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Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly throughout the world. Smell and/or taste disorders have emerged as a very frequent symptom as the disease has spread in Europe. Spain is one of the European countries with the highest number of infections. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the clinical progression of smell and taste disorders in Spanish patients with mild COVID-19. Methods: An online survey was used to conduct a cross-sectional study of patients who presented sudden smell and/or taste disorders during the 2 months of total lockdown due to COVID-19 in Spain. Results: In our sample, 91.18% of respondents with impaired smell and/or taste and who were able to undergo PCR testing were positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Anosmia and ageusia presented in isolation in 6.5% of participants. The remaining 93.5% presented other mild symptoms: headache (51.6%), cough (51.6%), myalgia (45.2%), asthaenia (38.7%), nasal congestion or rhinorrhoea (35.5%), fever (41.9%), low-grade fever (29.0%), odynophagia (25.8%), or diarrhoea (6.5%). The mean duration of anosmia was 8.33 days, with patients subsequently manifesting hyposmia; complete resolution occurred after a mean of 17.79 days. In 22.6% of respondents, olfactory deficits persisted. All participants recovered their sense of taste. Conclusions: Olfactory and gustatory disorders are prevalent symptoms in mild COVID-19. Most patients do not present associated nasal congestion or rhinorrhoea and a small group of patients present these alterations in isolation. Resumen: Introducción: La enfermedad por coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19), se ha expandido con gran rapidez en todo el mundo. Las alteraciones del olfato y/o gusto han emergido como un síntoma muy frecuente a medida que la enfermedad se propagó en Europa. Uno de los países con mayor número de contagios en este continente ha sido España. Objetivo: Investigar la evolución clínica de los trastornos del olfato y el gusto en la enfermedad leve por COVID-19 en pacientes españoles. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal a través de encuesta on‐line, en pacientes que presentaron afección súbita del olfato y/o el gusto, durante los dos meses de confinamiento total por COVID-19 en España. Resultados: El 91,18% de los sujetos con afectación del olfato y/o el gusto, que tuvieron a acceso a la realización de PCR, fueron positivos para COVID-19. El 6,5% presentó anosmia y ageusia de forma aislada. El 93,5% manifestó otros síntomas leves asociados: cefalea (51,6%), tos (51,6%), mialgias (45,2%), astenia (38,7%), congestión nasal o rinorrea (35,5%), fiebre (41,9%), febrícula (29,0%), odinofagia (25.8%) y diarrea (6,5%). La duración media de la anosmia fue de 8,33 días, posteriormente los pacientes manifestaron hiposmia, con resolución completa en 17,79 días de media. En el 22,6% de los pacientes el déficit olfatorio persistió. Todos los sujetos recuperaron el sentido del gusto. Conclusiones: Los trastornos olfativos y gustativos son síntomas prevalentes en la infección leve por COVID-19. Gran parte de los pacientes no presentan congestión nasal o rinorrea asociada y un grupo reducido de pacientes los presentan de forma aislada.

Resumen: Introducción: La enfermedad por coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) se ha expandido con gran rapidez en todo el mundo. Las alteraciones del olfato o gusto han emergido como un síntoma muy frecuente a medida que la enfermedad se propagó en Europa. Uno de los países con mayor número de contagios en este continente ha sido España. Objetivo: Investigar la evolución clínica de los trastornos del olfato y el gusto en la enfermedad leve por COVID-19 en pacientes españoles. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal a través de encuesta on-line, en pacientes que presentaron afección súbita del olfato o el gusto, durante los 2 meses de confinamiento total por COVID-19 en España. Resultados: El 91,18% de los sujetos con afectación del olfato o el gusto, que tuvieron acceso a la realización de PCR, fueron positivos para COVID-19. El 6,5% presentó anosmia y ageusia de forma aislada. El 93,5% manifestó otros síntomas leves asociados: cefalea (51,6%), tos (51,6%), mialgias (45,2%), astenia (38,7%), congestión nasal o rinorrea (35,5%), fiebre (41,9%), febrícula (29,0%), odinofagia (25,8%) y diarrea (6,5%). La duración media de la anosmia fue de 8,33 días, posteriormente los pacientes manifestaron hiposmia, con resolución completa en 17,79 días de media. En el 22,6% de los pacientes el déficit olfatorio persistió. Todos los sujetos recuperaron el sentido del gusto. Conclusiones: Los trastornos olfativos y gustativos son síntomas prevalentes en la infección leve por COVID-19. Gran parte de los pacientes no presentan congestión nasal o rinorrea asociada y un grupo reducido de pacientes los presentan de forma aislada. Abstract: Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly throughout the world. Smell and/or taste disorders have emerged as a very frequent symptom as the disease has spread in Europe. Spain is one of the European countries with the highest number of infections. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the clinical progression of smell and taste disorders in Spanish patients with mild COVID-19. Methods: An online survey was used to conduct a cross-sectional study of patients who presented sudden smell and/or taste disorders during the 2 months of total lockdown due to COVID-19 in Spain. Results: In our sample, 91.18% of respondents with impaired smell and/or taste and who were able to undergo PCR testing were positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Anosmia and ageusia presented in isolation in 6.5% of participants. The remaining 93.5% presented other mild symptoms: headache (51.6%), cough (51.6%), myalgia (45.2%), asthaenia (38.7%), nasal congestion or rhinorrhoea (35.5%), fever (41.9%), low-grade fever (29.0%), odynophagia (25.8%), or diarrhoea (6.5%). The mean duration of anosmia was 8.33 days, with patients subsequently manifesting hyposmia; complete resolution occurred after a mean of 17.79 days. In 22.6% of respondents, olfactory deficits persisted. All participants recovered their sense of taste. Conclusions: Olfactory and gustatory disorders are prevalent symptoms in mild COVID-19. Most patients do not present associated nasal congestion or rhinorrhoea and a small group of patients present these alterations in isolation.

Objective: To evaluate the sensitivity of sympathetic skin response (SSR) and compare it with scintigraphy in patients with complex regional pain syndrome diagnosed according to the Budapest criteria., Material and Methods: Twenty-two patients with complex regional pain syndrome who attended the Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine Department between January-2018 and May-2022 have been prospectively evaluated. The scintigraphy was considered positive if in the 1st-2nd phase slight asymmetric and diffuse uptake was observed, or when in the 3rd phase marked periarticular radioisotope uptake was observed. SSR was abnormal if: a) no response after 20 stimuli; b) lack of habituation with permanence of the stimuli greater than 67.2%., Results: Age 55.4±8.57 years. Complex regional pain syndrome was more frequent in women (90.9%), more common in upper limbs (68.2%) than lower limbs (31.8%). In SSR, we have observed normal response (<67.2%) in 2 patients (11.1%), lack of SSR in 2 patients (11.1%) and lack of habituation (>67.2%) in 14 patients (77.8%). In total, 16 patients presented abnormal or absent responses (88.8%). The diagnostic sensitivity of scintigraphy is similar to that of SSR (89.5% vs 88.8%), with no statistical difference (P=.6721)., Conclusion: Scintigraphy has shown similar sensitivity to SSR, although the simplicity, security, low cost, non-ionizing and non-invasiveness of the latter technique suggest that it could be more cost-effective. The lack of habituation and the absence of response could identify response patterns and localize the involvement in the afferent, central, efferent or post-ganglionic pathways., (Copyright © 2023. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U.)

Objective: (a) To assess the effect of transcutaneous neuromodulation (TNM) of the posterior tibial nerve plus biofeedback on the sympathetic skin response (SSR). (b) Evaluate its effect on clinical symptoms. (c) Consider SSR as a probable neurophysiological test useful both for diagnosis and for follow-up in patients with overactive bladder (OAB). (d) Evaluate its cost compared to other techniques., Material and Methods: A prospective quasi-experimental before and after study in 10 OAB patients., Outcome Variables: daytime (DUF) and nighttime (NUF) urinary frequency, strength of the pelvic floor muscles measured by manometry (maximum and mean pressure) and sympathetic skin response (SSR)., Results: DUF improved from 10.3±5.45 to 5.9±2.42 episodes (P=.0050). The NUF improved from 2.4±1.5 to 0.6±0.69 episodes (P=.0012). The maximum pressure ranged from 34.7±16.51 to 39.7±3.65mmHg (P=.0195). The mean pressure of the pelvic floor muscles improved from 6.6±3.65 to 9.3±5.43mmHg (P=.0333). SSR changed from 100% hyperexcitability prior to treatment to 50±14.14% (P=.0000)., Conclusion: TNM plus biofeedback could modify SSR and improve clinical and manometry variables in a series of patients with OAB. The probable diagnostic and prognostic utility of this neurophysiological test in OAB and detrusor hyperactivity is reported for the first time. A larger sample study is needed to confirm the promising findings seen in this preliminary study., (Copyright © 2021 Sociedad Española de Rehabilitación y Medicina Física. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly throughout the world. Smell and/or taste disorders have emerged as a very frequent symptom as the disease has spread in Europe. Spain is one of the European countries with the highest number of infections., Objective: This study aimed to investigate the clinical progression of smell and taste disorders in Spanish patients with mild COVID-19., Methods: An online survey was used to conduct a cross-sectional study of patients who presented sudden smell and/or taste disorders during the 2 months of total lockdown due to COVID-19 in Spain., Results: In our sample, 91.18% of respondents with impaired smell and/or taste and who were able to undergo PCR testing were positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Anosmia and ageusia presented in isolation in 6.5% of participants. The remaining 93.5% presented other mild symptoms: headache (51.6%), cough (51.6%), myalgia (45.2%), asthaenia (38.7%), nasal congestion or rhinorrhoea (35.5%), fever (41.9%), low-grade fever (29.0%), odynophagia (25.8%), or diarrhoea (6.5%). The mean duration of anosmia was 8.33 days, with patients subsequently manifesting hyposmia; complete resolution occurred after a mean of 17.79 days. In 22.6% of respondents, olfactory deficits persisted. All participants recovered their sense of taste., Conclusions: Olfactory and gustatory disorders are prevalent symptoms in mild COVID-19. Most patients do not present associated nasal congestion or rhinorrhoea and a small group of patients present these alterations in isolation., (Copyright © 2020 Sociedad Española de Neurología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

INTRODUCTION. The sympathetic skin response (SSR) has been used since its description in 1984 to test the integrity of the sympathetic autonomic nervous system to investigate peripheral and central nervous system diseases. AIM. To present a neurophysiological examination protocol for SSR and the normal parameters for a population of 100 normal subjects. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. To evaluate the characteristics of 200 SSR tests for 100 normal subjects adequately informed: latency, amplitude (peak to peak) and persistence. The subject lays supine and relaxed, with no visual nor auditory stimuli for several minutes. Cutaneous electrodes are used for stimulation and recording, the latter in palm (active) and back (reference) in both hands simultaneously (second interosseous space). The stimulus is applied in the glabela at irregular intervals. RESULTS. We studied 100 normal subjects aged 12 to 89 years (mean: 45.6), 21 men and 79 women. The parameters measured in the 200 SSR are: latency, 1.42 ± 0.03 s; amplitude, 2.44 ± 1.84 mV; persistence, 67.2 ± 19.8%. CONCLUSIONS. SSR is an objective, reproducible, measurable, easy to perform and unpainful for the patient and serves as a basis for further study of other diseases in which there is a dysfunction of the sympathetic autonomic nervous system.

Introduction: The Hoffmann reflex or H reflex is an electrical counterpart of the myotatic reflex. In normal adults is elicited with stimulating the tibial and the median nerves. It is useful as an adjunct study of neuroexamination and assesses the corresponding arc reflexes in their integrity., Subjects and Methods: 248 H reflexes were studied stimulating the tibial nerve in 124 healthy subjects., Results: The latency values were: minimum 23.6 ms; maximum 29.8 ms; mean value 27.6 ± 1.41 ms., Conclusion: This work explains the technique to obtain the H reflex and discusses the need for normalized values for each neurophysiology lab.