of the wastewater was suitable for the process water characteristics of textile industry and unit wastewater treatment cost was determined as 2.54 is an element of/m(3).

Treatment studies on the effluents originating from an organized industrial district (OID) wastewater treatment plant were investigated. Wastewater samples were taken from an OID where most of industries consist of textile producers having mainly dying and finishing processes. Chemical precipitation and ion exchange methods were applied to the samples in the lab conditions. Optimum removal efficiencies were determined based on the applications of different chemical species and pH. Ca(OH) 2 at pH 11 has provided the maximum removal efficiency in chemical precipitation experiments. In the experiments, removal efficiencies for TSS, COD, Fe, SAC 436 (spectral absorption coefficient), SAC 525 and SAC 620 were 96%, 27%, 94%, 75%, 88% and 90%, respectively. After chemical precipitation, ion exchange experiments were conducted to improve the quality of wastewater. Optimum dosage and resin type were determined. The experiments revealed that resin I gave the best removal rates for the parameters considered in this study. Study results indicated that the quality of the treated wastewater reached the suggested process water limits of the textile industry.

Removal of Pb(II) ions from electroplating wastewater of Bursa, an industrial city in Turkey, was investigated in fixed-bed column. The experiments were conducted to study the effect of important design parameters such as column bed height and flow rate. The breakthrough profiles were obtained in these studies. At a bed height of 14 cm and flow rate of 6 mL/min, the metal-uptake capacity of poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate-1-vinylimidazole) [poly(EGDMA-VIM)] beads for Pb(II) ions was found to be 90 mg/g. Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) model was used to analyse the experimental data and evaluate the performance of adsorption column. For various flow rates, adsorption capacity per unit bed volume (N0) and adsorption rate constant (ka) are in the range of 2370–3560 mg/mL and 0.0225–0.0616 L/mg h, respectively. The saturated column was easily regenerated by 0.1 M HNO3and the poly(EGDMA-VIM) beads in fixed-bed column could be reused for Pb(II) ions removal.

Bu çalışma, 21-26 Mayıs 2009 tarihleri arasında Mykonos[Yunanistan]’da düzenlenen 2nd International Conference on Environmental Management, Engineering, Planning and Economics (CEMEPE)’da bildiri olarak sunulmuştur. In this study, a combination of chemical precipitation, neutralization and ion exchange processes for an Organized Industrial District (OID) wastewater reclamation for reuse in agriculture was investigated. The parameters analyzed after treatment stages are agricultural irrigation standards. Optimum removal efficiencies for SS, COD, and fecal coliform bacteria were obtained as 96%, 31%, and 87%, respectively, when the pH value was adjusted to 11 in the chemical precipitation process. The average removal efficiency obtained for conductivity parameter was 90%, and the removal efficiencies for SO42- and Cl- were 71% and 96%, respectively, when the resin with 20 mL H-type/20 mL OH-type ratio was used in the ion exchange process. As a result of the study, the quality of the water treated by using chemical precipitation and ion exchange processes was enough to be reused in agriculture.

The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of a tertiary treatment system for irrigation reuse of secondary urban effluents. The tertiary treatment units (including coagulation-flocculation-disinfection) were evaluated using a pilot-scale plant (0.24 m3 h− 1 of capacity) located in the wastewater treatment plant of Bursa in Turkey. The results showed that the highest removal efficiencies using coagulation, flocculation and disinfection of suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, turbidity and total coliform were determined to be 64%, 39%, 81% and 5-log reduction, respectively. Additionally, the concentration of heavy metals was below the national and international standards. The results from the tertiary treatment of urban effluent suggest that it can be used as a viable water resource for irrigation.

This study was conducted from 2002 through 2007 with no studies in 2004, to evaluate 8 metal contaminants (As(total), Cd, Cr (total), Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) of the Nilufer Stream, where intensive industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural activities take place. The results were then compared with national and international water quality guidelines. The effect of the wastewater treatment facilities that were established during the measurement period on water quality was also taken into account. It was determined that the Nilufer Stream water quality along the basin has declined rapidly year to year. Intensive wastewater discharge causes a waste dominating flow in the stream and has caused the water quality to steadily decline over time. The total chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) levels in the basin outlet of the Nilufer Stream water were evaluated as "high polluted water" according to the national standards in the classification of the quality of the surface water. The mean metal concentrations in the Nilufer stream water are generally higher than the international guidelines. As a result, metal contaminant pollution of the Nilufer Stream was found to be connected to human activities in its catchments. Belediyeler - Bursa Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi

In this study, nine metals (Al, Cd, Cr. Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) found in urban wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) in Bursa (Turkey) were monitored for 23 months in 2002 and 2007. Metal influent and effluent concentrations of wastewater stabilization ponds (WSPs) and the activated sludge process (ASP) measured via 24-h composite samples were used to determine removal efficiencies. Average influent concentrations ranged between 2 mu g/L (Cd) and 1975 mu g/L (Fe). In the stabilization ponds, the removal efficiency was 58% for Cr, while for Cd. Mn, and Pb, it was less than 20%. The activated sludge process yielded high removal efficiencies, ranging from 47% for Ni to 95% for Cr. The use of treated wastewaters for agricultural purposes was investigated, and it was determined that all metal concentrations met application limits, with the exception of Cr in wastewater stabilization pond effluent. Results showed that wastewater stabilization pond effluent reduced the receiving water quality with respect to Cr, Cu, Ni. and Pb. In addition, it was shown that effluent from the activated sludge process temporarily improved the receiving water quality with regard to the Cd, Cu, Mn, and Zn parameters. However, considering the periodic variations of the metals in both processes, water quality, and agricultural practices, it was determined that they should be monitored continuously. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. BUSKİ

Calismanin amaci, gri su aritiminin ve yeniden kullanilmasi konusunun incelenmesidir. Bu amac icin daha once yapilmis literatur calismalari arastirilip, yorumlanmistir. Calismanin ilk asamasinda gri suyun tanimlanmasi ile fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik karakteristigi aciklanmistir. Ikinci kisminda, gri suyun aritim yontemleri ve yeniden kullanimi incelenmistir. Ucuncu kisimda gri sularin aritiminda kullanilan teknolojiler tek tek aciklanmistir. Son olarak gri su aritimi ve yeniden kullanimi ile ilgili yapilan calismalardan ve maliyetlerden bahsedilmistir.

The aim of this study was to compare the performance of coagulation, Fenton's oxidation (Fe2+/H2O2) and ozonation for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour from biologically pretreated textile wastewater. FeSO4 and FeCl3 were used as coagulants at varying doses and varying colour removal efficiency was measured. For the Fenton process, COD and colour removal efficiencies were found to be 78% and 95% for the Fenton process, and to be 64% and 71% for the Fenton-like process (Fe3+/H2O2), respectively. Ozonation experiments were conducted at different initial pH values and fixed ozone doses. Ozonation resulted in 43% COD and 97% colour removal whereas these rates increased to 54% and 99% when 5 mg/l hydrogen peroxide was added to the wastewater before ozonation at the same dose. The operating costs of all proposed treatment systems were also evaluated in this study.

In this study, a detailed wastewater profile and treatability studies of Demirtas Organized Industrial District (OID) were undertaken on a pilot-scale. The industrial categorisation of Demirtas OID was determined, and the wastewater characterisations of each industrial sector were analysed and the flow-rates were measured. The results were used to design a wastewater treatment plant for Demirtas OID. Pilot-scale chemical and biological treatability studies were carried out. The steady-state performance of the pilot-scale treatment system in removing chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solids (SS) was studied for a period of three months. The removal efficiencies obtained in this study were 42% of COD and 67% of SS in the chemical treatment, and 84% of COD and 25% of SS in the biological treatment. The overall removal efficiency of the pilot-scale system was 91% COD and 75% SS. The pilot-scale study showed that the wastewater from Demirtas OID could be treated with biological and chemical methods, and the treated wastewater met the Regulation of Discharge Standards of Turkey. The significance of this study is that it is the first such system in Turkey to be tested on a pilot scale.

WOS: 000184092600006, The textile industry is one of the most rapidly developing industries in Turkey. It generates a large amount of wastewater, with corresponding concerns about pollution. The main sources of pollution in wastewater are the dyeing and finishing processes. The dyestuffs and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) are the main refractory organics of concern in terms of meeting more stringent effluent standards of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour. In this study, wastewaters from textile dyeing factories in Bursa were characterized, and physical, chemical and biological treatability studies were carried out. In the physical and chemical studies, 60-80% COD, 80% suspended solids (SS) and 10-92% turbidity removal efficiencies were obtained. In the biological studies, 90% COD and 40% SS removal were obtained. The initial soluble inert COD of wastewater was determined by using comparison methods. The initial inert COD of wastewater and the microbial product concentration were determined as 37 mg/I and 13 mg/l, respectively.