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Purpose The rapid expansion of telemedicine has presented a challenge for the care of patients with genitourinary malignancies. We sought to assess patient and physician perspectives on the use of telemedicine for genitourinary cancer care. Methods We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study of patients who had telemedicine visits with urology, medical oncology, or radiation oncology for management of genitourinary malignancies from July-August 2020. Patients and physicians each received a questionnaire regarding the telemedicine experience. Responses were scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The primary outcomes of the study were patient and physician satisfaction. Results Of the 115 patients who enrolled, we received 96 patient responses and 46 physician responses. Overall, 77% of patients and 70% of physicians reported being “extremely satisfied” with the telemedicine encounter. Satisfaction was high among all components of the encounter including patient-physician communication, counseling, shared decision making, time spent, timeliness and efficiency, and convenience. Additionally, 78% of patients and 85% of physicians “strongly agreed” that they were able to discuss sensitive topics about cancer care as well as they could at an in-person visit. Nine telemedicine visits (9%) encountered technological barriers. Technological barriers were associated with lower overall satisfaction scores among both patients and physicians (p ≤ 0.01). Conclusion We observed high levels of patient and physician satisfaction for telemedicine visits for management of genitourinary malignancies. Technological barriers were encountered by 9% of patients and were associated with decreased satisfaction.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:Prior studies have shown that pathologic complete response at radical cystectomy, a significant prognostic factor, can be attributed to both neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC...

Objectives Prior studies have shown that pathologic complete response at radical cystectomy, a significant prognostic factor, can be attributed to both neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and high-quality transurethral resections (TURBT) prior to NAC. It remains unclear whether the visual completeness of TURBT prior to NAC plays an important role in subsequent outcomes. We sought to assess the association of completeness of TURBT prior to NAC with response and survival outcomes. Methods and Materials We retrospectively reviewed all patients with clinically localized muscle-invasive bladder cancer at our institution who received NAC from 2000 to 2017. Complete TURBT was defined as resection of all visible tumor in entirety, resection to normal-appearing muscle, and/or repeat pre-NAC TURBT revealing cT0. Patients who were restaged as cT0 after NAC and refused cystectomy were placed on an active surveillance/delayed intervention (ASDI) protocol. The primary endpoints were overall and cancer-specific survival. The secondary endpoints were recurrence-free and muscle-invasive recurrence-free survival. Results Of 93 patients, 62 (67%) underwent complete TURBT prior to chemotherapy. Compared to patients with incomplete TURBT, those with complete TURBT had lower rates of variant histology (13% vs. 32%) and hydronephrosis (15% vs. 39%). Also, 36% of patients with incomplete TURBT had ≥cT3 disease prior to NAC, compared to none in the complete TURBT cohort. Patients with complete TURBT were more likely to defer RC and pursue ASDI (61% vs. 32%). Those with complete TURBT had lower rates of pT2 or higher disease at cystectomy (48% vs. 75%), with a lower rate of N+ disease trending towards significance (17% vs. 37%). Patients with complete TURBT had higher 5-year overall (77% vs. 46%, P = 0.003) and cancer-specific (85% vs. 50%, P = 0.001) survival. On Cox regression analysis, complete TURBT was significantly associated with superior cancer-specific, recurrence-free, and muscle-invasive recurrence-free survival. Conclusions A complete TURBT prior to NAC is associated with improved survival and oncologic outcomes in this cohort with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The extent to which complete TURBT simply represents a proxy for less aggressive disease or is actually a beneficial therapeutic intervention which improves response to chemotherapy is difficult to define retrospectively.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:Guidelines recommend radical cystectomy (RC) as first-line treatment for BCG-unresponsive bladder cancer (BCa). However, many patients are unfit or refuse RC. We report a...

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:Radical cystectomy (RC) with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is the gold standard treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), but 30-40% of the patients achieve a...

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:The current AUA guidelines for asymptomatic microhematuria (AMH) recommends in patients with negative initial workup, annual urinalyses (UAs) should be obtained and repea...

Objectives To describe contemporary perioperative outcomes for octogenarians managed under an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol. ERAS protocols have improved outcomes in radical cystectomy (RC), though outcomes for octogenarian patients undergoing RC in the modern ERAS era are not well researched. ERAS components have been gradually implemented into our clinical care pathways over the past 10 years. Methods and materials Octogenarians undergoing RC at our institution were retrospectively identified between 2009 and 2019. Cox proportional hazards models examined changes in time to hospital discharge and time to bowel movement over time, and logistic regression models examined differences in 90-day readmissions and discharge dispositions over time. Secondary analyses examined the effect of alvimopan on time to hospital discharge and time to bowel movement using log-rank tests, along with 90-day readmissions and discharge dispositions using Chi-squared tests. Results Seventy octogenarian patients underwent RC during the study period. Median time to bowel movement was 6 days, while median time to hospital discharge was 9 days. Two-thirds of patients were discharged to home and 22% were readmitted within 90 days. There were no statistically significant associations between year of surgery and perioperative outcomes. Patients taking alvimopan had decreased time to hospital discharge (hazard ratio = 2.7, 95% confidence interval [1.5, 5.0], P = 0.002), but showed no difference in other perioperative outcomes. Conclusions Octogenarians treated with RC had no significant changes in perioperative outcomes during the implementation of ERAS components at our institution. However, octogenarians taking alvimopan were observed to have decreased time to hospital discharge.

Introduction: Micropapillary bladder cancer (MPBC) is a variant histology of urothelial carcinoma (UC) that is associated with poor outcomes however given its rarity, little is known outside of institutional reports. We sought to use a population-level cancer database to assess survival outcomes in patients treated with surgery, radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was queried for all cases of MPBC and UC using International Classification of Disease-O-3 morphologic codes between 2004–2014. Primary outcome was survival outcomes stratified by treatment modality. Treatments included radical cystectomy (RC) with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) or adjuvant chemotherapy (AC). Results: Overall 869 patients with MPBC and 389,603 patients with UC met the inclusion criteria. Median age of the MPBC cohort was 69.9 years (58.9–80.9) with the majority of the cohort presenting with high-grade (89.3%) and muscle invasive or locally advanced disease (47.6%). For cT1 MPBC, outcomes of RC and BPS were not statistically different. For≥cT2 disease, NAC showed a survival benefit compared with RC alone for UC but not for MPBC. On multivariable analysis, MPBC histology independently predicted worse increased risk of death. On subanalysis of the MPBC RC patients, NAC did not improve survival outcomes compared with RC alone. Conclusions: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy utilization and early cystectomy did not show a survival benefit in patients with MPBC. This histology independently predicts decreased survival and prognosis is poor regardless of treatment modality. Further research should focus on developing better treatment options for this rare disease.

Introduction Partial cystectomy use has historically been limited by stringent selection criteria. We compared outcomes following partial cystectomy at our institution with those in other contemporary series. Also, we specifically characterized outcomes in patients with tumors in bladder locations traditionally considered unamenable to partial cystectomy. Methods Patients who underwent partial cystectomy for primary bladder cancer from 1990 to 2012 were identified from our database. Clinical and pathological data were reviewed. Survival analyses were performed using Kaplan-Meier methods. Cox regression was done to identify factors associated with survival and recurrence. Results A total of 55 patients were included in analysis. Five-year overall, disease specific and recurrence-free survival was 70.3%, 77.0% and 39.4%, respectively. When controlling for clinical and pathological covariates, lymphovascular invasion predicted decreased recurrence-free survival (HR 10.6, p = 0.025). Perioperative morbidity and mortality rates were 4% and 5%, respectively. In 8 patients (15%) trigone tumors required ureteral reimplantation. Two of the 8 patients (25%) experienced complications, including hydronephrosis and bladder neck contracture, which were treated conservatively. Cancer recurred in 2 of the 8 patients (25%) and both were treated successfully. None of the 8 patients died of bladder cancer. Conclusions Patients treated with partial cystectomy for primary bladder cancer had satisfactory cancer control and favorable perioperative morbidity consistent with other contemporary reports. Patients with tumors in the bladder trigone, historically considered poor candidates for partial cystectomy, also had good oncologic outcomes without significant complications related to reimplantation. Our data further support partial cystectomy in select patients with bladder cancer.

Objective To evaluate whether there is a correlation between publicized health ranking systems and surgical outcomes after radical cystectomy (RC) in New York State (NYS). Materials and Methods Using the Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System, data were collected in an aggregated fashion per hospital for the 20 hospitals with the highest RC volume in NYS from 2009 to 2012. Hospital characteristics were obtained from the publicly available sources such as the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Publicized ranking systems evaluated included the US News & World Health Report for Urology ranking (USHR), Healthgrades (HG) score, and Consumer Reports (CR) safety ranking. Outcomes measured included mortality, readmissions, and causes of readmissions. Results CR safety scores were inversely associated with overall death at 90 days after surgery (R = −0.527, P = .030), number of readmissions (R = −0.608, P = .030), and readmissions because of surgical complications (R = −0.523, P = .031) on a Pearson correlation test. On Kendall rank tau test, USHR and HG were not associated with any outcome of interest, although the scores correlated with increasing RC volume. Conclusion In our analysis of 20 hospitals with the highest RC volume in NYS, USHR and HG scores were not strongly associated with any clinical outcome after RC. CR performed well in comparison with USHR and HG. Nevertheless, better metrics are needed to compare hospitals and to incorporate curative rates for morbid surgeries.

Exosomes are RNA and protein-containing nanovesicles secreted by all cell types and found in abundance in body fluids, including blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. These vesicles seem to be a perfect source of biomarkers, as their cargo largely reflects the content of parental cells, and exosomes originating from all organs can be obtained from circulation through minimally invasive or non-invasive means. Here we describe an optimized procedure for exosome isolation and analysis using clinical samples, starting from quick and robust extraction of exosomes with Total exosome isolation reagent, then isolation of RNA followed by qRT-PCR. Effectiveness of this workflow is exemplified by analysis of the miRNA content of exosomes derived from serum samples – obtained from the patients with metastatic prostate cancer, treated prostate cancer patients who have undergone prostatectomy, and control patients without prostate cancer. Three promising exosomal microRNA biomarkers were identified, discriminating these groups: hsa-miR375, hsa-miR21, hsa-miR574.

We analyze the relationship among various patient, operative and tumor characteristics to determine which factors correlate with renal parenchymal volume loss after nephron sparing surgery using a novel 3-dimensional volume assessment.We conducted a retrospective review of an institutional database of patients who underwent nephron sparing surgery from 1992 to 2014 for a localized renal mass. Tumors were classified according to the R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry system. Using 3-dimensional reconstruction imaging software, preoperative and postoperative renal parenchymal volume was calculated for the ipsilateral and contralateral kidney.A total of 158 patients were analyzed. Mean patient age was 58.7 years and mean followup was 40.1 months. Mean preoperative tumor volume was 34.0 cc and mean tumor dimension was 3.4 cm. Mean R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score was 6.2, with 60.1%, 34.2% and 5.7% of tumors classified as low, medium and high complexity, respectively. Mean change in renal parenchymal volume after nephron sparing surgery was -15.3% for the ipsilateral kidney and -6.8% for total kidney volume. On univariate analysis ischemia time, tumor size, R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score, complexity grouping and the individual nephrometry components of tumor size, percent exophytic, anterior/posterior, depth and tumor proximity to the renal artery or vein were associated with greater renal parenchymal volume loss. On multivariate analysis only ischemia time, tumor size, posterior location and percent exophytic were independently associated with more renal parenchymal volume loss.Using precise 3-dimensional volumetric analysis we found that ischemia time, tumor size and endophytic/exophytic properties of a localized renal mass are the most important determinants of renal parenchymal volume loss.

Introduction We identified predictors of partial cystectomy in the ACS NSQIP® database of more than 400 hospitals across North America. We also reviewed perioperative outcomes. Methods We reviewed the records of patients with an ICD-9 diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder who were treated with partial or radical cystectomy from 2007 to 2012. The proportion of patients who underwent partial vs radical cystectomy and the proportion who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy were compared across time. We reviewed 30-day morbidity and mortality, and determined risk factors. Logistic regression was used to identify factors predictive of undergoing partial vs radical cystectomy. Results A total of 2,393 patients met study inclusion criteria. The ratio of partial to radical cystectomy was low and stable at 0% to 7% (p = 0.36). While patients undergoing radical cystectomy were more likely to receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy in later years (p Conclusions The ratio of the number of partial to radical cystectomies performed was stable. Cerebrovascular accident history, nonsmoker status and lack of trainee participation were associated with partial cystectomy. Patients treated with radical cystectomy but not those who underwent partial cystectomy were more likely to receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy in later years. Large detailed registries such as ACS NSQIP have important potential use for evaluating trends in urological practice.

Introduction We examined the practice patterns of intraoperative ureteral frozen section during radical cystectomy and the impact of ureteral margin positivity on operative characteristics and oncologic outcomes. Methods The records of patients who underwent radical cystectomy at our institution from 2004 to 2011 were identified. Intraoperative ureteral frozen section characteristics were examined, including number, laterality, positivity, conversion to negative and final permanent section status. Logistic regression analysis was performed for predictors of operative time, change in urinary diversion, and biopsy confirmed upper tract recurrence and metastasis. Results A total of 590 intraoperative ureteral frozen sections were sent for analysis from 241 patients (mean age 69 years). The sections were positive in 12.9% of cases and conversion to negative was accomplished in 82%. Multiple sections were associated with longer operating time (561 vs 511 minutes, p=0.011). Sensitivity for the sections was 100% and specificity was 93.6%. Taking multiple ureteral resections did not alter the planned urinary diversion in any patient or increase perioperative complication rates. At a mean followup of 22±19.8 months, 7 patients (3%) experienced upper tract recurrence. Intraoperative ureteral frozen section conversion to negative was associated with improved overall survival but not with upper tract recurrence. Conclusions Our practice of taking intraoperative ureteral frozen sections provided excellent sensitivity and specificity, and the prolonged operative time did not translate into increased perioperative complications. Conversion of positive to negative was associated with improved overall survival, independent of patient comorbidities and post-operative complications. No association was seen with upper tract recurrence but this was likely due to our high conversion rate to negative margins (82%), negative permanent section ureteral margin status in 97% of cases and the long followup time needed to demonstrate an association.

We reviewed the literature to determine what role, if any, radical prostatectomy should play in the treatment of high-risk and/or node-positive prostate cancer. The AUA, NCCN, and EAU all include radical prostatectomy as a treatment option for high-risk prostate cancer based on evidence that has shown improvements in biochemical-free and disease-specific survival. Lymph node-positive patients may also derive benefit from radical prostatectomy with lymph node dissection, however, only retrospective studies with high risk of selection bias have been published to date. High-risk prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease representing a wide range of disease characteristics. Radical surgery, historically avoided in such patients, may now be considered a valid treatment option for select cases. The adverse effects of surgery using modern techniques lead to similar quality of life outcomes as radiation therapy, and treatment of the primary tumor is likely beneficial when compared to ADT alone.

Response rates to current second line intravesical therapies for recurrent nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer range between 10% and 30%. Nanoparticle albumin bound (nab-)paclitaxel has increased solubility and lower toxicity compared to other taxanes. Results of the phase I intravesical trial of this compound demonstrated minimal toxicity during dose escalation. We now report the results of a phase II trial to assess efficacy.This study was an investigator initiated, single center, single arm, phase II trial investigating the use of nab-paclitaxel in patients with recurrent Tis, T1 and Ta urothelial carcinoma in whom at least 1 prior regimen of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin failed. Patients received 500 mg/100 ml nab-paclitaxel administered in 6 weekly intravesical instillations. Efficacy was evaluated with cystoscopy, biopsy, cytology and imaging. If complete response was achieved, patients were treated with full dose monthly maintenance treatments for 6 months.A total of 28 patients were enrolled in the study. Of these patients 10 (35.7%) exhibited a complete response after initial treatment. At 1 year all of these responses remained durable after maintenance therapy. At a mean followup of 21 months (range 5 to 47) 19 of 28 (67.8%) patients retained their bladders without progression or distant metastases. A single patient had progression to muscle invasive disease at radical cystectomy. Treatment related adverse events were noted in 9 of 28 (32.1%) patients and were limited to grade 1 or 2.Intravesical nab-paclitaxel has minimal toxicity and a 35.7% response rate in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer and previous bacillus Calmette-Guérin failure. Complete response remained durable at 1 year followup in this heavily pretreated patient population.

Objectives To determine the costs of treatment and the duration of survival, adjusted for quality of life, for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with immediate radical cystectomy (RC) or with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) with intent for subsequent RC. Methods and materials A retrospective review of our institutional review board–approved database identified patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated at our institution from 2004 to 2011. Patients were divided into those receiving RC alone and those receiving NAC before planned RC. Patients who refused RC following NAC were included in an intention-to-treat analysis. Survival duration was converted to quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and costs of treatment per QALY were determined. Results A total of 119 patients (65.4%) received RC alone and 63 (34.6%) received NAC, 38 of whom proceeded to cystectomy as planned. Mean total costs were $42,890 and $52,429 for RC and NAC, respectively (P = 0.005). The 5-year overall survival was 31.7% and 42.5% for the RC-only group and the NAC group, respectively (P = 0.034). The 5-year overall survival measured in QALYs was 21.9% and 42.9% for the RC-only and the NAC groups, respectively (P = 0.021). The increased cost for NAC was $5,840 per additional life year gained (95% CI: $1,772–$9,909) and $6,187 per additional QALY gained (95% CI: $1,877–$10,498). Conclusions The use of NAC is associated with a significant increase in quality-adjusted survival. The additional cost per QALY gained is approximately $6,000. The cost-utility analysis of NAC compares favorably with other cancer-specific therapies.

Objective To report long-term follow-up results of a phase II trial of salvage intravesical nanoparticle albumin-bound (nab) -paclitaxel for patients with recurrent non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer after previous intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy. Methods This was a phase II trial investigating the use of intravesical nab- paclitaxel in patients with recurrent Tis, Ta, and T1 urothelial carcinoma who failed at least 1 prior induction course of intravesical BCG. Patients received 500 mg/100 mL of nab- paclitaxel in 6 weekly intravesical instillations. Complete responders were offered full-dose maintenance for 6 months. Overall survival, recurrence-free survival, cystectomy-free survival, and cancer-specific survival were assessed via Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results A total of 28 patients were enrolled with a median follow-up of 41 months (range 5-76). There were 22 men and 6 women with a median age of 79 (range 36-93), and the median number of prior intravesical therapies was 2. Twenty-one of the 28 patients (75%) were BCG refractory. Ten of the 28 patients (36%) achieved complete response. Six of the 28 patients remain cancer free, with a recurrence-free survival rate of 18%. Five-year overall and cancer-specific survival rates were 56% and 91%, respectively. Radical cystectomy occurred in 11 of the 28 patients (39%), of whom 2 out of 11 (18%) had pT2 or greater disease. Conclusion With a median follow-up of 41 months, 18% of this cohort treated with nab -paclitaxel was disease free. Cystectomy-free survival was 61% and bladder cancer-specific mortality was 9%. Nab -paclitaxel is a reasonable treatment option in this high-risk population.

To assess 30-day morbidity and mortality following partial nephrectomy (PN) and radical nephrectomy (RN) with relation to the administration of perioperative blood transfusions PBT).The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was queried for patients with malignant renal tumors (International Classification of Diseases Ninth Revision codes 189-189.2) who underwent RN (Current Procedure Terminology codes 50220, 50225, 50230, 50234, 50236, 50545, 50546, 50548) or PN (50240, 50543) between 2005-2013. Patients were stratified by transfusion status and assessed for postoperative outcomes both separately and in composite, including morbidity, mortality, infectious complications, and pulmonary complications. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify significant independent predictors of these composite outcomes.The overall transfusion rates were 15.8% and 8.2% for RN and PN, respectively. On multivariate analysis, PBT was associated with increased morbidity (RN: OR 2.147, 95% CI 1.687-2.733; PN: OR 2.081, 95% CI 1.434-3.022), mortality (RN: OR 2.308, 95% CI 1.159-4.598; PN: OR 5.166, 95% CI 1.207-22.12), infectious complications (RN: OR 1.656, 95% CI 1.151-2.383; PN: OR 1.945, 95% CI 1.128-3.354) and pulmonary complications (RN: OR 3.040, 95% CI 2.125-4.349; OR 3.771, 95% CI 2.108-6.746).For patients undergoing RN or PN there is a significant association between receipt of PBT and 30-day postoperative outcomes, specifically overall morbidity, mortality, infectious complications, and pulmonary complications. The mechanism that underlies these effects has not been elucidated, but it most likely involves immunomodulation and acute lung injury. Future research should focus on formulating comprehensive transfusion guidelines for oncologic-related nephrectomies.

To characterize the treatment patterns and survival outcomes of sarcomatoid bladder cancer, a rare urothelial variant histology using a large population level cancer database. The National Cancer Database was queried for all cases of sarcomatoid bladder cancer using International Classification of Disease-O-3 morphologic code 8122 between 2004 and 2014. Primary outcome was overall survival. A total of 489 patients met our inclusion criteria and were included in our analysis. Average age at diagnosis was 70.4 years. The majority of the population was male (61.8%) and Caucasian (92.2%). Tumor characteristics included 23.7% cT1, 41.1% cT2 and 15.3% cT3 or above. Median overall survival was 18.4 months (95% CI 13.3–23.6). On multivariate Cox proportional analysis, radical cystectomy alone or with multimodal therapy (chemotherapy or radiotherapy) resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the risk of death as compared to bladder preservation surgery alone. Survival in the radical cystectomy group did not differ between radical cystectomy alone and those receiving either neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy. Sarcomatoid bladder cancer has poor prognosis with 18.4-month median overall survival. While our data suggest that aggressive treatment improves outcomes, the role of multimodal therapy is unclear. Future study should continue to focus on multi-institutional collaboration to determine the most effective therapy.

Partial nephrectomy (PN) is the current standard of care for the management of small renal masses (SRM), providing comparable oncologic control with improved renal functional outcomes. Additionally, new technologies such as thermal ablation provide attractive alternatives to traditional extirpative surgery. The obvious benefit of these nephron sparing procedures (NSPs) is to the preservation of renal parenchymal volume (RPV), but the factors that influence postoperative renal function are complex and inter-related, and include non-modifiable factors such as baseline renal function and tumor size, complexity, and location as well as potentially modifiable factors such as ischemia time, ischemia type, and RPV preservation. Our review presents the most recent evidence analyzing the relationship between the modifiable factors in PN and renal outcomes, with a focus on RPV preservation. Furthermore, novel surgical techniques, imaging modalities, and NSPs are discussed, evaluating their efficacy in maximizing functional nephron mass and improving long-term renal outcomes.

We compared the pathological and survival outcomes of patients who underwent radical cystectomy soon after bacillus Calmette-Guérin failure with those of patients who received additional salvage intravesical chemotherapy before cystectomy for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. We also identified predictors of prognosis in the entire cohort.We retrospectively analyzed the records of 117 patients who underwent radical cystectomy for recurrent nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer at our institution from 1990 to 2012. The cohort was divided into group 1 of 61 patients treated only with bacillus Calmette-Guérin with or without interferon-α and group 2 of 56 who received at least 1 additional salvage intravesical chemotherapy after bacillus Calmette-Guérin.Final pathology and survival outcomes did not differ significantly between the groups. Five-year overall and cancer specific survival was similar in groups 1 and 2 at 80% and 85%, respectively, at approximately equivalent followups. Median bladder retention was 1.7 years longer in group 2 (p0.001). On multivariate Cox regression analysis delayed cystectomy in group 2 did not convey a significant hazard for all cause mortality after cystectomy (HR 1.08, p = 0.808). Only up-staging to cT1 (HR 1.88, p = 0.045), lymph node invasion (HR 2.58, p = 0.023) and prostatic urethra involvement (HR 1.95, p = 0.029) achieved significance.With appropriate selection for salvage intravesical chemotherapy patients who elect bladder sparing treatment instead of earlier radical cystectomy after bacillus Calmette-Guérin fails do not sacrifice positive pathological or oncologic outcomes while retaining bladder function for a significantly longer duration.

To assess the role of confirmatory prostate biopsy in the accurate risk assessment of patients with low risk prostate cancer eligible for active surveillance.Patients electing active surveillance of their low grade, low volume prostate cancer with prostate-specific antigen20 ng/mL,cT2 disease who underwent confirmatory rebiopsy were included. Biopsy progression was defined as2 core involvement or Gleason 7 disease on subsequent biopsies. Prostate-specific antigen, total number of cores on initial and rebiopsy, the presence of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and prostate-specific antigen density, when available, were assessed as predictors of biopsy progression.Sixty patients were included. Median time to rebiopsy was 2 months. Nineteen patients (31.7%) had findings that excluded them from active surveillance. Despite rebiopsy findings, 7 patients elected for active surveillance, all of which eventually underwent treatment for continued biopsy progression. Of the 41 patients eligible for active surveillance after rebiopsy, 8% elected treatment, 74% remained on active surveillance, and 13% experienced biopsy progression. No cancer on rebiopsy was associated with a reduced risk of progression to treatment on active surveillance (odds ratio 0.14, P = .011). A microfocus of Gleason 4 pattern (odds ratio 16.0, P = .04) and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (odds ratio 7.29, P = .03) on initial biopsy were independent predictors of immediate rebiopsy progression. Prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific antigen density, and the total number of cores were not significant.Confirmatory rebiopsy aids in the accurate identification of low-risk patients for active surveillance as one-third are initially undergraded. Patients with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and any Gleason pattern 4 on initial biopsy are at highest risk and should be counseled regarding the risks of progression on active surveillance accordingly.

Purpose: Adolescent varicocelectomy is associated with a 70% incidence of postoperative catch-up growth in boys with ipsilateral testicular hypotrophy. We determined whether preoperative patient age and Tanner stage were related to subsequent catch-up growth. In other words if patients are followed with a period of observation, will a window of opportunity be lost for achieving catch-up growth?Materials and Methods: We studied a total of 163 boys (mean age 15.1 years, range 10 to 24) with left or bilateral varicoceles who demonstrated 10% asymmetry or greater preoperatively, and had preoperative and postoperative testicular volume measurements available (using either ring orchidometer or ultrasound). Of these patients 59 also had preoperative Tanner stage recorded.Results: Of the patients with preoperative left hypotrophy 69% had achieved catch-up growth at last followup (mean followup 28 months). When treated as a continuous variable, or when divided into general prepubertal vs postpubertal groupings, ag...

OBJECTIVES To determine whether present subclassifications for pathologic T2 (pT2) prostate cancer are predictive for recurrence-free survival (RFS) after radical prostatectomy. METHODS The study sample included 906 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy between 1990 and 2004 and were subsequently staged as having pT2 disease. The estimated 5- and 10-year RFS for patients with pT2a, pT2b, and pT2c was calculated by using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analysis was performed by using Cox Proportional Hazards models to determine differences in RFS among the 3 groups, and their association with preoperative variables, including prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and biopsy Gleason score. RESULTS Preoperative PSA and Gleason score were strongly predictive for RFS (P

We aimed to determine incidence, pathologic findings, prognostic factors and clinical outcomes for patients with clinically localized papillary RCC. Demographic, clinical and pathologic findings were collected on all patients with PRCC undergoing surgery at four academic medical centers. The primary endpoint was cancer-specific survival (CSS). Relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were secondary endpoints. Kaplan–Meier estimates were obtained, and Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to assess predictors of mortality and relapse. We identified 626 PRCC, of which 373 (60 %) were type 1 and 253 (40 %) were type 2, with three-quarters of all tumors being pT1. Compared to patients with type 1, those with type 2 were older (mean age: 63 vs 61; p = 0.02), presented more commonly with symptoms (13 vs 7 %; p = 0.02) and had larger mean tumor size (5.2 vs 4.3 cm; p = 0.001). With a median follow-up of 41 months (IQR: 16–68), 92 patients had died of PRCC (15 %), 48 (8 %) experienced relapse, and 101 died from all causes (16 %). The estimated 5-year CSS, RFS and OS were 83, 91 and 82 %, respectively. In multivariable analysis, older age, T stage and nodal status were predictors of CSS and OS. However, PRCC subtype was not a predictor of CSS, RFS or OS. While patients with type 2 PRCC appear to present with more advanced disease than patients with type 1, PRCC subtype does not appear to be an independent predictor of CSS, RFS or OS for treated localized disease.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) strains are commonly typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) following digestion of genomic DNA with the restriction enzyme Xba I. We have shown that O157 strains differ from each other by a series of discrete insertions or deletions, some of which contain recognition sites for Xba I, suggesting that these insertions and deletions are responsible for the differences in PFGE patterns. We have devised a new O157 strain typing protocol, polymorphic amplified typing sequences (PATS), based on this information. We designed PCR primer pairs to amplify genomic DNA flanking each of 40 individual Xba I sites in the genomes of two O157 reference strains. These primer pairs were tested with 44 O157 isolates, 2 each from 22 different outbreaks of infection. Thirty-two primer pairs amplified identical fragments from all 44 isolates, while eight primer pairs amplified regions that were polymorphic between isolates. The isolates could be differentiated solely on the basis of which of the eight polymorphic amplicons was detected. PATS correctly identified 21 of 22 outbreak pairs as being identical or highly related, whereas PFGE correctly identified 14 of the 22 outbreak pairs as being identical or highly related; PATS was also able to type isolates from three outbreaks that were untypeable by PFGE. However, PATS was less sensitive than PFGE in discriminating between outbreaks. These data suggest that typing by PATS may provide a simple procedure for strain typing of O157 and other bacteria and that further evaluation of the utility of this method for epidemiologic investigations is warranted.

Background: While endoscopic management (EM) and distal ureterectomy (DU) provide renal-sparing alternatives to radical nephroureterectomy (NU), the effects on renal function have never directly been compared. Objectives: While NU is the "gold standard" for treating upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), EM and DU have become popular for certain lesions. However, the true effect of these procedures on renal function has been under-studied. We analyzed the impact of EM, DU, and NU on post-operative renal function in both the short- and long-term intervals. Methods: Patients undergoing EM, DU, or NU for UTUC were included. Clinicopathologic information was collected. eGFR values were calculated via MDRD formula. Absolute change in eGFR was compared amongst groups. Linear mixed model regression analysis was used to determine the impact of procedure type on post-operative eGFR. Results: 273 patients underwent 325 procedures from 1991 to 2012. In both short- and long-term intervals, post-operative eGFR was significantly worse following NU compared to EM. For the long-term interval, this difference remained while controlling for age, race, gender, pathologic stage, pre-operative hydronephrosis, and having a solitary kidney (all p

To determine whether heterogeneity of tumor grade affects the response to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) treatment for patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).Patients with Ta or T1 NMBIC receiving a 6-week induction course of intravesical BCG therapy after transurethral resection were divided according to the tumor grade. Clinical and pathological variables were compared. Advanced intervention-free survival (AIFS), defined as duration of freedom from advanced intervention (including non-BCG intravesical agents or cystectomy) or metastasis, was plotted using Kaplan-Meier methods. The effect of grade on survival duration was assessed by multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling.One hundred and fifty-three patients were identified: 17 with mixed low- and high-grade (MG) and 136 with pure high-grade (PHG) NMIBC. Demographic and additional pathologic variables were comparable between groups (p0.05). Five-year AIFS was 88.2% for MG patients, compared to 48.5% for PHG patients (p = 0.030 by log-rank test). On multivariate analysis, PHG was an independent risk factor for worse AIFS (HR 4.4, 95% CI 1.1-18.4, p = 0.040). Among patients failing to respond to primary BCG induction, who underwent a secondary induction of BCG with interferon, MG patients had better response than PHG patients (100 vs. 26.3%, p = 0.035).Mixed low- and high-grade NMIBC exhibits a significantly better response profile to intravesical BCG therapy compared to PHG NMIBC. The implications of these results are that less aggressive treatment strategies for this unique cancer entity may be needed and that there is a benefit to the reporting of tumor heterogeneity in transurethral resection of bladder tumor specimens.

To analyze the influence of preoperative renal function on postoperative renal outcomes after radical nephrectomy (RN) and nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) for malignancy in patients stratified according to preoperative chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage and surgical extent (NSS vs RN).Retrospective review of patients undergoing renal surgery for localized renal masses stratified by surgical extent and preoperative CKD stage based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) level: stage I (90 mL/min/1.73 m(2)), stage II (60-89 mL/min/1.73 m(2)), and stage III (30-59 mL/min/1.73 m(2)). Survival analysis for significant renal impairment was based on freedom from the development of new-onset GFR30 or45 mL/min/1.73 m(2).A total of 1306 patients were included in the analysis with preoperative CKD stage I (27.9%), II (52.1%), and III (20.1%); 41.3% and 58.7% underwent NSS and RN, respectively. NSS was associated with a lower annual rate of GFR decline in preoperative CKD stage-I (P = .028) and stage-II patients (P = .018), but not in CKD stage-III patients (P = .753). Overall, 5.0% and 15.0% developed new-onset GFR30 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and45 mL/min/1.73 m(2), respectively. There was no difference in the probability of developing significant renal impairment between NSS and RN in CKD stage-I or -III patients, whereas only in CKD stage-II patients was the surgical extent independently associated with development of significant renal impairment (RN: odds ratio, 9.0; P = .042 for GFR30 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and odds ratio, 2.3; P = .003 for GFR45 mL/min/1.73 m(2)).Compared with RN, NSS is associated with a lower rate of GFR decline for preoperative CKD stage-I and -II patients, but only CKD stage-II patients demonstrated a decreased risk of developing significant renal impairment.

p 1⁄4 0.009), male sex (OR 1.83, p 6 (OR 1.64, p 1⁄4 0.002). These same factors were independently associated with risk of unfavorable pathology: size > 2.5 cm (OR 1.53, p1⁄40.006), male sex (OR 1.90, p 6 (OR 1.54, p 1⁄40.024) Tables 1 and 2 show the risk of RCC and unfavorable pathology, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment of cT1a renal masses must include a discussion of the likely pathologic outcome for each patient. In this multi-institutional cohort, imaging tumor size >2.5 cm, male sex and nephrometry score > 6 were predictors of RCC and adverse pathology following PN. These factors may assist in risk stratification and selective renal mass biopsy prior to decisionmaking. Further studies are necessary to validate these findings.