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Digitalis lanata, due to the presence of cardenolides in the leaves, is widely used in drug industry for the treatments of congestive heart diesases. In this present study, natural populations of D. lanata in Thrace region were collected. Thereafter, cardiac glycoside analysis of D. lanata subsp. lanata grown in natural habitats and micropropagation from shoot tips were established as a model work for a consistent and a sustainable plant production. Of the cardenolides, Lan A (ranging between 24.8 and 300.4 mg 100g-1) and Lan C (42.1 and 258 mg 100 g-1 were predominantly found in the samples as compared to lanatoside B, digoxin and digitoxin. After seed germination, shoot-tip cultivation was achieved after a subsequent shoot and root formation on MS medium. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) depending on their concentrations were found to be effective in shoot and root formation accordingly. Maximum two shoots from shoot tips were produced after 8 weeks of cultivation, and at the end of 12th weeks of cultivation each shoots produced an average number of 6.4 roots in 8.1 cm length. Acclimatization was also achieved successfully with a maximum survival rate (95 %) for 4 weeks. This study is the first report on cardenolide profiling of Thracian D. lanata at different locations, and shoot tip cultivation of the population selected under in vitro conditions. Yapraklarındaki kardenolit içeriği nedeniyle Digitalis lanata, ilaç endüstrisinde konjestif kalp hastalığının tedavisinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Trakya bölgesinde yayılış gösteren D. lanata'nın doğal popülasyonları toplanmıştır. Toplanan örneklerde cardenolit analizi ardından sürgün uçlarından mikroçoğaltım yöntemiyle, sürdürülebilir bir bitki üretimi için model olabilecek bir protokol oluşturulmuştur. İncelenen kardenolitler arasından, lanatosit B, digoksin ve digitoksin ile karşılaştırıldığında, numunelerde ağırlıklı olarak Lan A (24.8 ve 300.4 mg 100 g-1 arasında değişen) ve Lan C (42.1 ve 258 mg 100 g-1) bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Aseptik koşullarda çimlendirme işlemi ardından, sürgün-ucu kültürü, MS ortamında sürgün ve kök oluşumu ardından başarıyla tamamlanmıştır. İndol-3-asetik asit (IAA) ve indol-3-bütirik asit (IBA) konsantrasyonlarına bağlı olarak, sürgün ve kök oluşumunda etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Sürgün uçlarından en fazla iki sürgün, 8 haftalık kültür sonunda üretilmiş olup, 12. haftanın sonunda her sürgünün ortalama 8.1 cm uzunluğunda ortalama 6.4 kök ürettiği tespit edilmiştir. İklimlendirme aşaması ise 4 haftalık bir maksimum sağ kalma oranı (% 95) ile başarıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışma ilk defa Trakya’da yayılış gösteren yünlü yüksükotunun kardenolit içeriğinin belirlenmesi ve seçili popülasyonlardan sürgün-ucu kültürünün in vitro koşullarda gerçekleştirilmesini rapor etmektedir.

Digitalis lanata, due to the presence of cardenolides in the leaves, is widely used in drug industry for thetreatments of congestive heart diesases. In this present study, naturalpopulations of D. lanata in Thraceregion were collected. Thereafter, cardiacglycoside analysis of D. lanata subsp. lanata grown in natural habitats and micropropagation from shoottips were established as a model work for a consistent and a sustainable plantproduction. Of the cardenolides, Lan A (ranging between 24.8 and 300.4 mg 100g-1) and Lan C (42.1 and 258 mg 100 g-1 werepredominantly found in the samples as compared to lanatoside B, digoxin anddigitoxin. After seed germination, shoot-tip cultivation was achieved after asubsequent shoot and root formation on MS medium. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) depending on their concentrations were found tobe effective in shoot and root formation accordingly. Maximum two shoots fromshoot tips were produced after 8 weeks of cultivation, and at the end of 12thweeks of cultivation each shoots produced an average number of 6.4 roots in 8.1cm length. Acclimatization was also achieved successfully with a maximumsurvival rate (95 %) for 4 weeks. This study is the first report on cardenolideprofiling of Thracian D. lanata atdifferent locations, and shoot tip cultivation of the population selected underin vitro conditions., Yapraklarındaki kardenolit içeriği nedeniyle Digitalislanata, ilaç endüstrisinde konjestif kalp hastalığının tedavisinde yaygınolarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Trakya bölgesinde yayılış gösteren D. lanata'nın doğal popülasyonlarıtoplanmıştır. Toplanan örneklerde cardenolit analizi ardından sürgün uçlarındanmikroçoğaltım yöntemiyle, sürdürülebilir bir bitki üretimi için modelolabilecek bir protokol oluşturulmuştur. İncelenen kardenolitler arasından,lanatosit B, digoksin ve digitoksin ile karşılaştırıldığında, numunelerdeağırlıklı olarak Lan A (24.8 ve 300.4 mg 100 g-1 arasında değişen) ve Lan C (42.1 ve 258 mg 100 g-1) bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Aseptik koşullardaçimlendirme işlemi ardından, sürgün-ucu kültürü, MS ortamında sürgün ve kökoluşumu ardından başarıyla tamamlanmıştır. İndol-3-asetik asit (IAA) veindol-3-bütirik asit (IBA) konsantrasyonlarına bağlı olarak, sürgün ve kökoluşumunda etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Sürgün uçlarından en fazla iki sürgün, 8haftalık kültür sonunda üretilmiş olup, 12. haftanın sonunda her sürgününortalama 8.1 cm uzunluğunda ortalama 6.4 kök ürettiği tespit edilmiştir. İklimlendirme aşaması ise4 haftalık bir maksimum sağ kalma oranı (% 95) ile başarıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir.Bu çalışma ilk defa Trakya’da yayılış gösteren yünlü yüksükotunun kardenolitiçeriğinin belirlenmesi ve seçili popülasyonlardan sürgün-ucu kültürünün invitro koşullarda gerçekleştirilmesini rapor etmektedir.

WOS: 000459445700003

Gurel, Ekrem/0000-0001-6262-2866; SAHIN, YUNUS/0000-0002-0337-0520 WOS:000424701700014 Introduction. Wheat (Triticum ssp.), a major cereal, and its marginally grown hulled ancestor einkorn (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum), have bioactive compounds reducing and preventing chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and cardio vascular diseases, besides highly desired nutritional properties. Methods. We evaluated the total phenolics and flavonoids and quantified their phenolic acids, alpha-tocopherol by high performance liquid chromatography, and their 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. Results. Ferulic acid (148.67-764.04 mu g/g), p-coumaric acid (5.06-54.09 mu g/g), and total phelonic content (2.06-8.11 mu mol GAE/g) of einkorn were significantly higher than bread and durum wheat (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Results suggested that einkorn is a rich gene resource for the improvement of modern healthier wheat cultivars. Abant Izzet Baysal University Research FoundationAbant Izzet Baysal University [2014.03.01.715] The authors are grateful to the Abant Izzet Baysal University Research Foundation (Project No: 2014.03.01.715) and Bolu Quality and Feed Industry Corporation, Bolu, Turkey.

WOS: 000402033300003, Nanotechnology involves the study and use of materials under the 100 nm scale, exploiting the different physiochemical properties exhibited by these materials at the nanoscale level. Microorganisms are the best model and role of action for the nano/biotechnological applications. This technology has become increasingly important for the biotechnology and the related sectors. Promising applications have been already employed in the areas of drug delivery systems using bioactive nanoencapsulation, biosensors to detect and quantify pathogens, chemical and organic compounds, alteration of food compositions, and high-performance sensors and film to preserve fruits and vegetables. Moreover, the taste of food and food safety can be improved by new nano-materials from the microbiological sources. The huge benefits from this technology have led to increases in the market investments in nanoscience and nanoproducts in several areas.

Nanotechnology involves the study and use of materials under the 100 nm scale, exploiting the different physiochemical properties exhibited by these materials at the nanoscale level. Microorganisms are the best model and role of action for the nano/biotechnological applications. This technology has become increasingly important for the biotechnology and the related sectors. Promising applications have been already employed in the areas of drug delivery systems using bioactive nanoencapsulation, biosensors to detect and quantify pathogens, chemical and organic compounds, alteration of food compositions, and high-performance sensors and film to preserve fruits and vegetables. Moreover, the taste of food and food safety can be improved by new nano-materials from the microbiological sources. The huge benefits from this technology have led to increases in the market investments in nanoscience and nanoproducts in several areas.Fungi are the common source of industrial enzymes by cause of their excellent capacity for extracellular protein production. These industrial enzymes are applied in pulp and paper chemical and biomedical products, food, starch, textile, drinks, baking, leather, detergents and animal feed. For industrial application, immobilization of enzymes has advantages due to their improvement in the stability and storage ability because of reuse, easy separation of enzymes from the reaction mixture, a possible increase in pH and thermal stability and low product cost. The reusability and the cost of immobilized enzymes display a great advantage comparing to those of free enzymes. Using nanoscale structures for immobilization is preferred due to an increase in the functional surface area to maximize enzyme loading and reducing diffusion limitations. In addition, the physical characteristics of nanostructure such as enhanced diffusion, thermal stability, irradiation resistance and support mobility can impact catalytic activity of immobilized enzymes. This chapter deals with the strategies, challenges, applications and benefits of fungal nanobiotechnology in different areas and, also, antifungal activity of nanoparticles from the microbial sources.Fungal nanobiotechnology based agro-industries and environmental spheres created the enormous range of possible applications of fungi. The successful and promising studies in these areas have provided a better understanding of fungi in nanobiotechnological disciplines. The utilization of fungi in the environmental biotechnology is a more recent development with many advantages related to bioremediation, treatment of industrial wastes and biotransformation of specific compounds. The objective of this chapter is to summarize recent developments in fungal nanobiotechnology and fungal synthesis of nanoparticles.The manufacture and use of dyes are widespread industries. The utilization of these pigments is an integral part of almost all manufacturing processes. Wastewaters are produced during the synthesis and use of dyes. Decolorization of water is a significant and a critical part of wastewater treatment processes. Furthermore, metal contaminated industrial wastewater treatment is also acknowledged as one of the bionanotechnological issues. Microorganisms, especially fungi, are possible and strong candidates for heavy metal removal from wastewaters due to its binding ability to a toxic metal or metal ion. Thus, nanobiotechnological aspects of fungal studies in wastewater treatment applications are explained in a separate section in this chapter.Nanoparticles can be used in various areas such as medicine, biosensors, environmental treatment and so on. These could be produced by conventional chemical and physical methods although conventional methods have some disadvantages. Therefore, a relatively simple, economical and nonhazardous (i.e., eco-friendly) method must be used in order to synthesize various nanoparticles. Biotechnological methods have several advantages over conventional ones. Nanoparticles can be synthesized by using various organisms such as fungi and bacteria. Here, some of the fungi used in the synthesis of nanoparticles are reviewed. The mechanism of bionanoparticle synthesis and biological activity of these nanoparticles are also discussed.

In the present work, we first describe the transfer of a novel gene, designated 5W, into the LBA4404 Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain using pPCV91 plasmid through a triparental mating system. The 5W gene was recently isolated from macadamia, a native nut tree species of Australia, and has been shown to have an antimicrobial effect against certain fungi in vitro. Secondly, this gene was tranferred into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xhantii) using leaf explants to develop a system which could then be used for transferring this antimicrobial peptide into sunflower cultivars.

A. method is described for plant regeneration from unfertilized ovaries isolated from a diploid male sterile sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) breeding line that was developed at the Sugar Institute, Ankara, Turkey. Ovary explants were cultured on Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium containing 2.0 mg/l benzylaminopurine (BAP). Two treatments were tested by incubating all of the explants in darkness for 15 days, and then transferring one half to light and keeping the other half in darkness throughout the culture. Callus formation occurred in both treatments more or less at similar rates: however, there was a significant difference between the treatments with regard to the shoot-forming capacity of the explants, those transferred to light after an initial incbation in darkness producing more shoots (14.6%) than those kept in darkness continuously (4.2%). Root induction was readilyachieved within two weeks when shoots were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 2.0 mg/l silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ). An inverse relationship between the callus and shoot-forming capacity of the individual explants was apparent. The determination of ploidy levels of the regenerants was performed by chromosome counting in leaf samples of regenerated plants and the results revealed that all of the regenerants were diploid.

In this work, 10 sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes were evaluated for their suitability for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer based on detection of a reported gene expression (GUS). A number of factors including the type of shoot-tip explant (split vs. intact), bacterial strain/binary vector combinations and wounding intact shoot-tips by particle bombardment were examined. Genotypes showed significant differences in their transformation efficiencies ranging from 0.0 to 82.7% GUS positive explants, hybrid genotypes being more responsive to Agrobacterium infection than inbred lines. Use of split shoot-tip explants did not increase the transformation efficiency over intact explants but the AGL-1/pKIWI strain/vector combination was more effective than the LBA4404/pTOK233 combination. Wounding explants by particle bombardment prior to inoculations with Agrobacterium had no positive effect on transformation.

With the aim of developing an efficient plant regeneration system from cells or tissues of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.), we compared several regeneration protocols using different explant types and hormonal combinations. Somatic embryogenesis could be induced on cotyledon explants, especially from the basal (proximal) portion of the cotyledons, but genotypic vairation appeared to be the most critical factor for both somatic embryo and root production. Such a variation was more prominent when 10 different sunflower cultivars were compared for shoot production from shoot-tip explants. Further refinement of the culture conditions may be neceassary to improve the efficiency of somatic embryo production. Thin cell layers from hypocotyl segments were not found to be successful for plant regeneration.

ÖZETAZO VEYA OKSİ GRUBU İLE HALKAYA BAĞLI (TRİMETİL)FENİL SÜBSTİTÜENTLERİ İÇEREN FTALOSİYANİN BİLEŞİKLERİNİN SENTEZİ VE KARAKTERİZASYONUSentetik porfirin (hemoglobin ve klorofil gibi) analogları olarak adlandırılan ftalosiyaninler (Pcs) yoğun mavi-yeşil renklere sahip ve çoğunlukla pigment olarak kullanılan makrohalkalı bileşiklerdir [1-3]. Pc’ler aromatik iki boyutlu 18-π elektron sistemine sahiptir ve yapısal olarak aza-[18]-annulen sistemiyle benzerlik göstermektedir. Özellikle 18-π elektron delokalizasyonu bu bileşiklere eşsiz yüksek kimyasal ve termal kararlılık sağlayarak, onları bilimin ve teknolojinin çeşitli alanlarında değerli kılmaktadır [4].Bu çalışmada, trimetilfenol bileşikleriyle 3- ve 4-nitroftalonitril bileşikleri nükleofilik aromatik sübstitüsyon reaksiyonuna tabi tutulmuş, 3-(2,3,6-trimetilfenoksi)ftalonitril ve 4-(2,3,6-trimetilfenoksi)ftalonitril ile 3-(2,4,6-trimetilfenoksi)ftalonitril ve 4-(2,4,6-trimetilfenoksi)ftalonitril bileşikleri elde edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, başlangıç bileşiklerinden yüksek çözünürlüğe sahip ve agrege olmayan metalsiz, çinko(II), kalay(II) ve indinyum(III) Pc bileşikleri sentezlenmiştir ve bu bileşiklerden 2HPc, ZnPc ve InPc’lerin fotofiziksel ve fotokimyasal özellikleri GEBZE YÜKSEK TEKNOLOJİ ENSTİTÜSÜ’nde incelenmiştir. SnPc türevlerinin fiziksel özelliklerine de Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesinde incelenmiştir. Yeni başlangıç ve ftalosiyanin bileşiklerinin yapıları 1H-NMR, FT-IR, UV–Vis ve MALDI-TOF kütle spektroskopisiyle karakterize edilmiştir. Sentezlenen yeni bileşikler çok sayıda polar veya apolar çözücülerde iyi çözündüklerinden dolayı çok sayıda uygulama alanları bulabilirler. Ayrıca sentezlenen orjinal ftalosiyanin bileşiklerinin spektroskopik, fotofiziksel ve fotokimyasal özellikleri üzerine merkezi metal iyon ve sübstitüenlerin pozisyon farkının etkisi incelenmiştir. KASIM 2014 Ekrem GÜRELAnahtar Kelimeler: Ftalosiyanin, metalli, alfa, beta, fotofizik, trimetilfenolABSTRACTTHE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION AZO OR OXO BRIDGED PHTHALOCYANINES SUBTITUTED TRIMETHYLPHENYL GROUPSThe synthetic porphyrin analogues (as hemoglobin and chlorophyll) called phthalocyanines (Pcs) are an intensely blue-green coloured aromatic macrocyclic compound that is widely used in dyeing [1-3]. The Pc compounds have an 18-π electron two-dimensional aromatic system and that is structurally similar to the aza-[18]-annulene series. The particular electronic delocalization of 18π system gives rise to outstanding electronic, unconventional physical properties, high chemical and thermal stability which make them valuable in different fields of science and technology [4].In this study, the starting materials 3- and 4-(2,3,6-trimethylphenoxy)phthalonitrile and 3- and 4-(2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy)phthalonitrile have been obtained by the aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction of trimethylphenol compounds and 3- or 4- nitrophthalonitrile. In addition, novel soluble and non-aggregated metal-free, zinc (II), Sn(II) and indium (III) Pc complexes have been synthesized by using the starting compounds and investigated their photophysical and photochemical properties. The novel starting and phthalocyanine compounds have been characterized by 1H-NMR, FT-IR, UV–Vis and MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopies. These new compounds show excellent solubility in most of organic solvents, which makes them candidates for use in different applications. The effects of the position of the substituents and influence of the variety of central metal ions in phthalocyanine cavity on the spectroscopic, photophysical and photochemical properties of these complexes are also investigated. NOVEMBER Ekrem GÜRELKeywords: Phthalocyanine, metallo,alpha, beta, substituted, trimethylphenol

In the present work, we first describe the transfer of a novel gene, designated 5W, into the LBA4404 Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain using pPCV91 plasmid through a triparental mating system. The 5W gene was recently isolated from macadamia, a native nut tree species of Australia, and has been shown to have an antimicrobial effect against certain fungi in vitro. Secondly, this gene was tranferred into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xhantii) using leaf explants to develop a system which could then be used for transferring this antimicrobial peptide into sunflower cultivars.

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