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A person's target and option depend on different processes of thought. These cycles of thinking and motives either drive or drag the participant to the creative exercises of entrepreneurship. This research explored the entrepreneurial traits, reasons, difficulties, and obstacles faced by Ifugao citizens in the Philippines while doing business. The relationship between the above variables and the entrepreneurial aspirations of Ifugao individuals was also calculated. Data were collected from 263 Ifugao, both beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of the programs of various government agencies in the province using snowball sampling through a research questionnaire and semi-structured interview. Using means, the Mann-Whitney U test, and the rank order correlation of Spearman, this paper finds that considering the difficulties and obstacles they face, Ifugao individuals retain the character of becoming an entrepreneur. Overall, five traits that are common to respondents have been identified. Ifugao people stay inspired, and it motivates them to persevere constantly in carrying out entrepreneurial practices. Finally, the findings of this study indicate that training, seminars, and workshops, the positive perceived image of entrepreneurs, and motives have a significant impact on the entrepreneurial purpose of Ifugao people, which is essential for entrepreneurial success. Keywords: Entrepreneurial Characteristics, The Perceived Image on Entrepreneurship, Motivations, Problems and Challenges, Entrepreneurial Intention, Ifugao People, Philippines.

An innovative approach for the primary and definitive treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in adult patients is presented: Bilateral Internal Ramus Distraction of the mandible (BIRD), which is a slow, progressive and more stable procedure to advance the mandibular bone. This study investigated whether this surgical approach is useful to cure OSA.Study design was of an interventional (surgical) one-arm trial of OSA patients assessed before and 12 months after BIRD. All patients were evaluated by pre- and post-operative polysomnography and three-dimensional scans. The amount of skeletal advancement, percentage of upper airway volume increase and postoperative value of mandibular occlusal plane were the predictor variables. Changes in the apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI), oxygen desaturation index (ODI), and percentage of time with saturation under 90% (TC90) were the main outcome variables.Thirty-two subjects with a mean ± SD age of 41.9 ± 13.3 years and 87.5% male were included, and they were followed-up 32 ± 14.2 months. AHI was 47.9 ± 23.1 per hour before surgery and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was 13.4 ± 4.4. Postoperative AHI was 4.8 ± 5.6 per hour 12 months after surgery (P0.001), with 81.2% of the patients considered cured (AHI5) and 18.8% suffering from a mild-to-moderate residual OSA. ESS decreased to 1.9 ± 1.8 at the end of the surgical treatment (P0.001). 3D changes revealed an upper airway volume increase of 188.4% ± 73.5% (P0.001).Lengthening the mandibular ramus by distraction osteogenesis to cure OSA appears to be more effective and safer when compared to other surgical protocols, especially in very severe cases with initial AHI50/h. Titration of the mandibular advancement weekly using respiratory polygraphy allows better healing control and customization of the skeletal advancement, enhancing the aesthetic result.

Background Between 2016 and 2017 the National Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices regulated the use of nivolumab and pembrolizumab for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In clinical trials conducted, patients with ECOG 0–1 and a life expectancy of at least 3 months were included since the benefit of immunotherapy can be delayed and even present a response after progression (pseudo-progression). Purpose To analyse characteristics of patients with NSCLC treated with nivolumab and pembrolizumab for less than 3 months at our centre. Material and methods Observational descriptive study was conducted. Patients diagnosed with NSCLC treated for less than 3 months (with six or less cycles of nivolumab and four or less cycles of pembrolizumab) from the approval date of these drugs until October 2018 were included. Data from clinical and pharmacotherapeutic records was collected: age, sex, ECOG, histology, brain metastases, PDL-1 expression, number of previous lines, time elapsed since previous treatment if any and reason for discontinuation. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) medians were calculated with SPSS 22.0 using the Kaplan–Meier method. Results Sixty-two patients were included (males 64.5%, mean age 68±9.7), 82.1% ECOG 0–1, 75.4% non-squamous histology and 14.5% with brain metastases). PDL-1 expression was positive in 100% of patients treated with pembrolizumab and in 4.8% of those treated with nivolumab (57.1% of them without determination). 75.8% had received previous treatment, 61.7% of them in less than 3 months and with less than three previous lines (97.2%). Forty-one patients were treated with pembrolizumab and 21 with nivolumab. The median treatment duration was 42 days (3–115). Seven patients discontinued due to drug toxicity. The global median OS and PFS were 361.5 and 61.5 days, with no statistically significant differences between both treatments (p=0.191 and p=0.279 respectively). Conclusion With the aim of improving the rational use of medicines and optimising results, these findings encourage us to carry out studies with a larger sample of patients in order to select the patients who would benefit most from these therapies. The possible presence of pseudoprogression in those who did not reach at least 3 months of treatment constitutes a limitation on observing the possible clinical benefits. References and/or acknowledgements No conflict of interest.

Background Patients with a diagnosis of multiple myeloma (MM) have compromised innate and adaptive immunity, both humoral and cellular. The treatment of this pathology can produce immune alterations such as increasing the incidence of the Varicella–Zoster Virus (VZV) reactivation. The most accepted treatment is acyclovir at prophylactic doses. Purpose Our objective was to evaluate the adequacy of prophylaxis against VZV in patients with MM treated with daratumumab or carfilzomib. Material and methods Retrospective observational study in a third-level hospital. For the study, a population sample was obtained from the Farmatools Ambulatory Patient module who were in treatment with daratumumab or carfilzomib from January 2016 to April 2018. Clinical data was also obtained from discharge reports of the haematology service and active treatments in Horus.The registered variables were: name, patient identification number, dates of administration of daratumumab and carfilzomib, and doses and frequency of administration of acyclovir. In addition, the clearance of creatinine and renal pathologies were also recorded. Drug label of acyclovir indicates that a dose of 800 mg daily orally is recommended in immunocompromised patients. Results A total of 12 patients (seven males and five females) were included, of which eight patients were treated with daratumumab, two with carfilzomib and two patients were treated with both at different times. The mean daily dose of acyclovir was 689.58 mg (SD: 185.76 mg) and the median dose was 800 mg (200–800). One patient was treated with 200 mg daily for chronic kidney disease secondary to a chronic glomerulopathy (serum creatinine of 2 mg/dL) and another patient was treated with 400 mg daily because of moderate renal impairment (serum creatinine of 1.73 mg/dL). The rest of the patients (n=6) were treated with 800 mg daily. No patient developed VZV infection during the treatment of MM. Conclusion The use of prophylaxis with acyclovir against VZV in patients with MM under active treatment supposes a reduction in the rate of VZV reactivation to zero in our hospital. In our study, all patients had been prescribed an adequate acyclovir regimen individualised to the physiological features of each patient. References and/or acknowledgements Swaika A. et al. Acyclovir prophylaxis against Varicella–Zoster virus reactivation in multiple myeloma patients treated with bortezomib-based therapies. J Support Oncol 2012; 10:155–9. No conflict of interest.

Background The presence of a clinical pharmacist in the medical services has been shown in numerous previous publications as a great additional factor in the quality and safety of pharmacological treatment. In many hospitals there is still no clinical pharmacist, and the implementation process is the critical stage to be overcome so that this professional activity could be consolidated within the multidisciplinary hospital team. Purpose It was proposed to evaluate the degree of activity achieved by a clinical pharmacist newly implemented in an internal medicine service during the first 2 months from the beginning of its activity. Material and methods The clinical pharmacist carried out the medication reconciliation (MR) of the patients with polypharmacy who were admitted to the internal medicine service. He also reviewed the patients’ treatments daily and carried out the patients’ MR at discharge. All of the interventions were recorded for an initial period of 2 months, and then analysed. Results The treatments of 119 patients were analysed. Each patient had an average of 10+6 medications at admission. A total of 145 pharmaceutical interventions were performed, corresponding to 19 different categories. The most common interventions were the absence of patients’ chronic treatment (26.9%), the need for additional treatment during admission (24.1%), the presence of unnecessary medications (17.9%), the need to reintroduce a medication at discharge (5.5%), insufficient doses (4.1%), allergies (4.1%), the need for nutritional evaluation (3.4%), excessive doses (2.8%), intravenous-to-oral switch therapy (2%) and contraindicated medications (1.4%). The major therapeutic groups for which interventions were performed were vitamin and mineral supplements (23.4%), proton pump inhibitors (7.6%), antiplatelet agents (5.5%), beta-blockers (5.5%), haematopoietic growth factors (5.5%), alpha-blockers (4.1%), anticholinergics (3.4%), antidepressants (3.4%), anticonvulsants (2.8%), androgen antagonists (2%) and antiarrhythmics agents (2%). Conclusion With the presence of a clinical pharmacist, an average of 1.2 interventions were performed for each patient reviewed. Through these interventions, it was possible to optimise the pharmacological treatment, providing the necessary medicines for each patient, adjusting the doses to their requirements and preventing medication-related problems. References and/or Acknowledgements We thank the anonymous clinical pharmacists, who develop this profession every day. No conflict of interest

This paper presents the methodology used and the results obtained in the determination of diffusion coefficient of moisture into non-impregnated transformer insulating paper. In order to determine the diffusion coefficient, drying curves of paper samples were obtained from thermogravimetric experiments. The parameters of the diffusion coefficient were found by applying an optimization process based on genetic algorithms. The error function between measured and simulated curves was determined, and the parameters giving the best agreement between measured and estimated values were obtained. As a result, a new equation for the diffusion coefficient of moisture into non-impregnated insulating paper is proposed, depending on average moisture concentration, temperature and insulation thickness. The proposed coefficient, validated by good agreement between the experimental drying curves and those obtained by simulation using the diffusion coefficient, can be used for the determination of the time required to dry a power transformer in a factory.

Se ilustra el procedimiento para encontrar un modelo que sea util para obtener pronosticos mensuales de un productos de limpieza en el mercado colombiano. Se hace explicita la metodologia de Box y Jenkins para obtener el modelo final con un ejemplo del proceso completo de modelaje. Ademas, se presenta una comparacion entre los niveles pronosticados y realizados extendiendo la utilizacion de distintos modelos para los diferentes productos.

Este documento se propone presentar los elementos comunes que tienen las tecnicas de regresion multiple multivariada, analisis multivariado de varianza (manova), analisis de correlacion canonica y analisis discriminante de variables canonicas, prestando particular atencion al tipo de prueba estadistica y, en alguna medida, a la matematica que esta detras de estas tecnicas.

The main purpose of this paper is developing and applying a methodology based on multivariate statistical procedures to endorse a classification of certain rural regions in Colombia. In order to achieve the aims, cluster analyses were the basic procedures made. The techniques of principal components, canonical variates, discriminant analysis and Andrews· plots were used to validate the cluster analyses results.

Se elaboraron y compararon las tablas de vida de Hypothenemus hampei sobre las introducciones de café Coffea liberica , Coffea arabica CCC 534 y la variedad susceptible Caturra, con el fin de hallar fuentes de resistencia a este insecto bajo condiciones controladas ( 26 ºC ± 1, 75% ± 5 H. R.). Se realizaron dos experimentos: en el primero, se siguió el desarrollo de los estados inmaduros y se estimó la supervivencia. En el segundo, se determinó la supervivencia y fecundidad de los adultos usando hembras de 36 días de edad. La duración del ciclo para CCC 534, C . liberica y Caturra fue similar: 20 días en total, huevo cuatro, primer instar cuatro, segundo instar seis, prepupa dos y pupa cuatro días, aproximadamente. El número de huevos acumulados en las tres introducciones se ajustó a funciones cuadráticas. Los intervalos de confianza (95%), mostraron diferencias significativas entre las introducciones y el testigo: CCC 534 32 ± 2, C . liberica 28 ± 2 y Caturra 42 ± 2 huevos por hembra. Las proporciones sexuales fueron de 1: 9,2, 9,8 y 9,8 macho: hembra, respectivamente. No se encontraron diferencias en la supervivencia (entre 58 y 63%) hasta los 72 días para las tres introducciones. Hubo diferencias en la tasa reproductiva neta (Ro) entre Caturra (25 ± 1 huevos), CCC 534 (18 ± 2) y C. liberica (15 ± 2), en la tasa intrínseca de crecimiento (r) (0,073 ± 0,001; 0,065 ± 0,002; 0,057 ± 0,003, respectivamente) y en el tiempo de duplicación (10 ± 0,2; 11 ± 0,4; 12 ± 0,6 días); en el tiempo generacional solo hubo diferencias entre Caturra y C. liberica (45 ± 0,4; 47 ± 0,8, respectivamente). The life tables of Hypothenemus hampei were elaborated and compared on the coffee accessions Coffea liberica , Coffea arabica CCC 534 and the susceptible variety Caturra , in order to find sources of resistance to this insect under controlled conditions ( 26ºC ± 1, 75% ± 5 R. H.). Two assays were performed: in the first, the development of the immature stages was followed and survival was estimated. In the second, adult survival and fecundity were determined using 36- day old females. The duration of the cycle for CCC 534, C . liberica and Caturra was similar: total 20 days, egg four, first instar four, second instar six, prepupa two and pupa four days, approximately. The number of accumulated eggs in the three accessions fit quadratic functions. The confidence intervals (95%) showed significant differences between the accessions and the control: CCC 534 32 ± 2, C . liberica 28 ± 2 and Caturra 42 ± 2 eggs per female. The sex ratios were 9.2, 9.8, and 9.8 male: female, respectively. There was no difference in survival (range 58-63%) up to 72 days for the three accessions. There were differences in the net reproductive rate (Ro) among Caturra (25 ± 1 eggs), CCC 534 (18 ± 2), and C. liberica (15 ± 2); in the intrinsic rate of increase (r) (0.073 ± 0.001, 0.065 ± 0.002, 0.057 ± 0.003, respectively), and the duplication time (10 ± 0.2, 11 ± 0.4, 12 ± 0.6 days). In the generation time there was only a differences between Caturra and C. liberica (45 ± 0.4, 47 ± 0.8, respectively).

The aim of this paper is to carry out a review of the literature on ERP systems written in the context of management. The literature review covers the period 1997-2004. The journals analyzed are those included in the edition of 2003 of the JCR Social Science within the areas of Business and Finance, Business and Management. Once identified the research articles published on this topic, their analysis have allowed us to synthesize and structure existing knowledge to date, as well as to offer suggestions for future research in this field.

La evaluación del tractor Lister Pico contempló mediciones de laboratorio y de campo realizadas en varios centros de investigación del ICA durante 12 meses. Pruebas de laboratorio mostraron que la distribución de peso sobre los ejes corresponde a la de un vehículo multipropósito orientado principalmente a las labores de transporte y remolque de cargas, y que la máxima potencia del motor medida a través de su toma de fuerza fue de 19.4 KW (26.0 hp) satisfaciendo, en éste aspecto, las exigencias de las operaciones de labranza con implementos de categoría I. Los requerimientos de tiro y potencia obtenidos en las pruebas de campo se consideran normales para las condiciones de los suelos, de textura mediana principalmente y en algunos casos con poca agregación, en las cuales se efectuaron las evaluaciones, determinando valores moderados en la fuerza de tiro y eficiencias de tracción entre 0.4 y 0.6. Los rendimientos y eficiencias de campo alcanzados en estas pruebas fueron los esperados para el nivel de potencia del tractor y el tamaño de los predios preparados. Cuando se trabajó en lotes pequeños y con ligera pendiente (aproximadamente 10 por ciento), la eficiencia de campo registró valores menores del 60 por ciento, provocando bajos rendimientos de campo y traduciéndose en altos costos de mecanización/ha, en la preparación de suelos en este tipo de explotaciones agropecuarias Cacao-Theobroma cacao

Se efectuó un diagnóstico sobre los patrones de mecanización e implementos utilizados en el cultivo de la caña panelera, en la región de la Hoya del Río Suárez, Departamentos de Boyacá y Santander. El diagnóstico mostró que el tiempo empleado en las labores de desterronamiento y surcado que se ejecutan manualmente, es alto. A esto se suma la baja disponibilidad de mano de obra para realizarlas, respecto al arado reversible, único implemento disponible, se encontró que la calidad de sus materiales es deficiente. Con base en lo anterior se diseñaron, construyeron y evaluaron tres implementos para tracción animal: un arado reversible, un rastrillo de discos y una surcadora. Los resultados obtenidos al utilizarlos mostraron que el tiempo empleado en la surcada del terreno puede reducirse en un 56 por ciento, el desterronamiento, al efectuarse en forma mecánica, libera el empleo de 6 jornales por hectárea y la utilización del nuevo arado requiere menor esfuerzo por parte del operario Caña panelera-Saccharum officinarum - Saccharum officinarum L.

Se llevó a cabo la evaluación de dos llantas agrícolas (A) y (B) de producción nacional, Código R-2, 18,4/15-30, que presentaban diferencias en el diseño del labrado y en el número de venas, con el objeto de establecer sus características de tracción. Bajo igualdad de condiciones, los resultados señalan que la llanta (B) desarrolló una fuerza de tiro mayor a la alcanzada por la llanta (A) y una mayor eficiencia en el consumo de combustible, en los tres tipos de suelos seleccionados. Las diferencias numéricas encontradas entre los índices de tracción determinados para las dos llantas, deben ser explicadas en función de la interacción de las características de las venas tales como altura, espaciamiento y ángulo. Two kinds of rubber tires (A) and (B) Code: R-2, 18.4/15.30 with different treat design and number of iugs were evaluated with the objetive of determi- fling their tractive performances. Under similar conditions, results showed that tire (B) developed higgher tractive force and efficiency in fuel consumption than tire (A) in the soils evaluated. The numerical differences in the performance of the tires should be understood by the interaction of lug characteristics such as lug height, lug spacing and lug angle.

It can no longer be said that little is known about the role of the right ventricle (RV) in ischaemic heart disease, as in recent years many works have been published on the involvement of this ventricle as a consequence of coronary artery lesions.

Con gran preocupación por el problema del Cáncer del Cérvix, el más frecuente en el sexo femenino de acuerdo con los datos de los años más recientes del Registro Nacional de Cáncer, quisimos recolectar y analizar los casos de Carcinoma in situ diagnosticados y tratados en nuestro medio, teniendo conciencia de que a falta de conocimientos exactos sobre su etiología, nuestros esfuerzos deberían conducir al diagnóstico precoz.

El presente trabajo tiene por objeto llamar la atención de los médicos generales y de los ginecólogos en especial, sobre un método de diagnóstico de T. B. C. genital, inocuo, sencillo y seguro en un alto porcentaje de casos.La inoculación de secreción menstrual al curí, tal como se ha venido practicando en los últimos diez años en Alemania, Israel, Argentina, Chile, etc., resulta de gran utilidad en el descubrimiento de una entidad entre nosotros muy poco estudiada.Después de una breve reseña histórica sobre la afección, se presenta el método en cuestión y sus resultados tal como fueron observados por el autor en el Hospital de Clínicas de Buenos Aires, en donde este método de investigación era estudiado por los años de 1956-57 por los doctores Vásquez Ferro (argentino), y Mejía Londoño (colombiano).

La primera mención en la literatura norteamericana, relacionada con el varicocele en la pelvis femenina la hizo Dwight, profesor de anatomía de la Escuela Médica del Maine, en 1867. Describió en detalle la dilatación, longitud y curso de la vena ovárica izquierda, y llegó a la conclusión siguiente: "Esta descripción no logra dar una idea adecuada de la importancia del piejo venoso en los pliegues del ligamento ancho izquierdo.

El crecimiento económico no es un proceso unilinear generado exclusivamente por fuerzas objetivas como el comercio, los mercados o el crecimiento de la población. Es también un proceso social moldeado por los intereses a menudo conflictivos de las distintas clases sociales que participan en él. El asunto crucial en una sociedad agraria es el acceso a la tierra -es decir, la definición de los derechos de propiedad- y el control de la mano de obra. Lo que parece haber acontecido en América Latina después de 1850 es que la ampliación de los mercados de ultramar ofreció nuevas oportunidades económicas a las que respondieron al par los• terratenientes y los campesinos. El resultado fue una competencia en busca de tierra y trabajo. En algunas partes, los terratenientes lograron ampliar sus propiedades y constituir una clase laboral dependiente cuando desalojaron de sus tierras a los campesinos. En otras, estallaron luchas abiertas entre campesinos y terratenientes. Los modelos de tenencia de la tierra y los tipos de actividad económica que aparecen en una región dada reflejan el desenlace de estas luchas. El antagonismo básico entre campesinos y terratenientes no se ha resuelto en ninguna parte: a medida que sigue ampliándose la economía agrícola exportadora prosiguen los conflictos. En efecto, muchos conflictos contemporáneos representan a la vez una prolongación y una transformación de conflictos previos. Las modalidades de conflicto rural en los años de crecimiento de las exportaciones después de 1850 fueron afectadas por modelos prevalecientes de utilización de la tierra. En áreas donde la tierra estaba ya ocupada por densas poblaciones indígenas, las disputas surgían a raíz de la constitución de grandes fincas comerciales. Ya fueran estas las haciendas azucareras de Morelos, en México, o las fincas cafeteras establecidas en Guatemala y El Salvador, o las ganaderías ovinas creadas en Perú y Bolivia, los conflictos enfrentaban terratenientes deseosos de ampliar su propiedad privada contra comunidades indígenas campesinas resueltas a conservar sus tierras ancestrales4• Como lo indican los estudios de David Browning, Andrew Pearse y otros, los campesinos solían resultar perdedores. Algunos, desprovistos de todo, se veían reducidos a la condición de arrendatarios en sus antiguas parcelas, y otros, que conservaban un pedazo de tierra insuficiente para mantenerlos, se veían obligados a trabajar como asalariados a tiempo parcial para los terratenientes de la vecindad