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Objective: The bladder normally shows no contractility or activity during the filling phase. In the overactive urinary bladder, spontaneous contractions and detrusor instability are seen in the filling phase and urinary incontinence occurs. This study aims to demonstrate the effects of first-generation antipsychotic haloperidol and second-generation antipsychotics olanzapine, risperidone, and clozapine on mice isolated bladder using the organ bath system. Materials and Methods: 63 male inbred mice were divided as saline, haloperidol 0.125 mg/kg, haloperidol 0.25 mg/kg, olanzapine 1 mg/kg, olanzapine 2 mg/kg, risperidone 0.25 mg/kg, risperidone 0.5 mg/kg, clozapine 1.25 mg/kg and clozapine 2.5 mg/kg groups. Mice were treated with drugs for 21 days. Then, the effects of drugs were investigated on isoproterenol-induced relaxation responses of carbachol-induced contractions in isolated detrusor strips. Results: We showed that carbachol-induced contractions relaxed by isoproterenol and papaverine in mice detrusor strips obtained from olanzapine, risperidone, and clozapine treated groups. There were no significant differences in KCl-induced contractile responses among the groups.Conclusion: Olanzapine, risperidone, and clozapine increased the isoproterenol-induced relaxations of the detrusor muscle that increased the bladder capacity. These drugs might be clinically useful for the treatment of overactive urinary bladder in patients that should use antipsychotic drugs.

Objective: Ziprasidone, aripiprazole, blonanserin, cyamemazine, and nemonapride are atypical antipsychotic drugs used for the treatment of schizophrenia. This study aimed to identify the effects of these atypical antipsychotic drugs in mice isolated bladder using the organ bath systemMaterials and Methods: The mice were injected intraperitoneally with drugs for 21 days. The effects of drugs were investigated on isoproterenol-induced relaxation responses of carbachol-induced contractions in isolated detrusor strips. The detrusor strips were stimulated with KCl, then tissues were washed for a further 30 min and precontracted with a submaximal concentration of carbachol. After the contraction reached a plateau, cumulative concentration-response curves to isoproterenol were obtained.Results: We showed that carbachol-induced contractions dose-dependently relaxed by isoproterenol in mice detrusor strips obtained from ziprasidone, aripiprazole, blonanserin, and cyamemazine but not nemonapride treated group. However, none of the drug treatments had any effect KCl responses of mice's bladder.Conclusion: Ziprasidone, aripiprazole, blonanserin, and cyamemazine but not nemonapride increased the isoproterenol-induced relaxations of the detrusor smooth muscle indicates that it can increase the bladder capacity. We demonstrate that four drugs may represent a potential treatment for overactive bladder. They might be clinically useful for the treatment of overactive bladder in patients that should use antipsychotics.

Objective: Erectile dysfunction is a usual side effect of antipsychotic medications; this causes patients to avoid using drugs. The aim of this study to investigate the effects of iloperidone, paliperidone and loxapine on serotonin (5-HT), noradrenaline (NA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and potassium chloride (KCl)-induced contractions of the vas deferens in mice.Materials and Methods: The mice were randomly divided into experimental groups and treated by ip injection of drugs for 21 days. After the treatment, the effects of drugs were investigated on 5-HT, ATP, NA and KCl-induced contractile responses in the epididymal and prostatic portions of mice vas deferens strips. Results: 5-HT-induced contractile responses were significantly increased while ATP-induced contractile responses were significantly decreased in the both portions of the vas deferens obtained from the iloperidone, paliperidone and loxapine-treated groups. However, these drugs had no significant effect on NA- and KCl-induced contractions of mice vas deferens. Conclusion: These results showed that serotonin and ATP-induced contractions of vas deferens were affected by the chronic treatments of iloperidone, paliperidone, and loxapine. In mice chronically treated with these drugs, serotonergic and purinergic receptors may contribute to changes in vas deferens contractions that cause erectile dysfunction., Amaç: Erektil disfonksiyon, antipsikotiklerin olağan bir yan etkisidir; bu da hastaların ilaç kullanmaktan kaçınmasına neden olur. Bu çalışmanın amacı iloperidon, paliperidon ve loksapin'in farelerde serotonin (5-HT), noradrenalin (NA), adenozin trifosfat (ATP) ve potasyum klorür (KCl) ile indüklenen vas deferens kasılmaları üzerine etkilerini araştırmaktır.Materyal ve Metot: Fareler rastgele deney gruplarına ayrıldı ve 21 gün boyunca ip enjeksiyonu ile tedavi edildi. Tedaviden sonra, ilaçların farelerin vas deferens şeritlerinin epididimal ve prostatik bölümlerinde 5-HT, ATP, NA ve KCl ile indüklenen kasılma tepkileri üzerindeki etkileri araştırıldı.Bulgular: İloperidon, paliperidon ve loksapin ile tedavi edilen gruplardan elde edilen vas deferensin her iki bölümünde 5-HT ile indüklenen kasılma tepkileri önemli ölçüde artarken ATP ile indüklenen kasılma tepkileri önemli ölçüde azaldı. Bununla birlikte, bu ilaçların, fare vas deferens'in NA ve KCl ile indüklenen kasılmaları üzerinde önemli bir etkisi olmamıştır. Sonuç: Bu sonuçlar, iloperidon, paliperidon ve loxapin'in kronik tedavilerinden serotonin ve ATP kaynaklı vas deferens kasılmalarının etkilendiğini göstermiştir. Bu ilaçlarla kronik olarak tedavi edilen farelerde, serotonerjik ve purinerjik reseptörler, erektil disfonksiyona neden olan vas deferens kasılmalarındaki değişikliklere katkıda bulunabilir.

Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), which is involved in memory processes. This led to the hypothesis that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors will have disturbing effects on learning and memory. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of the new selective neuronal and inducible NOS inhibitor 1- (2-trifluoromethylphenyl) imidazole (TRIM) (10-50 mg/kg) on learning and memory and compare it to the nonselective NOS inhibitor 7-NI (15-45 mg/kg) using different behavioral tests in Swiss mice, thus clarifying the role of neuronal NOS (nNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) in cognitive processes. TRIM had no specific effect on either learning or memory parameters, while 7-NI (30 mg/kg) disturbed spatial memory in the probe trial of the Morris water maze test, which was performed on the last day of the test. No differences between TRIM and the control groups were observed, while 7-NI (30 and 45 mg/kg) significantly disturbed memory in the novel object recognition test. In the social transmission of food preference test, both TRIM (50 mg/kg) and 7-NI (45 mg/kg) impaired hippocampal olfactory memory, but the total food consumption was also significantly decreased at these doses. In the passive avoidance test, TRIM did not disturb the performance, while memory impairment was observed, even with lower doses of 7-NI. All of these results suggest that TRIM has no clear effect on cognitive impairment compared to 7-NI and that inhibition of both nNOS and eNOS are necessary for the deterioration of memory processes.