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Magnetic nanoparticles have gained huge importance in the last ten years. They have found tremendous applications in the field of medicine, electronics, and environmental cleanup. The synthesis of amorphous iron oxide nanoparticles (AIONPs) is expensive making its applications highly overpriced. This research study reports the synthesis of AIONPs from waste incense sticks ash (ISA) in two steps. The first step is the recovery of ferrous fractions from ISA, followed by concentrated HCl treatment of magnetic fraction along with ultrasonication. And the second step includes treatment of ferrous-rich leachate with sodium hydroxides. The size of synthesized AIONPs varied from 40-90 nm and were highly aggregated due to the formation of large clumps. Cytotoxicity of synthesized AIONPs was determined on a normal human lung (BEAS-2B) cell line by using an MTT assay. Data showed that AIONPs induced cell toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The particles were mainly spherical to rod-shaped and highly aggregated, it was confirmed by the microscopy analysis. The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy revealed the Fe-O, Si-O-Al as major functional groups in the AIONPs, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the amorphicity and physical property measurement system (PPMS) revealed the magnetic strength of the synthesized AIONPs. Finally, the AIONPs particles were applied for the remediation of Congo red dye from the wastewater by the adsorption method, and about 72% removal was achieved after one hour. The utilization of such ISA waste, for the synthesis of value-added minerals and their utilization for environmental cleanup, makes this whole process cost-efficient and environment-friendly.

Photocatalysts provide excellent potential for the full removal of organic chemical pollutants as an environmentally friendly technology. It has been noted that under UV-visible light irradiation, nanostructured semiconductor metal oxides photocatalysts can degrade different organic pollutants. The Sn6SiO8/rGO nanocomposite was synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The Sn6SiO8 nanoparticles hexagonal phase was confirmed by XRD and functional groups were analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy. The bandgap of Sn6SiO8 nanoparticles (NPs) and Sn6SiO8/GO composites were found to be 2.7 eV and 2.5 eV, respectively. SEM images of samples showed that the flakes like morphology. This Sn6SiO8/rGO nanocomposite was testing for photocatalytic dye degradation of MG under visible light illumination and excellent response for the catalysts. The enhancement of photocatalytic performance was mainly attributed to the increased light absorption, charge separation efficiency and specific surface area, proved by UV-vis DRS. Further, the radical trapping experiments revealed that holes (h+) and superoxide radicals (·O−2) were the main active species for the degradation of MG, and a possible photocatalytic mechanism was discussed.

Herein, we report the facile synthesis, characterization and visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of perforated curly Zn0.1Ni0.9O nanosheets synthesized by hydrothermal process. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies confirmed the cubic phase crystalline structure and growth of high density perforated curly Zn0.1Ni0.9O nanosheets, respectively. As a photocatalyst, using methylene blue (MB) as model pollutant, the synthesized nanosheets demonstrated a high degradation efficiency of ~76% in 60 min under visible light irradiation. The observed results suggest that the synthesized Zn0.1Ni0.9O nanosheets are attractive photocatalysts for the degradation of toxic organic waste in the water under visible light.

ZnSnO3, ZnSnO3@Er, ZnSnO3@Eu, and ZnSnO3@Pr materials were synthesized by a hydrothermal method, these active materials characterized by XRD, Raman, DRS-UV, FT-IR, BET surface areas and Scanning electron microscopy studies. The ZnSnO3 nanosheets meta-stable form was confirmed by XRD. Here, addressing to the pure and doped materials functional groups were evaluated by FT-IR spectroscopy. ZnSnO3, ZnSnO3@Er, ZnSnO3@Eu, and ZnSnO3@Pr rotational vibrations frequency modes were predicted by the Raman spectroscopy. Our results are marvelously, the obtained bandgap energies at 3.5 eV for pure sample and ZnSnO3@Er, ZnSnO3@Eu and ZnSnO3@Pr energies at 3.06 eV, 3.04 eV and 3.02 eV. The synthesized pure samples get a sheet-like morphology and doped for RE metals than morphology was changing for nanocubes. We assess for all samples that were focused on photocatalytic dye degradation for Methylene blue dye; hence, we are discussing these approaches, ZnSnO3@Pr/Methylene blue sample was a great improvement and high decolorization efficiency compared with ZnSnO3@Er, ZnSnO3@Eu nanocubes. The ZnSnO3@Pr sample surface area was investigated by BET analysis. In addition, we are testing the phenol degradation with wastewater. The ZnSnO3@Er, ZnSnO3@Eu catalysts were determined to the less efficiency when comparing to the ZnSnO3@Pr material. The ZnSnO3@Pr material results have more efficiency and a very good recyclable stability nature.

The present study reveals an efficient and cost-effective one-step method for the synthesis of nano-silica from silico-aluminous fly ash-based tiles. The fly ash and their products being rich in silica act as renewable source material for the synthesis of silica. A simple alkali fusion method developed to synthesize white amorphous nano silica directly from the fly ash-tiles by the acidic treatment which was analysed by UV–Vis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Field-Emission Scanning electron microscopy-electron diffraction spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS). The XRD revealed a broad hump from 2θ, 10–30° with a peak centered at 2θ = 21.7° confirms the formation of amorphous nanosilica. FTIR also reveals the characteristic bands of silica in the range of 400–1200 cm−1. While particle size analyser (PSA) confirmed the particle size distribution of nanosilica and FEMSEM confirmed the spherical shape and aggregated form of the synthesized nanosilica of size range varies from 10 to 60 nm. The prominent peak for Si and O confirmed the formation and purity of the nanosilica from the fly ash tiles. Around 99–100% of silicates were recovered by this method in the form of an insoluble precipitate. The developed method is an efficient and economical approach for the recovery of major fractions of silicates from the fly ash based tiles.

α-NH

Textile industries are the largest consumer of synthetic dyestuff compounds and consequently, they are the prime contributor of colored organic contaminants to the environment. The dye compounds when released in soil or freshwater resources such as rivers, cause a potential hazard to living beings due to their toxic, allergic and carcinogenic nature. Current conventional treatment methods for removal or degradation of such dyestuff materials from water systems are not sufficient, and therefore, there is an immediate need to find efficient and eco-friendly approaches. In this regard, nanotechnology can offer an effective solution to this problem. In the present work, montmorillonite/silver nanocomposite (MMT/Ag nanocomposite) is developed through green synthesis methods using naturally occurring montmorillonite (MMT) clay and silver nanoparticles. The material was characterized by using a particle size analyzer (PSA), UV/Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and a Brunner–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analyzer. The adsorption efficiency of the nanocomposite and per cent removal of methylene blue (MB) was investigated by using a batch system.

The traditional hydrothermal synthesis methods are mainly performed under batch operation, which generally takes few days to weeks to yield a zeolite with the desired properties and structure. The zeolites are the backbone of the petrochemical and wastewater industries due to their importance. The commercial methods for zeolite synthesis are expensive, laborious and energy intensive. Among waste products, incense sticks ash is a compound of aluminosilicates and could act as a potential candidate for the synthesis of zeolites for daily needs in these industries. Incense sticks ash is the byproduct of religious places and houses and is rich in Ca, Mg, Al and Si. As a result, incense sticks ash can be proven to be a potential candidate for the formation of calcium-rich zeolites. The formation of zeolites from incense sticks ash is an economical, reliable and eco-friendly method. The application of incense sticks ash for zeolite synthesis can also minimize the problem related to its disposal in the water bodies, which will also minimize the solid waste in countries where it is considered sacred and generated in tons every day.

Environmental pollution is one of the major concerns throughout the world. The rise of industrialization has increased the generation of waste materials, causing environmental degradation and threat to the health of living beings. To overcome this problem and effectively handle waste materials, proper management skills are required. Waste as a whole is not only waste, but it also holds various valuable materials that can be used again. Such useful materials or elements need to be segregated and recovered using sustainable recovery methods. Agricultural waste, industrial waste, and household waste have the potential to generate different value-added products. More specifically, the industrial waste like fly ash, gypsum waste, and red mud can be used for the recovery of alumina, silica, and zeolites. While agricultural waste like rice husks, sugarcane bagasse, and coconut shells can be used for recovery of silica, calcium, and carbon materials. In addition, domestic waste like incense stick ash and eggshell waste that is rich in calcium can be used for the recovery of calcium-related products. In agricultural, industrial, and domestic sectors, several raw materials are used; therefore, it is of high economic interest to recover valuable minerals and to process them and convert them into merchandisable products. This will not only decrease environmental pollution, it will also provide an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach for materials synthesis. These value-added materials can be used for medicine, cosmetics, electronics, catalysis, and environmental cleanup.

Incense sticks ash is one of the most unexplored by-products generated at religious places and houses obtained after the combustion of incense sticks. Every year, tonnes of incense sticks ash is produced at religious places in India which are disposed of into the rivers and water bodies. The presence of heavy metals and high content of alkali metals challenges a potential threat to the living organism after the disposal in the river. The leaching of heavy metals and alkali metals may lead to water pollution. Besides this, incense sticks also have a high amount of calcium, silica, alumina, and ferrous along with traces of rutile and other oxides either in crystalline or amorphous phases. The incense sticks ash, heavy metals, and alkali metals can be extracted by water, mineral acids, and alkali. Ferrous can be extracted by magnetic separation, while calcium by HCl, alumina by sulfuric acid treatment, and silica by strong hydroxides like NaOH. The recovery of such elements by using acids and bases will eliminate their toxic heavy metals at the same time recovering major value-added minerals from it. Here, in the present research work, the effect on the elemental composition, morphology, crystallinity, and size of incense sticks ash particles was observed by extracting ferrous, followed by extraction of calcium by HCl and alumina by H2SO4 at 90–95 °C for 90 min. The final residue was treated with 4 M NaOH, in order to extract leachable silica at 90 °C for 90 min along with continuous stirring. The transformation of various minerals phases and microstructures of incense sticks ash (ISA) and other residues during ferrous, extraction, calcium, and alumina and silica extraction was studied using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). DLS was used for analyzing the size during the experiments while FTIR helped in the confirmation of the formation of new products during the treatments. From the various instrumental analyses, it was found that the toxic metals present in the initial incense sticks ash got eliminated. Besides this, the major alkali metals, i.e., Ca and Mg, got reduced during these successive treatments. Initially, there were mainly irregular shaped, micron-sized particles that were dominant in the incense sticks ash particles. Besides this, there were plenty of carbon particles left unburned during combustion. In the final residue, nanosized flowers shaped along with cuboidal micron-sized particles were dominant. present in If, such sequential techniques will be applied by the industries based on recycling of incense sticks ash, then not only the solid waste pollution will be reduced but also numerous value-added minerals like ferrous, silica, alumina calcium oxides and carbonates can be recovered from such waste. The value-added minerals could act as an economical and sustainable source of adsorbent for wastewater treatment in future.

Coal fly ash (CFA) is a major global pollutant produced by thermal power plants during the generation of electricity. A significant amount of coal fly ash is dumped every year in the near vicinity of the thermal power plants, resulting in the spoilage of agricultural land. CFA has numerous value-added structural elements, such as cenospheres, plerospheres, ferrospheres, and carbon particles. Cenospheres are spherical-shaped solid-filled particles, formed during the combustion of coal in thermal power plants. They are lightweight, have high mechanical strength, and are rich in Al-Si particles. Due to cenospheres’ low weight and high mechanical strength, they are widely used as ceramic/nanoceramics material, fireproofing material, and in nanocomposites. They are also used directly, or after functionalization, as an adsorbent for environmental cleanup—especially for the removal of organic and inorganic contaminants from wastewater. By utilizing this waste material as an adsorbent, the whole process becomes economical and eco-friendly. In this review, we have highlighted the latest advances in the cenospheres recovery from fly ash and their application in ceramics and wastewater treatment.

New advancements of photocatalytic activity with higher efficiency, low price are most important, which is challenging in industrialized and many fields. We have introduced CuNiO

In this research, thermal decomposition method was used to synthesize Bi 12 TiO 20 nanoparticles under water-ethanolmedium, using Bi(NO 3 ) 3 .5H 2 O and Ti(OC 2 H 5 ) 4 as precursors. The prepared materials were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The bismuth titanate nanoparticles revealed a good photocatalytic activitytowards methylene blue (MB) under visible light irradiation. The GCE modified bismuth titanatehas good electrochemical sensing of 4-nitrophenol by voltammetric techniques.

Over the past decades, carbon based materials used as many applications, particularly, medicine, biosensors, catalysis and so on. The high potential C-dots (CDs) were synthesized via simple microwave irradiation method. As synthesized C-dots were characterized using many of the techniques, such as XRD, FT-IR, DRS UV vis spectroscopy. The CDs surface was analyzed using FESEM microscopy. Further the objective of the synthesized CDs was catalytic sensing of Uric Acid (UA). The CDs modified electrode gives better result than bare electrode. The electrochemical station comprises three electrode systems, calomel electrode as a reference electrode, platinum electrode as counter electrode and glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as a working electrode. The CDs modified electrode gives the sensing of 10-4M UA oxidation peak at 0.51 V at 50 mV scan rate using pH 7 buffer solution.

The acid-mediated (oxalic acid [OXA], cinnamic acid [CA], and itaconic acid [IA]) SnO2 nanorods were synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The synthesized SnO2 nanorods, in turn, were analyzed with various physico-chemical techniques such as the X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity of the different SnO2 nanorods was investigated with the malachite green (MG) dye under visible light illumination. The OXA-SnO2 nanorods displayed an excellent degradation performance with observed value at 91% and it was compared to CA and IA-SnO2 nanomaterials. This tetragonal phase was identified and confirmed by XRD studies. In this regards, obtained band gap energy is low then optimally performed to the photocatalytic evolution. The OXA-SnO2 materials were tested for antibacterial and antifungal studies; this was as shown in good biological activities with admire to the different bacterial strains. The Candida albicans (antifungal) and Enterococcus faecalis (Gram-positive) bacteria were not affected in the microbial studies.

At present, chemical Si/Al sources are mainly used as precursor materials for the manufacturing of zeolites. Such precursor materials are quite expensive for commercial synthesis. Here, we have reported the synthesis of Ca-based zeolite from incense stick ash waste by the alkali-treatment method for the first time. Incense stick ash (ISA) was used as a precursor material for the synthesis of low Si zeolites by the alkali-treatment method. The as-synthesized zeolites were characterized by various instruments like particle size analyzer (PSA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), electron diffraction spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). FTIR and XRD helped in the identification of the microstructure and crystalline nature of the zeolites and also confirmed the synthesis of Ca-based zeolite with two thetas at 25.7°. The microscopic analysis by FESEM and TEM exhibited that the size of synthesized Ca-rich zeolites varies from 200 to 700 nm and they are aggregated and cuboidal in shape. Additionally, structural, electronic, and density of states’ characteristics of gismondine (Ca2Al4Si4O16·9H2O) structures were evaluated by computational simulations (first principle, density functional theorem). The structural optimization of structures was carried out in the first stage under the lowest condition of total energy and forces acting on atoms for the lattice constant, as well as the available experimental and theoretical findings. The present research approach predicted the transformation of ISA waste into a value-added mineral, i.e., zeolite, which was further used for the removal of both heavy metals and alkali metals from fly ash-based wastewater using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).

Coal fly ash (CFA) and coal-based incense sticks ash (ISA) have several similarities and differences due to the presence of coal as a common component in both of them. CFA are produced from the combustion of pulverized coal during electricity production in the thermal power plants while ISA are produced from the burning of incense sticks at religious places and at houses. A typical black colored Indian, incense sticks are mainly are comprised of coal powder or potassium nitrate, wood chip, fragrance, binder or binding agent, and bamboo sticks. The black colored incense sticks have coal powder or charcoal as a facilitator for smoother burning of incense sticks. The detailed investigation of CFA and ISA by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), electron diffraction spectroscopy (EDS), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer (PSA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the morphological, chemical, and elemental properties. Both the coal based ashes comprises minerals like calcites, silicates, ferrous, alumina, and traces of Mg, Na, K, P, Ti, and numerous toxic heavy metals as confirmed by the XRF, ICP-AES, and EDS. While, microscopy revealed the presence of well-organized spherical shaped particles, namely cenospheres, plerospheres, and ferrospheres of size varying from 0.02 μm to 7 microns in CFA. Whereas, ISA particles are irregular, aggregated, calcium to carbon rich whose size varies from 60 nm to 9 microns and absence of well-organized spherical structures. The well developed and crystalline structure in CFA is due to the controlled combustion parameter in thermal power plants during the burning of coal while incense sticks (IS) burning is under uncontrolled manner. So, FTIR and XRD confirmed that the major portion of fly ash constitutes crystalline minerals whereas ISA have mainly amorphous phase minerals. CFA have ferrospheres of both rough and smooth surfaced, which was absent from the ISA and hence ferrous particles of CFA are of high magnetic strength. The detailed investigation of ashes will lead to the applications of ashes in new fields, which will minimize the solid waste pollution in the environment.

New advancements of photocatalytic activity with higher efficiency, low price are most important, which is challenging in industrialized and many fields. We have introduced CuNiO2 and CuNiO2/rGO nanocomposite was generally prepared by the hydrothermal treatment and tested to the photocatalytic studies. Photocatalytic measurements of CuNiO2 with different weight percentages CuNiO2/rGO (25/75), (50/50), and (75/25) are achieved to the efficiency under visible light, in this case, CuNiO2/rGO (50/50) composite have the highest performance is scrutinized. This was obeyed for a synergistic effect between CuNiO2 nanoparticles and rGO composites. Furthermore, the CuNiO2, CuNiO2/rGO (25/75), (50/50), and (75/25) nanocomposite were tested by several analyses like XRD, FT-IR, DRS UV Visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and FESEM & HRTEM investigations. In this regard all measurements are very clear and satisfied; therefore we are encouraged for future developing environmental applications.

Nanoparticles have gained huge attention in the last decade due to their applications in electronics, medicine, and environmental clean-up. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are widely used for the wastewater treatment due to their recyclable nature and easy manipulation by an external magnetic field. Here, in the present research work, iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by the sonochemical method by using precursors of ferrous sulfate and ferric chloride at 70 &deg, C for one hour in an ultrasonicator. The synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles were characterized by diffraction light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), electron diffraction spectroscopy (EDS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The FTIR analysis exhibits characteristic absorption bands of IONPs at 400&ndash, 800 cm&minus, 1, while the Raman spectra showed three characteristic bands at 273, 675, and 1379 cm&minus, 1 for the synthesized IONPs. The XRD data revealed three major intensity peaks at two theta, 33&deg, 35&deg, and 64&deg, which indicated the presence of maghemite and magnetite phase. The size of the spherical shaped IONPs was varying from 9&ndash, 70 nm with an average size of 38.9 nm while the size of cuboidal shaped particle size was in microns. The purity of the synthesized IONPs was confirmed by the EDS attached to the FESEM, which clearly show sharp peaks for Fe and O, while the magnetic behavior of the IONPs was confirmed by the VSM measurement and the magnetization was 2.43 emu/g. The batch adsorption study of lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) from 20% fly ash aqueous solutions was carried out by using 0.6 mg/100 mL IONPs, which exhibited maximum removal efficiency i.e., 97.96% and 82.8% for Pb2+ and Cr ions, respectively. The fly ash are being used in making cements, tiles, bricks, bio fertilizers etc., where the presence of fly ash is undesired property which has to be either removed or will be brought up to the value of acceptable level in the fly ash. Therefore, the synthesized IONPs, can be applied in the elimination of heavy metals and other undesired elements from fly ash with a short period of time. Moreover, the IONPs that have been used as a nanoadsorbent can be recovered from the reaction mixture by applying an external magnetic field that can be recycled and reused. Therefore, this study can be effective in all the fly ash-based industries for elimination of the undesired elements, while recyclability and reusable nature of IONPs will make the whole adsorption or elimination process much economical.

Photocatalysts provide excellent potential for the full removal of organic chemical pollutants as an environmentally friendly technology. It has been noted that under UV-visible light irradiation, nanostructured semiconductor metal oxides photocatalysts can degrade different organic pollutants. The Sn

Herein, we report the facile synthesis, characterization and visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of perforated curly Zn

For the last few decades, with the emergence of nanoscience and nanotechnology, nanoparticles gained enormous attention due to their high surface/volume ratio and other novel, unique, and remarkable properties. Traditionally, nanoparticles are fabricated by either chemical or physical approaches which not only utilize toxic chemicals but also are energy-intensive and consequently costly. The microbe-based synthesis of nanoparticles is biocompatible, economical, eco-friendly, and energy-intensive. Metallic and nonmetallic, metal oxide, and sulfide nanoparticles are synthesized by bacteria, virus, fungi, and algae. These nanoparticles act as an adsorbent for the remediation of water and wastewater pollutants clearly due to their physicochemical properties, nano size, controlled growth, and surface modification. The carbohydrates, proteins, and enzymes present in such microbes act as surfactant and capping agents which reduce the use of harmful chemical surfactants. Nanoparticles find application in the remediation of dyes, heavy metals, microbial contaminants, and pesticides, in the area of wastewater treatment. The widely used adsorbents are iron oxide nanoparticle, zinc oxide, alumina, and titanium dioxide. The present chapter highlights the synthesis of nanoparticles from bacteria, algae, fungi, and viruses and their application for wastewater treatment.

Titanium aminophosphate was synthesized by a simple chemical method and characterized by XRD, DRS–UV, FT-IR, Raman, FE-SEM, elemental mapping with EDX, HRTEM, contact angle and TG–DTA analyses. Ti–O phase of synthesized material was confirmed by X-ray diffraction patterns. Different vibrational bands of metal oxides and aminophosphate were carried out by Raman spectroscopy. The bandgap energy was determined by a diffuse reflectance UV–visible spectroscopy. FE-SEM with EDX were used to analyze the material size, morphology and elements. Hydrophilic studies were carried out by contact angle meter (CA). In the present study, we have evaluated the effective applications of titanium aminophosphate in biological and photocatalytic activities. The titanium aminophosphate functional groups were confirmed (Ti–O and Ti–O–Ti) by FT-IR spectroscopy. N–H groups were confirmed by elemental analyzer (CHN). Human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cell line was used to examine cytotoxicity of titanium aminophosphate. The synthesized aminophosphate and titanium aminophosphate were tested against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria and titanium aminophosphate exhibits higher antibacterial activity. Photocatalytic activity of titanium aminophosphate was determined by malachite green dye degradation process, which was performed using halogen lamp at 500 nm. The synthesized material shows high photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation.

The binary metal oxide nanomaterials are having applications in various fields like sensors, optics, electrocatalyst and photocatalyst so on. Bi2Sn2O7 with pyrochlore structure is having low band gap energy; hence it is utilized in battery storage and gas sensor applications. In the present work, we have made an attempt to synthesis amine-functionalized Bi2Sn2O7/rGO nanocomposites by a thermal decomposition method and in-situ method; the synthesized nanocomposites were confirmed by XRD, FT-IR and Raman analysis. The AF-Bi2Sn2O7/rGO nanocomposites morphology was confirmed by FE-SEM along with EDX spectroscopy, we obtained different flowers and nest-like morphology. The pure and composite material band gap energy is decreases from 2.6 eV to 1.6 eV. All three nanomaterials Bi2Sn2O7, AF-Bi2Sn2O7, AF-Bi2Sn2O7/rGO nanocomposites (AF–amine functionalized) were utilized for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irradiation. AF-Bi2Sn2O7/rGO nanocomposite showed an excellent photocatalytic activity than pure Bi2Sn2O7 and AF- Bi2Sn2O7.

Cd 2 SnO 4 nanospheres were synthesized via hydrothermal method. The prepared material was characterized by X-Ray diffraction, Raman studies, the optical properties carried out by diffuse reflectance–UV/visible spectroscopy and sphere like morphology structure was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy with Energy dispersive X-Ray analyzer (EDX). The cubic crystal system was presented to the obtained material with index. These synthesized nano-spheres have very good performance of organic dyes degradation under the visible light irradiation.

Heteropolyacids(HPA) are active reusable catalysts due to their strong Bronsted acidity character compared to H 2 SO 4, HCl, AlCl 3 etc. one of the Keggin ions of polyoxometalatei.e, 12-phosphotungstic acid molecules have significant attention due to electron-proton transfer, storage ability and high thermal stability. Titania is a widely used Semiconductor material possessing excellent chemical and physical properties such as wide band gap, easily available, economical, non toxic and biocompatible. AnPhotocatalyst has been synthesized by doping noble metal nanoparticle into H 3 PW 12 O 40 /TiO 2 composite by wet impregnation method. The as-prepared nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffractometer(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and UV-Visible spectroscopy. In the Photoreaction study, it is found that photocatalytic activity increases by doping the noble metal silver nanoparticles into the composite. The photocatalytic activity of the catalyst was evaluated for the degradation of methylene blue dye under the Visible light.

Over the past decades, Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have been investigated as host materials for a range of anion exchange intercalation reactions. In this role they have been used extensively as ion-exchange materials, elctrocatalysts and Photocatalyst. The Zn-Bi Layered double hydroxides were prepared by simple co-precipitation method. The prepared Zn-Bi material was characterized using many techniques such as, Powder X-ray diffraction, Raman was used to determine the phase purity and crystal structure of the prepared material. Functional groups were identified from FTIR spectroscopy and the surface morphology of the prepared samples was analyzed using FESEM. The prepared Zn-Bi LDH was effectively degrades the organic pollutants.

Nitrophenols are serious environmental pollutant, which are extensively used in the production of pesticides, dyes and pharmaceuticals. Among the nitrophenols, in particular 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), as a toxic derivative of parathion insecticide, is considered as priority hazardous waste and toxic pollutant. 4-NP is a deadly pollutant causing slow photosynthetic reactions, carcinogenicity and other related serious side effects towards human and aquatic life. In terms of environmental protection and food security, it is much more important to develop an effective analytical method for the determination of 4-NP in aqueous solutions. Till date various techniques have been reported for the determination of 4-NP, such as spectrophotometry, fluorescence, HPLC, capillary electrophoresis and electrochemical methods. Due to some advantages the electrochemical methods have received more attention. The Mn(II) Schiff base complex was electrochemically polymerized and modified the GCE. The poly manganese(II) Schiff base complex is deposited on the surface of GCE and it was utilized for the determination of 4-NP. The modified GCE exhibits an anodic peak at 0.44 V and the anodic peak current is 14.06 μA. The bare GCE shows the oxidation peak at 0.40 but the peak current is 3.98 μA which is lower than modified GCE. These results clearly reveals that Mn(II) Schiff base complex modified GCE can be used as electrocatalytic sensor for the determination of 4-NP in real samples.

CuO-TiO2 composite was synthesized by thermal decomposition method. The prepared sample was analysed by X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscope confirms the CuO-TiO2 composite is in irregular agglomerated particles. The prepared sample was characterised by FT-IR. CuO-TiO2 nanoparticles were used to modify the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and the modified electrode was used to simultaneous determination of catechol and hydroquinone by voltammetric techniques. The modified electrodes exhibit better electro catalytic activity than the bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE).

The ZnCo2O4 and rGO/ZnCo2O4 (25/75), (50/50) and (75/25) are some of the carbon-based materials that are effectively performed in the degradation process. Their applications mainly contribute to the health issues for animal and human beings and eco-friendly. These ZnCo2O4 and rGO/ZnCo2O4 (25/75), (50/50) and (75/25) nanocomposites have been shown in the well-known dye degradation due to the specifics that low bandgap energy, nontoxic, higher defects and low cost, therefore it could be enhancing for the efficiency under halogen light. The cubic phase of the ZnCo2O4 nanoparticles was observed. The identified band gap energies at ZnCo2O4 is 2.05 eV and nanocomposites rGO/ZnCo2O4 (25/75) is 1.92 eV, rGO/ZnCo2O4 (50/50) is 1.77 eV and rGO/ZnCo2O4 (75/25) is 1.60 eV respectively. The ZnCo2O4 nanomaterials M-O recognition was long-established peak at 400–900 cm−1 by FT-IR spectroscopy. In a Raman measurements, the modes 561 and 635 cm−1 is confirmed to the CoO4/Zn-O. Hence, we are proposed for this method of process is concerned with encouraging in future. Mainly, ZnCo2O4 and rGO/ZnCo2O4 (25/75), (50/50) and (75/25) nanocomposites synthesized purpose is quickly activated in the dye degradation and proposed to the thermal decomposition and hydrothermal method which as well known performances of the catalyst. In the future, we are looking for challenges and prospects of the ZnCo2O4 and rGO/ZnCo2O4 (25/75), (50/50) and (75/25) nanocomposites. The ZnCo2O4 nanoparticle was tested by antimicrobial activity. Here, the (75/25) rGO/ZnCo2O4 composite degradation efficiency is superior to other rGO/ZnCo2O4 (25/75), (50/50) nanocomposites.

The (en)-CuAP nanocrystals were synthesized by hydrothermal method. This material was designed rarely with it envelop good records in the characterization part, and morphologies also very clearly shown in the FE-SEM and HR-TEM analysis. The monoclinic phase of the (en)-CuAP nanocrystals functional groups was identified to the best coincide nature of the FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy studies. The obtained band gap energy is 2.65eV, which were lower than the other metal phosphate materials. Moreover, (en)-copper aminophosphate was tested to the electrochemical fabrication of the Phloroglucinol and Riboflavin, herewith phloroglucinol is an anodic peak and Riboflavin is better reduction peaks were appeared in the cyclic voltammetry studies. Hence, (en)-CuAP nanocrystals was electrochemically optimized both conditions, and its gives good transition at low concentrations. The modified electrodes have large surface area, high conductivity, and high catalytic activity of (en)-CuAP/GCE. The proposed sensors are high sensitivity for Phloroglucinol and Riboflavin detection and it was successfully developed with better performance of the electrochemical sensor. The (en)-CuAP nanocrystals have better reusability performance and enhanced to an excellent photocatalytic activities and antibacterial activities.