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This study describes the cell-free biomanufacturing of a broad-spectrum antiviral protein, griffithsin (GRFT) such that it can be produced with consistent purity and potency in less than 24 hours. We demonstrate GRFT production using two independent cell-free systems, one plant and one microbial. Griffithsin purity and quality were verified using standard regulatory metrics. Efficacy was demonstratedin vitroagainst SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 and was nearly identical to that of GRFT expressedin vivo. The proposed production process is efficient and can be readily scaled up and deployed anywhere in the world where a viral pathogen might emerge. The current emergence of viral variants has resulted in frequent updating of existing vaccines and loss of efficacy for front-line monoclonal antibody therapies. Proteins such as GRFT with its efficacious and broad virus neutralizing capability provide a compelling pandemic mitigation strategy to promptly suppress viral emergence at the source of an outbreak.

Synthesis route planning is in the core of chemical intelligence that will power the autonomous chemistry platforms. In this task, we rely on algorithms to generate possible synthesis routes with the help of retro- and forward-synthetic approaches. Generated synthesis routes can be merged into a synthesis graph which represents theoretical pathways to the target molecule. However, it is often required to modify a synthesis graph due to typical constraints. These constraints might include "undesirable substances", e.g., an intermediate that the chemist does not favor or substances that might be toxic. Consequently, we need to prune the synthesis graph by the elimination of such undesirable substances. Synthesis graphs can be represented as directed (not necessarily acyclic) bipartite graphs, and the pruning of such graphs in the light of a set of undesirable substances has been an open question. In this study, we present the Synthesis Graph Pruning (SGP) algorithm that addresses this question. The input to the SGP algorithm is a synthesis graph and a set of undesirable substances. Furthermore, information for substances is provided as metadata regarding their availability from the inventory. The SGP algorithm operates with a simple local rule set, in order to determine which nodes and edges need to be eliminated from the synthesis graph. In this study, we present the SGP algorithm in detail and provide several case studies that demonstrate the operation of the SGP algorithm. We believe that the SGP algorithm will be an essential component of computer aided synthesis planning.

Glucocorticoid-induced glaucoma is a secondary open-angle glaucoma. About 40% of the general population may develop elevated intraocular pressure on prolonged glucocorticoid treatment secondary to damages in the trabecular meshwork (TM), a tissue that regulates intraocular pressure. Therefore, identifying the key molecules responsible for glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension is crucial. In this study, Dickkopf-related protein 1 (Dkk1), a canonical Wnt signaling inhibitor, was found to be elevated in the aqueous humor and TM of glaucoma patients. At the signaling level, Dkk1 enhanced glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling, whereas Dkk1 knockdown or Wnt signaling activators decreased GR signaling in human TM cells as indicated by luciferase assays. Similarly, activation of the GR signaling inhibited Wnt signaling. At the protein level, glucocorticoid-induced extracellular matrix was inhibited by Wnt activation using Wnt activators or Dkk1 knockdown in primary human TM cells. In contrast, inhibition of canonical Wnt signaling by β-catenin knockdown increased glucocorticoid-induced extracellular matrix proteins. At the physiological level, adenovirus-mediated Wnt3a expression decreased glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension in mouse eyes. In summary, Wnt and GR signaling inhibit each other in the TM, and canonical Wnt signaling activators may prevent the adverse effect of glucocorticoids in the eye.

Current high-throughput screening assay optimization is often a manual and time-consuming process, even when utilizing design-of-experiment approaches. A cross-platform, Cloud-based Bayesian optimization-based algorithm was developed as part of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) ASPIRE (A Specialized Platform for Innovative Research Exploration) Initiative to accelerate preclinical drug discovery. A cell-free assay for papain enzymatic activity was used as proof of concept for biological assay development and system operationalization. Compared with a brute-force approach that sequentially tested all 294 assay conditions to find the global optimum, the Bayesian optimization algorithm could find suitable conditions for optimal assay performance by testing 21 assay conditions on average, with up to 20 conditions being tested simultaneously, as confirmed by repeated simulation. The algorithm could achieve a sevenfold reduction in costs for lab supplies and high-throughput experimentation runtime, all while being controlled from a remote site through a secure connection. Based on this proof of concept, this technology is expected to be applied to more complex biological assays and automated chemistry reaction screening at NCATS, and should be transferable to other institutions.

Purpose This study reports long-term outcomes of bleb revision with ologen™ Collagen Matrix (Aeon Astron Europe BV, the Netherlands) for the surgical management of various bleb-related issues including persistent bleb leaks with or without associated hypotony, bleb dysesthesia, overhanging blebs, or hypotony after filtering glaucoma surgery. Materials and methods A retrospective chart review was performed for patients who underwent ologen bleb revision from 2012 to 2019 at Glaucoma Associates of Texas. Results The study included 23 eyes of 22 patients undergoing bleb revision with the ologen implant. Mean age was 74.0 ± 11.3 years, 16 (69.6%) were female, and 13 (56.5%) were White. Indications for bleb revision included bleb leak (78.3%), dysesthesia (13.0%), and hypotony from an overfiltering bleb (8.7%). Mean preoperative intraocular pressure was 6.8 ± 4.1 mmHg and the number of medications was 0.3 ± 0.9. Median follow-up was 24 months (range: 12–84 months); all patients had at least 12 months of follow-up. At 1 year, mean intraocular pressure was 10.9 ± 4.6 mmHg on 0.2 ± 0.5 medications, and at last follow-up, mean intraocular pressure was 10.4 ± 3.6 mmHg on 0.3 ± 0.7 medications. Bleb morphology remained low, diffuse, and posterior. One patient developed kissing choroidal effusions requiring surgical drainage with subsequent stabilization of intraocular pressure and bleb function, and three patients required additional surgery due to persistent leaks or bleb failure; there were no other vision-threatening complications. Conclusions Use of the ologen implant during surgical bleb revision is a useful surgical technique that confers long-term improvements in bleb morphology and stability of function.

Purpose To report a series of 3 eyes of 3 children with congenital glaucoma receiving the XEN gel stent implant. Patients and methods An interventional case series is reported. Results Three eyes underwent implantation of the gel stent. In 2 cases, the gel implant procedure was performed after failed trabeculotomy, while in the third eye, primary gel stent implantation was performed. One eye received 2 implants. Three procedures were performed via an ab interno approach while the fourth was performed ab externo. No device-related complications were observed. In all 3 eyes, intraocular pressure was controlled without the use of topical medications through 6 to 24 months of follow-up. Conclusions The gel stent implant can be safely used in children with congenital glaucoma and effectively lowers intraocular pressure in these eyes. This procedure is a viable follow-up to, or replacement for, traditional angle surgery in eyes with congenital glaucoma.

To assess the safety and effectiveness of Schlemm canal stenting for reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) in combination with cataract surgery in the United States cohort of the HORIZON study.Twenty-six clinical sites in the U.S.Prospective clinical trial.Eyes with mild to moderate primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) on 1 to 4 medications, significant cataract, and an unmedicated diurnal IOP between 22 mm Hg and 34 mm Hg after medication washout were randomized 2:1 to receive the Hydrus microstent or no further treatment after successful cataract surgery. Patients were followed for 24 months. Medication washout and diurnal IOP measurements were repeated at 12 months and 24 months.Two hundred nineteen eyes were randomized to microstent implantation and 112 patients to phacoemulsification only. At 24 months, the diurnal IOP was reduced by 20.0% or more in a greater proportion of eyes in the microstent group (78.5% versus 54.5%; P .001). The mean change in the number of medications was -1.2 ± 0.9 (SD) in the microstent group and -0.8 ± 1.1 in the phaco-only group (P .001), and 78.5% of eyes and 39.2% of eyes, respectively, were medication free (difference 38.8%; P .001).Implantation of a Schlemm canal microstent after phacoemulsification significantly reduced diurnal IOP and medication use compared with phacoemulsification only in patients with mild to moderately severe POAG. The combination procedure was equivalent to cataract surgery alone in terms of visual acuity outcomes and the rate of adverse ocular events.

Background Lifetime risks of cardiovascular (CV) and renal diseases are high, particularly in type 2 diabetes (T2D), but rarely studied together, and relative disease contributions are unknown. Knowledge of lifetime risk of cardiovascular-renal disease (CVRD) will better reflect disease burden in T2D. Purpose To investigate the lifetime risks (LTRs) of composite and individual components of major adverse reno-cardiovascular events, MARCE in T2D patients. Method In a population-based cohort study using national electronic health records, we studied 473399 individuals aged 45–99 years with T2D in England 2007–2018. The LTR of composite and individual components of MARCE (including CV death and CVRD: heart failure, HF; chronic kidney disease stage 3 and above, CKD; myocardial infarction, MI; stroke or peripheral artery disease, PAD) were estimated. LTRs by baseline CVRD comorbidity status were compared with individuals free from CVRD at baseline, accounting for the competing risk of death. Results Among T2D patients aged ≥45 years, the LTR of MARCE was 80% for individuals free from CVRD at baseline. LTR of MARCE was 97%, 93%, 98%, 89% and 91% for individuals with specific CVRD comorbidities for HF, CKD, MI, stroke and PAD, respectively at baseline. Within the CVRD-free cohort, LTR of CKD was highest at 54%, followed by CV death (41%), HF (29%), stroke (20%), MI (19%) and PAD (9%). Compared to CVRD-free, HF, MI and CKD at baseline were associated with the highest LTR of MARCE and its component diseases (Table). Conclusion The lifetime risk of CV disease and CKD in T2D patients is estimated to be over 60% and 50% respectively (1–3). When considered together, the LTR of MARCE is 80% in CVRD-free T2D patients, while nearly all those with T2D and HF will develop MARCE over their lifetime. Of the individual components of MARCE, LTR of CKD and HF were the highest among CVRD-free T2D patients. Preventive measures in T2D patients should be a priority in clinical practice to mitigate the burden of these complications. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Private company. Main funding source(s): AstraZeneca

ObjectivesIn developed countries, the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has declined in the over 50 years age group but increased in younger people. We studied CRC incidence by age and the influence of screening uptake.DesignAge-standardised and sex-standardised incidences for CRC from 1997 to 2017 were obtained from the Scottish Cancer Registry (SCR). In addition, linkage between the Scottish Bowel Screening Database and the SCR allowed investigation of any association between screening participation and CRC incidence.SettingScotland and the Scottish Bowel Screening Programme, in which guaiac faecal occult blood test screening was piloted from March 2000 and fully rolled by December 2009.ParticipantsFrom the introduction of screening in 2000 through to 2017, 2 395 172 were invited to participate, of whom 1 487 999 participated at least once.Main outcome measuresIncidence of CRC.ResultsIn the screening age range (50–74 years), CRC incidence peaked at 156.5 cases per 100 000 in 2010 after full roll-out of screening across Scotland but fell to 123.9 per 100 000 in 2017. However, under 50 years, there was a rise from 5.3 cases per 100 000 in 2000 to 6.8 per 100 000 in 2017. When CRC incidence was examined in those who had been offered screening, incidence fell in the participant group more than in the non-participant group after roll-out of screening was complete. Analysis of cumulative incidence demonstrated that CRC incidence in the participant group remained consistently below that of the non-participant from around 7 years of follow-up.ConclusionsThe incidence of CRC in Scotland has declined in the over 50 years age group but increased in younger people. It is likely that population screening has contributed to the reduction in CRC incidence in the over 50 years age group.

Inconel 718 alloy fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) (or laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF)) has been post-process heat-treated by stress-relief anneal at 1065 &deg, C, stress-relief anneal (1065 &deg, C) + solution treatment (at 720 &deg, C) + aging (at 620 &deg, C), hot isostatic pressing (HIP) (at 1120&ndash, 1200 &deg, stress-relief anneal + HIP, and stress-relief anneal + HIP + solution treatment + aging. Microstructure analysis utilizing optical metallography revealed primarily equiaxed grain structures (having average diameters ranging from ~30 to 49 microns) containing annealing twins, and a high concentration of carbide precipitates in all HIP-related treatments in the grain boundaries and intragrain regions. However, no precipitates nucleated on the {111} coherent annealing twin boundaries because of their very low interfacial free energy in contrast to regular grain boundaries. The mechanical properties for the as-fabricated Inconel 718 exhibited a yield stress of 0.64 GPa, UTS of 0.98 GPa, and elongation of 26%. Following stress-relief anneal at 1065 &deg, C, the yield stress dropped to 0.60 GPa, while the elongation increased to 43%. The associated grain structure was an irregular, somewhat elongated, recrystallized structure. This structure was preserved at a stress anneal at 1065 &deg, C + solution treatment + aging, but grain boundary and intragrain precipitation resulted in a doubling of the yield stress to 1.3 GPa and a reduced elongation of 12.6%. The results of HIP-related post-process heat treatments involving temperatures above 1060 &deg, C demonstrated that the yield stress and elongations could be varied from 1.07 to 1.17 GPa and 11.4% to 19%, respectively. Corresponding Rockwell C-scale hardness values also varied from 33 for the as-fabricated Inconel 718 to 53 for simple post-process HIP treatment at 1163 &deg, C.

This is a descriptive case series of 3 patients with uncontrolled intraocular pressure that developed reticular corneal changes after initiating netarsudil (0.02%). In all cases, upon observing reticular corneal edema, netarsudil (0.02%) was stopped followed by disappearance of corneal honeycombing. With the increasing use of this novel glaucoma medication, potentially more rare side effects will be observed. Reticular corneal edema or corneal honeycombing is an ocular examination finding that can rarely occur after initiating netarsudil (0.02%) regardless of prior corneal edema status. In our experience, the reticular changes resolve upon cessation of netarsudil.

This work introduces a novel chemical space embedding method "Hilbert-Curve Assisted Structure Embedding (HCASE)" with help of pseudo-Hilbert Curves and Scaffold- Keys. The method was designed to produce an embedding that can be intuitively interpreted by medicinal chemists and data analysts. We analyzed the embedding of approved drug molecules (DrugBank) and natural products (CANVASS) into chemical spaces defined by Bemis-Murcko scaffolds extracted from ChEMBL (v24.1) database and from ChEMBL (v23) Natural Products. The implementation of HCASE algorithm and the input and results files of the analyses are available at https://github.com/ncats/hcase .

ObjectiveFaecal immunochemical tests (FIT) are replacing guaiac faecal occult blood tests (FOBT) in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. Data from the first year of FIT screening were compared with those from FOBT screening and assumptions based on a pilot evaluation of FIT.DesignData on uptake, positivity, positive predictive value (PPV) for CRC and higher-risk adenoma from participants in the first year of the FIT-based Scottish Bowel Screening Programme (n=919 665), with a threshold of 80 µg Hb/g faeces, were compared with those from the penultimate year of the FOBT-based programme (n=862 165) and those from the FIT evaluation (n=66 225).ResultsOverall, uptake of FIT was 63.9% compared with 56.4% for FOBT. Positivity was 3.1% and 2.2% with FIT and FOBT; increases were seen in both sexes, and across age range and deprivation. More CRC and adenomas were detected by FIT, but the PPV for CRC was less (5.2% with FIT and 6.4% with FOBT). However, for higher-risk adenoma, PPV was greater with FIT (24.3% with FIT and 19.3% with FOBT). In the previous FIT evaluation, uptake was 58.5% with FIT compared with 54.0% with FOBT; positivity was 2.5% with FIT and 2.0% with FOBT.ConclusionTransition to FIT from FOBT produced higher uptake and positivity with lower PPV for CRC and higher PPV for adenoma. The FIT pilot evaluation underestimated uptake and positivity. Introducing FIT at the same threshold as the evaluation caused a 67.2% increase in colonoscopy demand instead of a predicted 10%.

The mountain beaver and pocket gopher are two rodents that live mostly underground in tunnel systems. Previous studies have suggested that their cochlear nucleus structure, particularly that of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), differs significantly from that of other mammals, that the hearing ability of the pocket gopher is deficient compared to that of other rodents, and that the DCN of the mountain beaver is more responsive to slow oscillations of air pressure than to sounds. We conducted some electrophysiological recordings from mountain beaver DCN and then used microchemical methods to map in mountain beaver cochlear nuclei the distributions of amino acids, including the major neurotransmitters of the brain, and enzyme activities related to the metabolism of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which functions in centrifugal pathways to the cochlear nucleus. Similar measurements were made for a pocket gopher cochlear nucleus. Responses to tonal stimuli were found in mountain beaver DCN. Distributions and magnitudes of neurotransmitter and related amino acids within mountain beaver and pocket gopher cochlear nuclei were not very different from those of other rodents and cat. However, the enzyme of synthesis for acetylcholine, choline acetyltransferase, had only low activities in the DCN of both mountain beaver and pocket gopher. The chemical distributions in the mountain beaver DCN support a conclusion that it corresponds to just the superficial DCN portion of other mammals. High correlations between the concentrations of γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) and glycine were found for both mountain beaver and pocket gopher cochlear nuclei, suggesting that their co-localization in cochlear nucleus synapses may be especially prominent in these animals. Previous evidence suggests convergence of somatosensory and auditory information in the DCN, and this may be especially true in animals spending most of their time underground. Our results suggest that the enlarged DCN of the mountain beaver and that of the pocket gopher are not very different from those of other rodents with respect to involvement of amino acid neurotransmitters, but they appear to have reduced cholinergic innervation.

There is evidence for glutamate, γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), and glycine as neurotransmitters of centrifugal pathways to the cochlear nucleus, but the quantitative extent of their contributions to amino acid neurotransmission in cochlear nucleus regions has not been known. We used microdissection of freeze-dried tissue sections of rat cochlear nucleus, with mapping of sample locations, combined with a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay, to measure amino acid levels in cochlear nucleus subregions of rats with unilateral lesions of centrifugal pathways to the cochlear nucleus. In rats with lesions transecting all or almost all pathways to the cochlear nucleus from brain stem regions, GABA, aspartate, and glutamate levels were reduced, compared to contralateral values, in almost all ipsilateral cochlear nucleus regions. The largest reductions, in dorsal (DCN), anteroventral (AVCN), and posteroventral (PVCN) cochlear nucleus regions, approached 50 % for GABA, 40 % for aspartate, and 30 % for glutamate. In contrast, glutamine and taurine levels were typically higher in lesioned-side cochlear nucleus regions than contralaterally. Effects on glycine levels were mixed but usually included increased lesioned-side values compared to contralateral, probably reflecting a balance between increases during protein breakdown and decreases of free glycine in transected pathways. More limited lesions transecting just dorsal pathways showed much less effect on amino acid levels. Lesion of the ipsilateral trapezoid body connection plus ipsilateral superior olivary nuclei resulted in decreases of GABA, aspartate, and glutamate levels especially in ventral cochlear nucleus regions. No clear contralateral effects of this lesion could be shown. The results most strongly support centrifugal GABAergic pathways to the cochlear nucleus, providing almost half of GABAergic neurotransmission in most regions. Our results support and extend previously published measurements of lesion effects on GABA uptake and release in cochlear nucleus subdivisions.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to provide 24-month follow-up on surgical success and safety of an ab interno circumferential 360-degree trabeculotomy. METHODS Chart review of patients who underwent a gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT) procedure was performed by 4 of the authors (D.S.G., O.S., R.L.F., and D.G.G.). The surgery was performed in adults with various types of open-angle glaucoma with preoperative intraocular pressures (IOPs) of ≥18 mm Hg. RESULTS In total, 198 patients aged 24 to 89 years underwent the GATT procedure with at least 18 months follow-up. Patients with primary open-angle glaucoma had an average IOP decrease of 9.2 mm Hg at 24 months with an average decrease of 1.43 glaucoma medications. The mean percentage of IOP decrease in these primary open-angle glaucoma groups at 24 months was 37.3%. In secondary open-angle glaucoma, at 24 months there was an average decrease in IOP of 14.1 mm Hg on an average of 2.0 fewer medications. The mean percentage of IOP decrease in the secondary open-angle glaucoma groups at 24 months was 49.8%. The cumulative proportion of failure at 24 months ranged from 0.18 to 0.48, depending on the group. In all 6 study groups, at all 5 postoperative time points (3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 mo) the mean IOP and reduction in glaucoma medications was significantly reduced from baseline (P

We report the result of a blinded search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) using the majority of the SuperCDMS Soudan data set. With an exposure of 1690 kg d, a single candidate event is observed, consistent with expected backgrounds. This analysis (combined with previous Ge results) sets an upper limit on the spin-independent WIMP–nucleon cross section of 1.4×10−44 (1.0×10−44) cm2 at 46 GeV/c2. These results set the strongest limits for WIMP–germanium-nucleus interactions for masses >12 GeV/c2.

The present behavioral study delineates the impact of Parkinson's disease (PD) and of dopaminergic medication on action control over voluntary behavior. Previous studies reported either prolonged responding or stopping latencies in PD compared to healthy controls (HC). Few studies investigated the effects of dopaminergic medication on these processes concurrently. We administered a stop-change task, an extended version of the stop task, that required (i) speeded responding to a go signal (i.e., going), (ii) inhibiting ongoing motor responses (i.e., stopping), and (iii) changing to an alternative response. PD performance (n = 33) was collected once during regular dopaminergic medication conditions (On state) and once after a medication washout period (Off state). A group of age-matched HC (n = 21) performed the stop-change task once. Response latencies to go signals were comparable between HC and PD Off, indicative of unimpaired going. Compared to HC, PD Off showed prolonged stopping latencies. Within the clinical group, stopping latencies significantly improved after taking dopaminergic medication. Interestingly, the shorter stopping latencies observed in the On state were paralleled by longer response latencies to go signals. The degree of the inhibition improvement observed in the medication state was correlated with the degree of response slowing. Change RT did not vary between groups or between medication states. These patterns of results are discussed in terms of a tradeoff between going versus stopping of motor responses in PD patients. Shifts of this tradeoff seem to be driven by dopaminergic medication, which has potential clinical implications.

This chapter focuses on C. Francis Jenkins' inventions that he sold through several business startups. Until the late 1920s, Jenkins had no significant outside corporate sponsors. To support himself, he began selling his inventions that reflected his broad interests. This chapter first discusses the incorporation of the Jenkins Automobile Company under the laws of Delaware in 1900 and its production of several steam-propelled vehicles, including automobiles and trucks. It then considers Jenkins' patents in the field of aeronautics, such as those for an “aeroplane or flying machine,” camera adaptations that resulted in improved motion pictures, airplane catapult, and altimeter; patents for milk bottles and home improvement accessories; and novelty inventions ranging froma mathematical pocket calculator to a Christmas-tree holder and talking signs. It also recounts Jenkins' “Ocean to Ocean” automobile tour in 1911.

This chapter provides a background on C. Francis Jenkins' heritage and youth. Jenkins' life spanned six decades of American history that witnessed the birth of photography, radio, television, the automobile, and the airplane. He lived in an age dominated by things mechanical, from the Industrial and Gilded Ages through World War I, the Roaring Twenties, and the Great Depression. Jenkins, a Quaker farm boy, was born just north of Dayton, Ohio, on August 22, 1867. Two years after his birth, Jenkins' parents moved to Richmond, Indiana, where he grew up through his teenage years. This chapter first discusses Jenkins' early years on the farm, his family and family values, and his education before considering his sojourn to the West Coast. It also examines Jenkins' time in Washington, D.C., where he worked for the Life Saving Service and where he also met his future wife, Grace Hannah Love, culminating in their wedding on January 30, 1902.

This chapter focuses on C. Francis Jenkins' demonstrations of RadioVision and his radio-pictures technology. The earliest “official demonstration,” as Jenkins called it, of radio transmission of photographs took place on December 12, 1922, with leaders of the military and the motion-picture industry in attendance. Jenkins transmitted still pictures between his lab and the Anacostia naval radio station NOF in Washington, D.C. On March 3, 1923, under the auspices of the North American Newspaper Alliance, radio photos were publically demonstrated, this time transmitting over a distance of 130 miles from NOF in Anacostia to the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin's newspaper building. This chapter discusses Jenkins' other demonstrations of his pictorial transmissions, along with his establishment of the Radio Pictures Corporation. It also considers Jenkins' participation in a project with a network of scientists from the U.S. Signal Corps, who were listening for radio signals from Mars; his collaboration with the American Radio Relay League; and his wireless transmission of weather maps.

This chapter examines C. Francis Jenkins' dispute with Thomas J. Armat over the Phantoscope patent that began in 1895. Armat partnered with Jenkins for a short period of time and then moved on to establish the Armat Moving-Picture Company, making millions while leaving Jenkins in a lifetime of aggravation. Before discussing the Jenkins and Armat controversy that led to the collapse of their partnership, this chapter provides a background on Armat and how he met Jenkins. It then considers Jenkins' early experimental work with the camera-projector as well as his collaboration with Armat on experiments that would result in the successful projection of motion pictures. It also looks at the patent-interference case pitting Armat vs. Jenkins, Armat's protest regarding the Smithsonian's photography exhibit, and Jenkins' demonstrations of his device at the Franklin Institute. The chapter concludes with an analysis of issues and evidence relevant to the Jenkins–Armat conflict, along with Henry D. Hubbard's defense of Jenkins.

This chapter focuses on C. Francis Jenkins' early film experiments. The large-screen projector and the concept of intermittent motion remain Jenkins' most lasting contributions to the industries of film and motion pictures in television. His projector was the first to freeze a frame of film for a fraction of a second, as it flowed past the lamp and lens of the projector. The late 1870s into the early 1900s was a time of growing industrial opportunity. Still photography was becoming a popular hobby, while inventors such as Louis and Auguste Lumiere, Emile Reynaud, Thomas A. Edison, George Eastman, and Thomas J. Armat were working on ways to add motion. This chapter discusses Jenkins' early demonstrations of his inventions, including the Phantoscope camera-projector, as well as his growing popularity as an inventor.

This chapter focuses on the Jenkins Television Corporation, founded by C. Francis Jenkins on November 16, 1928, under the laws of the State of Delaware. Jenkins Television combined Jenkins' television and Lee De Forest's radio patents, their technology, and their salable names. It was designed for manufacturing and selling equipment created by the Jenkins Laboratories, and was financed to meet the demands for receivers. This chapter begins with a discussion of Jenkins' relocation of W3XK to Wheaton, Maryland, along with some of the station's program innovations. It also considers Jenkins Television's creation of two television stations, W2XCR in Jersey City and WGBS in New York City; demonstrations of a “flying laboratory” for home transmission of radio movies; and lawsuits that hounded Jenkins and Jenkins Television. Finally, it examines the impact of the stock market collapse in 1929 on Jenkins' companies and the eventual downfall of the Jenkins Television Corporation before reflecting on Jenkins' death in 1934.