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Seeking to strengthen the central state, in 1839, the Ottoman government (the Porte) initiated reform program called the Tanzimat (reorganization), a term that also refer to a period in the Ottoman history that lasted from 1839 to 1876. In this process, Ottoman ways of governance changed substantially, being more centralized and extending its control over the public. Yet, centralization attempts of the Porte begun before the Tanzimat as it abolished janissary corps in 1826, for example. One of the products of the centralization attempts of the Porte was the newspaper. In this period of restructuring the state and society, the Porte published the first Ottoman language Takvim-i Vekayi in 1831. Beginning in 1840, advertisements in newspapers also emerged as a new phenomenon for the Ottoman society.In this process of emerging news publishing activities another developments were already under its way. During this centralization process, the market relationships between the capitalist European economy and the Empire increased. Additionally, improvements in communication and transportation infrastructure and increased contacts with Europeans made the Ottoman Empire an outlet for the exportation of European manufactured goods that needed novel types of consumers. In this process, through newspaper advertisements, the Ottoman public steadily encountered appealing and not only but mostly European products, as the market relationships between the capitalist European economy and the Empire increased. İbret and Hadika were two of the significant newspapers of their time. Published 1872 and 1873, these two newspapers reached high circulation rates and became the voice of the public. However, there is no detailed study which focuses on İbret and Hadika’s advertisements that traces the imprints of those of the ads in the changing daily lives of Ottomans. Maybe more importantly, the Ottoman press historians have lack the opportunity for accessing newspaper readers’ records of the 19th century as they did not survive. Therefore, in this study by scrutinizing İbret’s and Hadika’s advertisements published between 1872 and 1873 I attempt to understand whether those of the newspapers’ ads can be utilize to obtain the possible profiles of those newspapers’ readers. Additionally, by focusing of their advertisements I show the ways in which İbret’s and Hadika’s advertisements reflect the social and economic changes that the Ottoman public experienced in the every aspects of their lives that they were introduced during the Tanzimat period of the Empire., 1839 yılında Babıali, merkezi yönetimi güçlendirmek amacıyla devleti yeniden yapılandıran 1839-1876 yıllarını kapsayan Tanzimat reform programını uygulamaya sokmuştur. Bu süreçte, Babıali daha merkezileşen ve halkın üzerinde kontrolünü arttıran yönde yönetme biçimini değiştirmiştir. Ancak merkezileşme girişimleri, Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın 1826’da kaldırılması örneğinde görülebileceği üzere Tanzimat’tan önce başlamıştır. Merkezileşme çabalarının ürünlerinden biri de gazete basımıdır. Toplumun ve devletin yeniden yapılandırıldığı bu dönemde devlet, 1831yılında ilk Osmanlıca gazeteyi basmıştır. 1840 yılından başlayarak ise, Osmanlı toplumu için yeni bir gelişme sayılan gazetelerde reklam basımı başlamıştır. Basım faaliyetlerinin başladığı bu dönemde başka gelişmeler de yaşanmaktadır. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve kapitalist Avrupa ekonomileri arasındaki ticari ve iktisadi ilişkiler artmıştır. Ulaşım ve iletişim altyapısındaki gelişmeler ve Avrupa ile artan ilişkiler, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nu Avrupa’da imal edilmiş ve yeni bir tüketici tipine ihtiyacı olan ürünlerin ithal edildiği bir pazar haline getirmiştir. Bu süreçte, Osmanlı halkı gazete ilan ve reklamları aracılığıyla düzenli ve gittikçe artan biçimde, hepsi Avrupa menşeili olmasa da ağırlıklı olarak Avrupa’dan ithal edilmiş albenili ürünler ile tanışmıştır. İbret ve Hadika, zamanının iki önemli gazetesidir. 1872-73 yılları arasında basılan bu gazeteler, yüksek tirajlara ulaşmış ve halkın sesi haline gelmişlerdir. Ancak, bu iki gazetenin reklamlarına odaklanan ve bunlarda yayınlanan ilan ve reklamlarda Osmanlı’nın değişen gündelik hayat tarzının izini süren çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Ama belki daha önemlisi, Osmanlı basın tarihçisinin günümüze kadar saklanamaması nedeniyle, gazete okuyucuların abonelik kayıtlarına ulaşma şansından yoksun oluşudur. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmada 1872-73 yılları arasında basılan İbret ve Hadika’nın ilan ve reklamlarını inceleyerek, bunların gazetelerin okuyucu kitlesinin tespitinde kullanılıp kullanılamayacağını anlamaya çalıştım. Ayrıca, İbret ve Hadika’nın ilan ve reklamlarını çalışmanın merkezine alarak bu reklamların Osmanlı halkının Tanzimat ile birlikte hayatının her alanda deneyimlediği sosyal ve ekonomik değişimleri hangi biçimlerde yansıttığını gösterdim.

Gunal, Ozgur/0000-0002-7744-4123; KARABAY, OGUZ/0000-0003-1514-1685 WOS: 000490537600009 PubMed: 31580558 Objective: Treponema pallidum and HIV are transmitted frequently through sexual contact, these agents with epidemiological similarities co-infect the same host. The current number of HIV-infected cases in Turkey is increasing. For this reason, we aimed to reveal the characteristics of syphilis in HIV/AIDS cases. Methods: A retrospective longitudinal cohort study was performed, patients were followed up at 24 clinics in 16 cities from all seven regions of Turkey between January 2010 to April 2018. We examined the socio-demographic characteristics, laboratory parameters and neurosyphilis association in HIV/AIDS-syphilis co-infected cases. Results: Among 3,641 patients with HIV-1 infection, 291 (8%) patients were diagnosed with syphilis co-infection. Most patients were older than 25 years (92%), 96% were males, 74% were working, 23% unemployed, and 3% were students. The three highest prevalence of syphilis were in Black Sea (10.3%), Mediterranean (8.4%) and Marmara Regions (7.4%). As for sexual orientation, 46% were heterosexuals, 42% men who have sex with men (MSM), and no data available for 12%. Patients with the number of CD4+

Introduction: In this study, the characteristics of the injuries through which healthcare workers were exposed to blood and body fluids and their distribution as regards occupational groups and years were evaluated, and it was aimed to investigate measures taht could be taken to reduce these injuries. Materials and Methods: One hundred and ninety-three penetration-laceration and mucosal injuries occurred in 2015 and 2017 at Umraniye Training and Research Hospital were assessed retrospectively using Excel (Office 2007). Results: When occupational groups were examined, 193 injuries recorded within these two years were found to belong to trainee health workers (45.6%) and nurses (31%). The source of 69% of the injuries was certain. Serological examination of the specimens whose source was known revealed 4% HBsAg positivity, 4% antiHCV positivity and 1% antiHIV positivity. 95% of the injuries were percutaneous. When time of occurrence was examined, it was determined that 48.2% of the injuries occurred from morning to noon, 43% after lunch, and 8.8% during night shift. The most common injuries were during procedure with a rate of 47.7%. When health professionals were examined according to their years in profession, 78.2% were found to have been working for a year. Conclusion: Exposure to blood and body fluids is a great risk for healthcare workers. About half of the data we gathered had occurred in the occupational group of trainee health workers. According to the years of work, 78% of the injuries occurred in the first year of occupation. For this reason, we think that the practical and theoretical training given to health professionals who are at the beginning of their professions should be increased, and these people should be observed carefully in the field.

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda tütün ve kahve tüketimi, tütünün yasaklanması, kahvehânelerin dönemsel olarak kapatılması sosyal ve ekonomik tarih bakımından verimli bir çalışma alanı sunmaktadır. Bu iki metanın tüketimini hukuk tarihi açısından değerlendiren eserler ise nispeten azınlıktadır. Bu makalenin amacı Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda 17. yüzyılda tütün içme yasağını ve kahvehânelerin kapatılmasını hukuk tarihi çerçevesinden incelemektir. Tarihçi Naîmâ Mustafa Efendi (ö. 1716) bu yasakların arkasında İstanbul ulemâsından Kadızâde ailesini işaret etmiş; Sultan IV. Murad’ın (ö. 1640) Kadızâde Mehmed Efendi’nin (ö. 1635) görüşlerinden yararlandığını belirtmiştir. Öte yandan dönemin arşiv kaynakları arasında çeşitli mühimme defterleri ve şer‘iye sicillerinde konuyla ilgili örnekler dikkate alındığı zaman, yasakların muhafazakâr bir fikir akımının yayılmasından ziyade, Osmanlı hukuku ve İslâm hukukunun bazı temel ilkelerinin uygulanmasına dayandığı net bir biçimde anlaşılmaktadır. Makale, tütün tüketimi ve kahvehâne konusunda hukuk uygulamasının “kamu düzeni” olarak ifade edilebilecek bir değeri dikkate alındığı üzerinde durmaktadır. Makale yasağın uygulanma şekline yönelik olduğu için kullanılan kaynaklar, kanunnâme, ferman ve fetva gibi düzenleyici metinlerin yanı sıra, ağırlıklı olarak mühimme defterlerindeki emirler ve şer‘iye sicillerinden oluşmaktadır. Mühimme defterleri merkezî yönetim tarafından düzenlenen emirlerin bir kopyasını içermektedir; bu nedenle devletin yasaklar konusunda genel politikasını gösterebilir. Şer‘iye sicilleri ise genel bir kuralın taşrada ne şekilde uygulandığını anlamaya yardımcı olabilir. Bu çalışmada, mekân olarak başkente nispeten uzak olan Ayntâb/Antep mahkemesindeki uygulamayı incelemek tercih edilmiştir. 17. yüzyılda Ayntâb şer‘iye sicillerinde tütün tüketimi ve kahvehânelerin yasaklanmasına dair hangi hukukî kriterlerin dikkate alındığı makalede cevaplanmaya çalışılan sorulardan biridir.

Introduction: Although diabetic foot infections are polymicrobial, gram-positive microorganisms comprise the majority. Daptomycin is a novel agent in treating infections due to multidrug-resistant gram-positive pathogens. In this multicenter study, the outcomes of the daptomycin treatment were evaluated retrospectively in the treatment of diabetic foot infectious without osteomyelitis. Materials and Methods: Patients with diabetic foot infection without osteomyelitis and who received daptomycin treatment were included into the study. Sociodemographic characteristics of the patients, risk factors for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), antimicrobial treatment, and the data of microbiological and clinical outcomes of the cases were registered in a standard form by eleven centers. Clinical success was defined as a combination of end-of-treatment laboratory parameters, clinical and microbiological responses. Results: A total of 46 patients (30 males, 16 females) were clinically evaluated for the outcome of daptomycin therapy. Mean age was 61.09 ± 11.82 years (31-81) and mean diabetes duration was 13 ± 8.2 years. The number of mild, moderate and severe infections identified according to the infection scoring system of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) were 12 (26.1%), 25 (54.3%), and 9 (19.6%) respectively. Duration of daptomycin therapy was 17.5 ± 9.3 days and overall daptomycin success rate was 82.6% (n= 38). Two patients developed side effects. Conclusion: The clinical success rate of this study which assessed the efficacy of daptomycin in diabetic foot infections was 82.6%. Daptomycin can be safely used even in severe cases having had no success with previous antibiotic therapy.

Direct and indirect costs of diabetes and its complications figure prominently in health care expenditure globally. The diabetic foot is one of the most common complications of diabetes and is usually associated with neurological and peripheral vascular problems, yielding foot ulcers and infection. The aim of this study was to analyze hospitalized diabetic foot patient costs and amputation rate changes over time. Hospitalized patients with infected diabetic foot ulcerations within a 4-year span, starting in January 2012, were retrospectively evaluated to analyze cost and amputation rate changes over time. One hundred thirty-eight diabetic patients were hospitalized and treated. Major amputation rates tended to increase; however, minor amputation rates tended to decrease over time. Mean cost per patient was $2880. The distribution of the costs according to the years was not significant. Treatment of infected diabetic foot ulceration is challenging and incurs high healthcare costs. Through intensive foot care and multidisciplinary team approaches, major amputation rates have gradually increased in recent years.

Medyasektöründe çalışanlar, “preker” emek tartışmalarında özel bir yere sahiptir. Bualandaki yazın, sektörün 1980’lerden sonraki neoliberal dönüşümünde, ücretliçalışanların güvencesiz istihdamını, düşük ücretlerini, kısıtlanmış ücret-dışıkazançlarını, uzun çalışma saatlerini ve maruz kaldıkları fiziki tehditlerivurgulamaktadır. Ne var ki bu çalışmalar ağırlıklı olarak, belirli meslekgruplarından, işyerlerinden toplanmış veya kartopu yöntemiyle edinilmişverilere dayanmaktadır. Bu nedenle de ulaştıkları sonuçlarla ilgili genelleme yapmamızaizin vermemektedir. Bu çalışmada güvencesizleşme/kırılganlaşma hipotezini,Türkiye için temsil gücü olan bir anket verilerini, TÜİK’in 2012-2016 yıllarınaait Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketi’ni kullanarak ve tüm medya çalışanları, üniversitemezunu medya çalışanları ile iletişim fakültesi mezunları için ayrı tahlilleryaparak test ediyoruz. İstihdam ve işsizlik verileri, ücretler ve çalışmasaatleri hakkındaki bulgularımız, kırılganlaşma hipotezinidesteklemektedir.&nbsp

This chapter examines the financial crises of the Ottoman Empire and how through press representations, reformers advocated for a ‘public’ that would unify fragmented and multiple actors to improve Ottoman society. Then in its early stages of development, the Ottoman press was used to establish a new political and social order. The discussion analyses how dissident newspapers, Tasvir-i Efkar, İbret, Hadika and İstikbal, all published in Istanbul, significantly influenced the establishment of a politically and economically engaged public. In conceptualising newspaper representations of the economic crises as an outcome of conflicting interests, it resituates the tension existing not only between state and society but also among other interests. The interpretations of the financial crises competed, coexisted and were utilised to promote particular interests and reveal how the press provided an arena of contestation for diverse groups and individuals.

INTRODUCTION[|]To evaluate the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, rubella and cytomegalovirus (CMV) among the pregnant Turkish women as well as Syrian refugees in Istanbul.[¤]METHODS[|]Among pregnant women who are admitted to \\\"xxxx\\\" Maternity and Children Hospital in İstanbul between January 2014 and January 2015, antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, rubella and CMV were measured using the micro-elisa method. The test results were evaluated retrospectively.[¤]RESULTS[|]Out of total 1066 pregnant women screened in this study, 963 (90.3%) were Turkish, and 103 (9.7%) were Syrian refugees. IgM positivity rates of T. gondii rubella and CMV were determined as 0,2%, 0%, 0,2% in Turkish women and 0,1%, 0%, 0% in Syrian refugees, IgG positivity rates were determined as 26,3%, 93,8%, 99,5% in Turkish women and 58,3%, 87,4%, 100% in Syrian refugees. The seroprevalence of T. gondii was lower and the rubella seroprevalence was higher among pregnant Turkish women and among pregnant Syrian refugees and statistically significant ( p< 0.05).[¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]Since immunity against T. gondii in pregnant Turkish women is lower than in Syrian refugees, who are in reproductive age group, should get routine screenings. Immunization against rubella should be considered for Syrian refugees who are in reproductive age group. [¤]

Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. Ebola virus (EBOV) is transmitted through contact with blood or body fluids of a person who contracted or died from EVD, contaminated objects like needles and infected animals or bush meat. EVD has an incubation period of 2 to 21 days, and the infection has an acute onset without any carrier status. Currently, there is no standard treatment for EVD, so it is important to avoid infection or further spreading of the virus. Although historically the mortality of this infection exceeded 80%, modern medicine and public health measures have been able to lower this figure and reduce the impact of EBOV on individuals and communities. Its treatment involves early, aggressive supportive care with rehydration. Clinicians should consider the possibility of EVD in persons with travel or exposure history with the incubation period presenting constitutional symptoms in order to promptly identify diseased patients, and prevent further spreading of the disease.

Objectives: We described the clinical outcomes of the diabetic patients who had foot infections with multidrug resistant organisms. Methods: We included the patients with diabetic foot infections (DFI) from 19 centers, between May 2011 and December 2015. Infection was defined according to IDSA DFI guidelines. Patients with severe infection, complicated moderate infection were hospitalized. The patients were followed-up for 6 months after discharge. Results: In total, 791 patients with DFI were included, 531(67%) were male, median age was 62 (19-90). Severe infection was diagnosed in 85 (11%) patients. Osteomyelitis was diagnosed in 291(36.8%) patients. 536 microorganisms were isolated, the most common microorganisms were S. aureus (20%), P. aeruginosa (19%) and E. coli (12%). Methicillin resistance (MR) rate among Staphylococcus aureus isolates was 31%. Multidrug resistant bacteria were detected in 21% of P. aeruginosa isolates. ESBL (+) Gram negative bacteria (GNB) was detected in 38% of E. coli and Klebsiella isolates. Sixty three patients (8%) were rehospitalized. Of the 791 patiens, 127 (16%) had major amputation, and 24 (3%) patients died. In multivariate analysis, significant predictors for fatality were; dialysis (OR: 8.3, Cl: 1.82-38.15, p = 0.006), isolation of Klebsiella spp. (OR:7.7, Cl: 1.24-47.96, p = 0.028), and chronic heart failure (OR: 3, Cl: 1.01-9.04, p = 0.05). MR Staphylococcus was detected in 21% of the rehospitalized patients, as the most common microorganism (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Among rehospitalized patients, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus infections was detected as the most common agent, and Klebsiella spp. infections were found to be significantly associated with fatality. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.

Giriş: Diyabetik ayak infeksiyonları polimikrobiyal infeksiyonlar olmasına karşın, bu olgularda gram-pozitif mikroorganizmalar çoğunluğu oluşturmaktadır. Daptomisin, çoklu ilaca dirençli gram-pozitif patojenler için yeni bir ajandır. Bu çok merkezli çalışmada, daptomisin ile tedavi edilen diyabetik ayak infeksiyonu olan olgular retrospektif olarak değerlendirilmiştir.Materyal ve Metod: Diyabetik ayak infeksiyonu olup osteomiyeliti olmayan ve tedavide daptomisin alan hastalar çalışmaya dahil edildi. Sosyodemografik özellikler, metisiline dirençli Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) için risk faktörleri ve olguların tedavi verileri standart bir formla kaydedildi. Çalışmaya 11 merkez katıldı. Klinik başarı, tedavi sonu laboratuvar parametreleri ile klinik ve mikrobiyolojik yanıtların bir kombinasyonu olarak tanımlandı.Bulgular: Daptomisin tedavisinin sonunda toplam 46 (30 erkek, 16 kadın) hasta klinik olarak değerlendirildi. Ortalama yaş 61.09 ± 11.82 yıl ve ortalama diyabet süresi 13 ± 8.2 yıl idi. "Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)" infeksiyon skorlamasına göre tanımlanan hafif, orta ve şiddetli infeksiyon sayıları sırasıyla 12 (%26.1), 25 (%54.3) ve 9 (%19.6) idi. Daptomisin tedavisinin süresi 17.5 ± 9.3 gün ve genel daptomisin başarı oranı %82.6 (n= 38) idi. İki hastada yan etki gelişti. Sonuç: Diyabetik ayak infeksiyonlarında daptomisin etkinliğini değerlendiren bu çalışmada klinik başarı ortalama %82.6 olarak bulunmuştur. Daptomisinin, daha önceki antibiyotik tedavisi ile başarısız olan ağır olgularda bile güvenli bir şekilde kullanılabileceğini düşünüyoruz, Daptomycin in the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infections without Osteomyelitis; A Multicenter Study

Background The resistance related with production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) is an important problem that we face when we are treating infections caused by enterobacteriaceae. We aimed to evaluate the frequency of ESBL production in E. coli strains and the rate of antibiotic resistance isolated from in our microbiology laboratory. Method E. coli strains isolated from various clinical specimens between January 2010 – December 2011 were assessed retrospectively. Resistances to ESBL-producing and non-producing E. coli and the rate of ESBL production according to the years were investigated. The results were compared with statistical analysis. Results The rate of ESBL producing E. coli was 21.9% in 2010, and 25% in 2011. There was no resistance to imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem and tigecycline in all strains. The resistance to antibiotics other than amikacin was statistically significant in ESBL producing E. coli compared to ESBL non-producing E.coli (p

Objective: Acinetobacter baumannii is a gram negative, antimicrobial-resistant bacilli difficult to control and treat. This pathogen has became more important in the last decades due to multidrug-resistant nasocomial infections. The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance rates of A.baumannii isolated from various clinical specimens of intensive care unit (ICU) patients between November 2010 and December 2011. Material and Methods: A total of 172 A.baumannii strains were isolated. Identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed by VITEC 2 (bioMerieux, France) system. Results: A. baumannii strains were isolated 44% from tracheal aspirate, 25% from wounds, 24% from blood, and 7% from urine, consecutively. Although there were no resistant strains detected to colistin and tygecycline, resistance rates of the other antibiotics were found to be 64% for amicacin, 67% for gentamicin, %73 for levosoxacin, 76% for ciprosoxacin, %79 for cefoperazone/sulbactam, 84% for piperacillin/tazobactam, and 92% for imipenem and meropenem, consecutively. Conclusion: In conclusion, no resistant strains were detected to colistin and tygecycline and they were found to be the preferred empirical treatment for A. baumannii infections.

Hakyemez, Ismail Necati/0000-0001-6133-9604; Mert, Ali/0000-0001-8945-2385; YILMAZ, Mesut/0000-0001-8022-7325 WOS: 000394632300009 PubMed: 28013184 Aim: To examine the variables associated with mortality in patients with Acinetobacter baumannii-related central nervous system infections treated with intrathecal colistin. Materials and methods: This multi-centre retrospective case control study included patients from 11 centres in Turkey, as well as cases found during a literature review. Only patients with CNS infections caused by multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii treated with intrathecal colistin were included in this study. The variables associated with mortality were determined by dividing the patients into groups who died or survived during hospitalisation, and who died or survived from Acinetobacter meningitis. Results: Among the 77 cases enrolled in the study, 35 were found through a literature review and 42 were cases from our centres. Forty-four cases (57.1%) were male and the median age was 48 years (range: 20-78 years). Thirty-seven patients (48%) died during hospitalisation. The variables associated with increased all-cause mortality during hospitalisation included old age (odds ratio, 1.035; 95% confidence interval (Cl), 1.004-1.067; p = 0.026) and failure to provide cerebrospinal fluid sterilisation (odds ratio, 0.264; 95% confidence interval, 0.097-0.724; p = 0.01). There is a trend (P=0.062) towards higher mortality with using of meropenem during meningitis treatment. Fifteen cases (19%) died from meningitis. There were no significant predictors of meningitis-related mortality. Conclusions: The mortality rate for central nervous system infections caused by multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is high. Old age and failure to provide CSF sterilisation are associated with increased mortality during hospitalisation. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Sayan, Murat/0000-0002-4374-7193; Gunduz, Alper/0000-0001-9154-844X; ULCAY, ASIM/0000-0003-0531-0668 WOS: 000375126200003 PubMed: 27125365 Objectives: Integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) is a new class of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs designed to block the action of the integrase viral enzyme, which is responsible for insertation of the HIV-1 genome into the host DNA. The aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time INSTI resistance mutations in Turkish patients. Methods: This study was conducted in Turkey, between April 2013 and April 2015 using 169 HIV-1-infected patients (78 ARV naive patients and 91 ARV-experienced patients). Laboratory and clinical characteristics of ARV naive and ARV-experienced patients were as follows: gender (M/F): 71/7 and 80/11, median age: 38 and 38.4; median CD4+ T-cell: 236 and 216 cells/mm3, median HIV-1 RNA: 4.95+ E5 and 1.08E+ 6 copies/ml. Population-based seqeunces of the reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase domains of the HIV-1 pol gene were used to detect HIV-1 drug resistance mutations. Result: INSTI resistance mutations were not found in recently diagnosed HIV-1-infected patients. However, ARV-experienced patients had major resistance mutations associated with raltegravir and elvitegravir; the following results were generated: F121Y, Y143R, Q148R and E157Q (6/91 - 6.6%). Conclusions: The prevalence of INSTI resistant mutations in ART-experienced patients suggested that resistance testing must be incorporated as an integral part of HIV management with INSTI therapies.

Background/aims The present study aimed to determine the changes in the epidemiology of hepatitis in recent years in an adult Turkish population. Materials and methods Overall, 852 patients with acute viral hepatitis from 17 centers were included in this study. Their sociodemographic characteristics, clinical courses, treatments, and laboratory findings were retrospectively analyzed. Results The most commonly found microorganisms were the hepatitis B virus (55.2%) and hepatitis A virus (37.6%), and the types of acute viral hepatitis differed significantly according to the age group (p≤0.001). The most frequently reported symptom was fatigue (73.7%), and the most common complications were cholecystitis (0.4%) and fulminant hepatitis (0.4%). The median hospital stay was 9 days (range 1-373). In total, 40.8% patients with acute hepatitis B virus developed immunity. Conclusion In Turkey, there are significantly large adolescent and adult populations susceptible to acute viral hepatitis. Therefore, larger vaccination programs covering these age groups should be implemented.

Although outer membrane impermeability is mainly responsible for recently increasing carbapenem resistance of gram-negative bacilli, metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing strains have been reported and new MBL enzymes have been identified. In this study, screening of MBL-producing clinical isolates resistant to imipenem (IMP) and meropenem (MEP) and testing of two phenotypic methods to detect these enzymes were aimed. Eighty-two nonreplicative gram-negative isolates resistant to IMP and MEP from our clinical microbiology laboratory from 2004 to 2005 were enrolled. Their resistance to carbapenems was confirmed by E-test. The presence of MBL was screened phenotypically by IMP-EDTA/MEP-EDTA disk method and by modified Hodge test. Inhibition zone diameters of IMP (10 µg) and MEP (10 µg) disks alone were compared with inhibition zone diameters of these disks in combination with 930 µg EDTA for EDTA disk method. For modified Hodge test, test isolates were streaked from the edge of the IMP disk placed at the center of the Mueller-Hinton agar plate inoculated with Escherichia coli ATCC® 25922 to the periphery of the plate. The presence of a distorted inhibition zone was interpreted as positive. Of 82 isolates, 25 were Pseudomonas spp., 45 were other nonfermentetive gram-negative bacilli and 12 were enteric gram-negative bacilli. Fifty-two isolates were positive with modified Hodge test. All of them showed ≥ 6 mm widening of inhibition zones with EDTA disks. Twelve and 18 isolates were negative with modified Hodge test despite of ≥ 6 mm widening of inhibition zones with IMP-EDTA and MEP-EDTA disks, respectively. It is thought that MBL production is responsible for carbapenem resistance of a significant number of our gram-negative isolates and it is planned to confirm the presence of MBL by genotypic methods. Thereby, it will be possible to interpret the EDTA disk method better and to prevent the dissemination of MBL-producing gram-negative bacilli by using these phenotypic methods.

The spine is the most common site of musculoskeletal involvement of brucellosis. However, there is no case report presented in the literature of both cervical vertebrae spondylodiscitis and pulmonary involvement of brucella. We reported a 52-year-old woman complaining for one month of fever with rigors, fatigue, malaise, pain on the neck and arm, and sweating. The Wright agglutination test for brucella was positive at titers of 1/640. MRI of the cervical vertebrae was consistent with spondylodiscitis and paravertebral and epidural abscesses. Ground glass opacity was seen in the left upper lobe on CT scanning of the chest. Percutaneous image-guided biopsy was performed and Brucella melitensis was isolated. The patient was treated with streptomycin for 3 weeks, plus doxycycline and rifampicin for 3 months. We recommend tissue culture for brucella patients with lung lesions. Isolation of the microorganism from a biopsy material provides conclusive evidence. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2015;5(4): 173-175 Key words: Bacterial infection, brucellosis, cervical vertebrae, pulmonary involvement, spondylodiscitis

Study design Retrospective clinical study. Objective The aim of this study is to reveal the effectiveness of HBO therapy in iatrogenic spinal infections intractable to antibiotic therapy alone. Summary of background data The efficiency of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy, which is currently being used in many areas, has been proven in infections in deep and superficial locations and in osteomyelitis. The aim of this study is to reveal effectives of HBO therapy in iatrogenic spinal infections intractable to antibiotic alone therapy. Methods HBO therapy was given to 19 cases of iatrogenic spinal infection between 2008 and 2013. Adjuvant HBO therapy was applied to cases that had exhibited no improvement in clinical and laboratory findings despite medical treatment for at least 3 weeks. Several parameters including demographic characteristics, surgical area, etiology and the surgical treatment modality, microbiology (culture material and causative organism), clinical and laboratory results, duration of HBO therapy, and outcome were reviewed. Results The mean age was 54.6 years (range: 32-75 years). Iatrogenic spinal infections were most frequent in the lumbar region. It occurred after spine instrumentation in 12 cases and after micro-discectomy in 7 cases. The average number of HBO therapy sessions applied was 20.1 (range: 10-40). Wound discharge and clinical and laboratory findings recovered in all cases at the end of the therapy course. No revision or removal of the instrumentation was necessary in the instrumented cases. Conclusion HBO therapy is a treatment modality, which is safe and efficient as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of infections. It was also seen to be effective in the prevention of revision procedures and instrumentation failures in iatrogenic osteomyelitis cases, which had occurred following spinal instrumentation. Level of evidence 4.

We aimed to investigate the predictors for limb loss among patients with diabetes who have complicated skin/soft-tissue infections. In this observational study, consecutive patients with diabetic foot infection (DFI) from 17 centres in Turkey, between May 2011 and May 2013 were included. The Turkish DFI Working Group performed the study. Predictors of limb loss were investigated by multivariate analysis. In total, 455 patients with DFI were included. Median age was 61 years, 68% were male, 65% of the patients were hospitalized, 52% of the patients had used antibiotics within the last month, and 121(27%) had osteomyelitis. Of the 208 microorganisms isolated, 92 (44.2%) were Gram-positive cocci and 114 (54.8%) were Gram-negative rods (GNR). The most common GNR was Pseudomonas; the second was Escherichia coli, with extended spectrum beta-lactamase positivity of 33%. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species were found in 14% (29/208). Amputations were performed in 126/455 (28%) patients, 44/126 (34%) of these were major amputations. In multivariate analysis, significant predictors for limb loss were, male gender (OR 1.75, 95% Cl 1.04-2.96, p 0.034), duration of diabetes >20 years (OR 1.9, 95% Cl 1.18-3.11, p 0.008), infected ulcer versus cellulitis (OR 1.9, 95% Cl 1.11-3.18, p 0.019), history of peripheral vascular disease (OR 2, 95% Cl 1.26-3.27, p 0.004), retinopathy (OR 2.25, 95% Cl 1.19-4.25, p 0.012), erythrocyte sedimentation rate >70 mm/hr (OR 1.6, 95% Cl 1.01-2.68, p 0.05), and infection with GNR (OR 1.8, 95% Cl 1.08-3.02, p 0.02). Multivariate analysis revealed that, besides the known risk factors such as male gender, duration of diabetes >20 years, infected ulcers, history of peripheral vascular disease and retinopathy, detection of GNR was a significant predictor of limb loss. Clinical Microbiology and Infection (C) 2015 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS) is a potentially fatal drug reaction with cutaneous and systemic manifestations. This article describes a patient with fever, rash, lymphadenopathy, tonsillopharyngitis, splenomegaly accompanied by atypical lymphocytes in the peripheral smear and elevated transaminase levels resembling infectious mononucleosis.

Objective:In this retrospective study we aimed to determine the prevalance of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections and Syphilis in blood donors between January 2009 and July 2011.Materials and Methods:HbsAg, Anti-HCV, Anti-HIV 1-2 and VDRL screening tests were examined by ELISA in 10568 blood donors aged between 18 and 64. The distrubution of results were evulated according to year, age, and gender.Results:HBsAg was positive in 144 (1.4%), anti-HCV in 17 (0.2%), anti-HIV in 3 (0.03) and VDRL in 71 (0.7%) of the patients during the study.Conclusion:In conclusions, the results were similar to that reported in recent studies in Turkiye.

WOS: 000329585200001, PubMed ID: 24118178, We evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of antibiotic regimens and optimal duration of therapy in complicated and uncomplicated forms of spinal brucellosis. This is a multicentre, retrospective and comparative study involving a total of 293 patients with spinal brucellosis from 19 health institutions. Comparison of complicated and uncomplicated spinal brucellosis was statistically analysed. Complicated spinal brucellosis was diagnosed in 78 (26.6%) of our patients. Clinical presentation was found to be significantly more acute, with fever and weight loss, in patients in the complicated group. They had significantly higher leukocyte and platelet counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rates and C-reactive protein levels, and lower haemoglobulin levels. The involvement of the thoracic spine was significantly more frequent in complicated cases. Spondylodiscitis was complicated, with paravertebral abscess in 38 (13.0%), prevertebral abscess in 13 (4.4%), epidural abscess in 30 (10.2%), psoas abscess in 10 (3.4%) and radiculitis in 8 (2.7%) patients. The five major combination regimens were: doxycycline 200mg/day, rifampicin 600mg/day and streptomycin 1g/day; doxycycline 200mg/day, rifampicin 600mg/day and gentamicin 5mg/kg; doxycycline 200mg/day and rifampicin 600mg/day; doxycycline 200mg/day and streptomycin 1g/day; and doxycycline 200mg/day, rifampicin 600mg/day and ciprofloxacin 1g/day. There were no significant therapeutic differences between these antibiotic groups; the results were similar regarding the complicated and uncomplicated groups. Patients were mostly treated with doxycycline and rifampicin with or without an aminoglycoside. In the former subgroup, complicated cases received antibiotics for a longer duration than uncomplicated cases. Early recognition of complicated cases is critical in preventing devastating complications. Antimicrobial treatment should be prolonged in complicated spinal brucellosis in particular.

Adult onset Still's disease is a rare systemic inflammatory disease of unknown origin. It is common to involve liver and spleen, and less often lungs. A 24-year-old man presenting with spiking fever, pulmonary infiltrations, and pleural effusion on the right side mimicking pneumonia. All serologic tests of infectious causes, antinuclear antibody, and rheumatoid factor were negative. He was diagnosed as Adult onset Still's disease according to the criteria of Yamaguchi. Adult onset Still's disease is considering in the differential diagnosis pneumonia that is unresponsive to antimicrobial treatment, negative cultures and serologically diagnostic laboratory tests, and high-level serum ferritin.

The aim of this case report is to draw attention to the frequent occurrence of metoclopramide-induced movement disorders. We report a case of an acute dystonic reaction to metoclopramide in a patient treated for hepatitis A. Metoclopramide can cause severe adverse events, such as an acute dystonic reaction, and should be used with caution in patients with infectious diseases.

Sporotrichosis is a cutaneous or systemic fungal infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii. The infection is characterized by nodular, pustular, or ulcerative lesions. Infection usually occurs after traumatic implantation of the fungus into the skin. We report a case presenting first cellulitis and later on as a non-healing ulcer which was diagnosed by punch biopsy as sporotrichosis and managed successfully with itraconazole. A 56-year-old woman admitted to our department with complaint acute onset of swelling of the right lower-extremity with erythema and warmth. The patient was diagnosed initially as celulitis and started on ampicillin-sulbactam. Diagnosis of sporotrichosis was made with histological examination skin biopsy and the patient was started on itraconazole. One month after commencement of antifungal treatment, the ulcer began to dry up and at 3 months the lesions had healed. This case shows that if a wound do not respond to antibiotics in cases with ulcer, some rare etiological agents should be considered. [Dis Mol Med 2016; 4(3.000): 34-36]

Hepatitis A is an acute, self-limited disease that spreads predominantly by the fecal-oral route. Hepatitis A characteristically has an acute, sudden influenza-like onset with a prominence of myalgia, headache, fever and malaise. Infectious mononucleosis is an acute illness characterized clinically by sore throat, fever and lymphadenopathy. The virus usually spreads from person to person by close contact with nasopharyngeal secretions. In this case the coexistence of both diseases in the same patient is found interesting.

Url: http://josc.selcuk.edu.tr/article/view/1075000494, Bu yazıda Mahmut Bey'in (Soydan) sahibi olduğu Milliyet aracılığıyla yerli özel sermaye çevrelerinin dahil olduğu devletçilik tartışmaları incelenmiştir. 1923-1929 arasında Türkiye'de liberal iktisat politikası egemendir. Dönemin ana özelliği çeşitli teşvik ve ayrıcalıklarla yerli özel sermayenin desteklenmesi& r. Ancak 1929'da yaşanan ekonomik gelişmeler sonucunda Türkiye, devletçilik politikasına yönelmiştir. Yerli burjuvazi kendi ayrıcalıklarını aynı şek-ilde devam ettiren bir devletçilik politikasından yanadır. Bu dönemde sesini İş Bankası idare heyeti reisi Mahmut Bey'in Milliyet'i ile siyasi iktidara duyurmuştur., In this article I investigated the statism controversy in which Milliyet and domestic private capitalist took part. In the 1923-1929 period, liberalist thought was dominating Turkish economic policies. Main characteristic of the period was the support of private capital accumulation by government subsidies and privileges. However, after Great Depression in 1929, Turkish government started to Ibllow a statist way of accumulation. Domestic capitalists were supporting a kind of statism that preserves their privileges. They were pursuing their lobbying efforts through Milliyet and İş Bankası. Mahmut Soydan was both the owner of the Milliyet and a member of board of governors of İş Bankası.