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Over recent decades, therapeutic proteins have had widespread success in treating a myriad of diseases. Glycosylation, a near universal feature of this class of drugs, is a critical quality attribute that significantly influences the physical properties, safety profile and biological activity of therapeutic proteins. Optimizing protein glycosylation, therefore, offers an important avenue to developing more efficacious therapies. In this review, we discuss specific examples of how variations in glycan structure and glycoengineering impacts the stability, safety, and clinical efficacy of protein-based drugs that are already in the market as well as those that are still in preclinical development. We also highlight the impact of glycosylation on next generation biologics such as T cell-based cancer therapy and gene therapy.

El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en una breve investigación bibliográfica acerca del tipo de vegetación nativa capaz de ser aprovechada por el ganado caprino en el estado de Hidalgo. Una breve introducción acerca de la situación de la producción caprina a nivel mundial se describe al inicio, luego a nivel nacional y posteriormente acorde a los municipios de Hidalgo. El tipo de vegetación se relacionó con los hábitos de consumo de las cabras y con sus preferencias de consumo para al final exponer las propiedades de la carne caprina.

The main objective of this work is to present a novel methodology to assess the vulnerability of mid-latitude estuaries by means of an index-based method, EstuarIndex. The EstuarIndexis an integration of four sub-indexes, assessing the status of the main subsystems present on estuaries: sandy environments, dunes, tidal flats, and the drainage network. Each sub-index includes variables combining three types of factors: morphosedimentary and oceanographic factors, ecological factors and management and protection factors. The environmental status is finally evaluated in five possible classes: (1) Very low, (2) Low, (3) Medium, (4) High and (5) Very High, according to EU requirements for classifying the conservation status of habitats. Three pilot zones along the Spanish coast have been chosen for testing the method: San Vicente de la Barquera estuary (N Spain), Guadiana estuary (SW Spain) and Ebro River delta mouth (E Spain). They present different oceanographic and geomorphological conditions. The results obtained have proven that EstuarIndex is a suitable methodology for the application to other estuaries. The systematic application of EstuarIndex on broad time scales would allow evaluating the system trends, what seems key for implementation of more realistic restoration strategies and may help in the detection of the most relevant site-specific vulnerabilities for long-term sustainability in response to both natural and artificial forces.

El cancer de mama localmente avanzado continua siendo un problema importante en los paises en desarrollo y una presentacion comun en todo el mundo. En nuestro pais, el 45% de los casos de cancer de mama son diagnosticados en estadios localmente avanzados. La cobertura cutanea de la pared toracica despues de una reseccion extensa en pacientes con cancer de mama siempre ha representado un reto para el grupo quirurgico, por lo que el colgajo de dorsal ancho es ampliamente usado en la reconstruccion de la misma. Usualmente, con la tecnica clasica, el tamano de la isla de piel no es mayor a 10 cm. Por esta razon, en nuestro instituto se ha implementado el colgajo dorsal ancho extendido con la finalidad de cubrir grandes defectos de hasta 40 cm. Se realizo un estudio retrospectivo de todos los casos de dorsal ancho extendido durante un periodo de cinco anos. Un total de 30 pacientes han sido reconstruidas con un colgajo de dorsal ancho, de las cuales 15 fueron tratadas con un colgajo extendido, logrando resecciones tumorales de hasta 30 cm. La edad promedio fue de 42.6 anos. La dimension del tumor registrada fue de hasta 30 cm. La tasa de complicaciones que requirieron reintervencion quirurgica fue baja (6.6%), en un seguimiento promedio de 15.8 meses. Esta tecnica es reproducible y se realiza en un solo tiempo quirurgico, y puede ser considerada para reconstruccion parcial o total de grandes defectos esteticos, puramente paliativos o curativos. El exito de esta tecnica depende de la seleccion adecuada de las pacientes y de un tratamiento multidisciplinario coordinado entre los cirujanos de mama y el cirujano plastico

Objective: To analyze the various effects that the use of La as an inorganic biostimulant has on growth, yield and quality of different crop plants. Design/methodology/approach: A search in recent literature related to the effects of lanthanum on various economically important crops was conducted. Subsequently, the most relevant information was selected, analyzed and grouped by type of effect. Results: The addition of lanthanum at low doses has been tested in different crop plants. It has been proven that La increases growth, development and quality in various species. Likewise, positive effects have been reported in germination, in the absorption of nutrients, in mitigating the deficiencies of some essential elements, as well as in the promotion of physiological and biochemical responses. Limitations/implications of the study: The analyzed results have been generated in a great diversity of plant species, under different production systems, with dissimilar doses, as well as with different sources and application methods. This situation represents a challenge, since it hinders the possibility to issue general recommendations. Findings/conclusions: Lanthanum improves yield and quality, as well as some physiological, biochemical and nutritional responses in different crops of economic importance.

Background Since 2006 breast cancer has been the leading cause of death by cancer in Mexican women. Recently several studies have shown the relationship of neutrophil-lymphocyte index (NLI) and breast cancer as a predictor of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Methods The study included 2711 patients of the Institute of Breast Diseases (FUCAM) treated since April 2006 to March 2011. The NLI and its relation with OS and DFS were evaluated. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to obtain the cut-off point of greater sensitivity and specificity for the NLI. A multivariate analysis was used to analyze the clinical parameters of prognostic factor. Results 342 patients were included for the analysis. The follow-up time average of 80.1 months and the mean of NLI was 2.1. In this model, sensitivity was 66.7% (95% CI: 46–64) p = 0.04. The Kaplan–Meier analysis was applied to evaluate OS and the DFS of all patients according to the NLI, comparing two groups: ≤2.1 and ≥ 2.1. No differences were reported between these groups. In triple negative patients (n = 32), patients with NLI > 2.1 had a shorter DFS in comparison to patients with NLI 2.1 pretreatment, lymph node stage and Ki-67 were correlated independently with the DFS. Conclusions Our study suggests that there is a relationship between the NLI and the breast cancer DFS; especially in triple negative subtypes.

Terrestrial plants are constantly exposed to multiple environmental signals that influence their metabolism. Among these signals, nitrogen (N) nutrition and light affect importantly diverse metabolic and physiological processes. Herewith the effects of N nutrition (8.47, 12.71 and 16.94 mg · L−1 N) and shading percentages (0 and 70%) on plant morphology and chemical composition of the essential oil of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) ‘Inca’ were assessed. Increasing N levels enhanced the number of secondary branches and the flower diameter, while shading reduced height of side branches, number of primary branches and opened flower buds. In leaves, flowers and stems, 15 different compounds were identified. In leaves, low and medium N levels and high light level increased the synthesis of ocimene, limonene and piperitone. As well, medium and high N doses, independently of the light level, stimulated the synthesis of caryophyllene and β-phellandrene in leaves. Nevertheless, increasing N doses and shading level decreased the synthesis of β-myrcene and α-pinene in leaves. In flowers, medium N level and high light intensity increased the synthesis of trans-pinene. Piperitone and verbenone were identified only in flowers of plants with high N doses and lower light intensity. In the stems, caryophyllene, piperitone and β-farnesene were more abundant with medium and high N levels. The interaction of study factors differentially affected both morphological variables and the composition of essential oil among organs studied. Therefore, N nutrition and light intensity are key factors that modify the morphology and composition of the essential oil in T. erecta.

During the last decades many salt marshes worldwide have suffered important losses in their extent and associated ecosystem services. The salt marshes of San Vicente de la Barquera estuary (N Spain) are a clear example of this, with a drastic reduction in vegetation surface over the last 60 years. This paper provides insights into the main factors controlling salt marsh functioning in sheltered estuarine areas. Regional and local factors have been disaggregated to identify the main drivers controlling the functioning of the salt marsh to develop appropriate management measures according to the evolution of the system. These factors have been studied in their spatial context through detailed maps of change in vegetation cover combined with topographic data obtained from UAV and RTK-DGPS surveys. The results demonstrate that in this estuary the salt marsh area is declining following a fragmentation process. No clear pattern of vegetation loss/gain with elevation has been identified. However, the results point to increased hydrodynamic stress in the area, with stronger currents inside the estuary. This is probably the major factor responsible for the decline of the salt marshes in the San Vicente de la Barquera estuary. Furthermore, several human interventions during the 20th century (local drivers) have also probably contributed to a lower resilience against SLR (regional driver). This work demonstrates that both natural and human drivers of change need to be considered when characterizing the evolution of salt marshes, wherever efficient management strategies need to be designed.

Salinity is one of the most critical factors affecting agriculture worldwide. The application of beneficial elements like silicon (Si) is one of the alternatives to mitigate its effects. In this research, we evaluated the effect of Si applied during seed imbibition on mitigating the negative effects caused by salinity during the germination and initial growth phases of maize (Zea mays L.) SB-308 seedlings. Seed pre-treatment during the imbibition was made with 0.0-, 1.5- and 3.0-mM Si. Afterwards, seeds that were imbibed were placed in plastic containers and treated with 0, 80, 160, and 240 mM NaCl. The evaluated concentrations of Si and NaCl gave rise to 12 treatments. Pre-treated seeds with 3 mM Si had an increase of weight after imbibition, 5.1% higher than the control. The treatments obtained from combining NaCl and Si levels did not affect the total and relative germination. The radicle length increased by 13.6% with 3 mM Si compared to the control. Conversely, it was lower with increasing salinity. These trends were observed in plant height. The interaction of the study factors produced an increase in the radicle length in the interval from 0 to 160 mM NaCl, when the Si dose was increased. However, there were no significant differences among equal levels of salinity without Si. It is concluded that Si increased the absorption of water during the imbibition and raised the index of velocity of germination under salinity, except in the dose 240 mM NaCl. Likewise, the pre-treatment of seeds with Si tends to increase radicle length under saline conditions.

BackgroundObesity and type 2 diabetes are chronic diseases characterized by insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction and morphology abnormalities.ObjectiveHerein, we investigated if dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis is involved in an animal model of obesity and diabetes.MethodsThe effect of short-term leptin and mdivi-1 –a selective inhibitor of Drp-1 fission-protein– treatment on mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis was evaluated in epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) from male ob/ob mice.ResultsAn increase in Drp-1 protein levels and a decrease in Mfn2 and OPA-1 protein expression were observed with enhanced and sustained mitochondrial fragmentation in ob/ob mice compared to wt C57BL/6 animals (pob/ob mice (pin vivo determination of blood glucose concentration showed decreased levels by 50% in ob/ob mice, almost to the wt level.ConclusionsPharmacological targeting of Drp-1 fission protein may be a potential novel therapeutic tool for obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Pulsed lasers with ultrashort pulse durations have become ubiquitous in a variety of applications, including laser eye surgery. Therefore, the role of nonlinear optical effects, such as supercontinuum generation, needs to be considered when evaluating their potential hazard. We used a NIR femtosecond laser to generate a supercontinuum within an artificial eye. We recorded the visible spectra of the supercontinuum generated and calculated the energy contained within the visible band. Our results indicate that for certain exposure conditions, the supercontinuum’s energy within the visible range surpasses the maximum permissible energy allowed for visible wavelengths by the laser safety standards.

Lasers with ultrashort pulse durations have become ubiquitous in various applications, including ocular surgery. Therefore, we need to consider the role of nonlinear optical effects, such as supercontinuum generation during propagation within the ocular media, when evaluating their potential hazard. We used a NIR femtosecond laser to generate a supercontinuum within an artificial eye. We recorded the visible spectra of the supercontinuum generated and calculated the energy contained within the visible band. Our results indicate that for wavelengths between 1350 nm and 1450 nm the energy contained within the visible band of the generated white light supercontinuum may surpass current safety exposure limits, and pose a risk of injury to the retina.

Las innovaciones técnicas han permitido realizar un sinnúmero de cirugías endoscópicas y laparoscópicas, entre ellas la mastectomía preservadora de piel y pezón por puerto único, que ha sido reportada como bien tolerada, con un excelente resultado cosmético y con el mismo pronóstico oncológico que la cirugía tradicional. Esta técnica, común en Asia, presenta diversos retos técnicos y económicos. Presentamos la primera aproximación en nuestro país sobre este abordaje en una paciente con cáncer de mama. Para realizar esta cirugía es preciso el entrenamiento en mínima invasión y en cirugía mamaria, así como una adecuada selección de las pacientes.Technical innovations and scientific advances have allowed to perform countless endoscopic and laparoscopic surgical procedures. Among these, Single port endoscopic Mastectomy has been reported as well tolerated, with great aesthetic results and the same oncologic prognosis as traditional surgery. This popular approach in Asian countries presents many technical and economic challenges. We present the first endoscopic approach in our country: a female patient with infiltrating ductal carcinoma in the left breast. We understand that to carry out this procedure, adequate patient selection, great minimal invasive and breast surgery skills are necessary.

Las innovaciones tecnicas han permitido realizar un sinnumero de cirugias endoscopicas y laparoscopicas, entre ellas la mastectomia preservadora de piel y pezon por puerto unico, que ha sido reportada como bien tolerada, con un excelente resultado cosmetico y con el mismo pronostico oncologico que la cirugia tradicional. Esta tecnica, comun en Asia, presenta diversos retos tecnicos y economicos. Presentamos la primera aproximacion en nuestro pais sobre este abordaje en una paciente con cancer de mama. Para realizar esta cirugia es preciso el entrenamiento en minima invasion y en cirugia mamaria, asi como una adecuada seleccion de las pacientes. Technical innovations and scientific advances have allowed to perform countless endoscopic and laparoscopic surgical procedures. Among these, Single port endoscopic Mastectomy has been reported as well tolerated, with great aesthetic results and the same oncologic prognosis as traditional surgery. This popular approach in Asian countries presents many technical and economic challenges. We present the first endoscopic approach in our country: a female patient with infiltrating ductal carcinoma in the left breast. We understand that to carry out this procedure, adequate patient selection, great minimal invasive and breast surgery skills are necessary.

The dynamic endomembrane system facilitates sorting and transport of diverse cargo. Therefore, it is crucial for plant growth and development. Vesicle proteomic studies have made substantial progress in recent years. In contrast, much less is known about the identity of vesicle compartments that mediate the transport of polysaccharides to and from the plasma membrane and the types of sugars they selectively transport. In this chapter, we provide a detailed description of the protocol used for the elucidation of the SYP61 vesicle population glycome. Our methodology can be easily adapted to perform glycomic studies of a broad variety of plant cell vesicle populations defined via subcellular markers or different treatments.

Secretory breast carcinoma was first described by McDivitt and Stewart in 1966, who reported seven cases of this tumoural strain in children and therefore named it “juvenile carcinoma”. However, a couple of decades later, Tavassoli and Norris reported a series of 19 cases and found that most occurred in adults, and therefore they proposed changing its name to “secretory carcinoma.” Since then, approximately 100 cases have been reported in the world literature. We present two cases treated with total mastectomy and sentinel node biopsy with excellent outcome. To our knowledge, only a few cases have been reported in Latin American patients.

El bienestar animal actualmente ha tomado auge en el mundo, sobre todo por sus repercusiones éticas, productivas y económicas. Los protocolos de evaluación para su estimación son una herramienta útil ya que permiten identificar los factores que disminuyen la calidad de vida de los animales, para estar en condiciones de mejorarla y hacer de la producción pecuaria una actividad cada vez más ética, humanitaria y eficiente. Por ello, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar indicadores de bienestar animal asociados al alojamiento de vacas lecheras en unidades de producción a baja y mediana escala en la zona centro de México. Se evaluaron 2600 vacas lecheras utilizando parcialmente el protocolo propuesto por Welfare Quality®: tiempo necesario para echarse; colisión al momento de echarse; vacas que descansan parcial o totalmente fuera de la zona de descanso; limpieza en flancos, ubres y patas traseras; presencia de cojeras en diferente grado; presencia de áreas sin pelo y presencia de lesión o inflamación. Los valores encontrados en la mayoría de los indicadores evaluados fueron inadecuados considerando los parámetros sugeridos en el protocolo utilizado. El alojamiento de las vacas evaluadas no brinda las condiciones necesarias para el descanso apropiado, por lo que se recomienda realizar acciones urgentes en la zona evaluada con la finalidad de mejorar la calidad del alojamiento y por ende del bienestar y productividad de los animales.

Resumen Introduccion La lesion medular (LM) se define como un proceso patologico de etiologia variable que resulta de la alteracion temporal o permanente de la funcion motora, sensitiva y/o autonomica. Objetivo El objetivo principal del presente estudio es describir las caracteristicas clinico-demograficas y funcionales de los sujetos con lesion medular que concurrieron al Servicio de Kinesiologia del Instituto de Rehabilitacion Psicofisica. El objetivo secundario es conocer el impacto funcional de las ulceras por presion (UPP). Pacientes y metodo Estudio retrospectivo, observacional y transversal. Las variables analizadas fueron agrupadas en clinico-demograficas y funcionales. Resultados Se analizaron los datos al ingreso de 178 sujetos (122 hombres, 56 mujeres), atendidos de forma ambulatoria (41,6%) e internados (58,4%). La region toracica fue la mas frecuentemente afectada (64,6%), seguida del compromiso cervical (21,3%), lumbar (12,9%) y sacro (1,1%). La principal causa de lesion fue la traumatica (67,9%). Sobre los usuarios de silla de ruedas, el 34,6% poseia la suya propia y el 53,8% no poseia una silla apropiada y/o almohadon. Al ingreso, el 41,6% presento UPP. Se observaron diferencias estadisticamente significativas respecto a las habilidades funcionales de aquellos sujetos que presentaron al menos una UPP al ingreso y los que no. Conclusion El presente estudio permite conocer las caracteristicas clinico-demograficas y funcionales de un grupo de sujetos que han sufrido una LME atendidos en el Servicio de Kinesiologia de un centro de referencia. El impacto funcional de las UPP hace notar la importancia de ampliar la investigacion en relacion con los factores que predisponen al desarrollo de este tipo de lesiones, asi como de establecer estrategias de prevencion.

Vanadium (V) is easily absorbed by plants and has been proposed as a novel beneficial element and inorganic biostimulant, since at low doses it can enhance plant metabolism. However, its effects on the biology of cultivated species have not been fully explored. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of V on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) during seed germination and initial seedling growth. We tested 0, 5, 10, and 15 µM V in seeds during the germination process and in 37-day-old plants over four weeks. The application of V did not alter seed germination percentage. Plant height increased with the application of 5 µM V at 21 days after treatment application (DAT), while root volume increased with the application of 10 µM V at 28 DAT. Stem diameter, number of leaves, and number of flower buds showed the highest values with 10 µM V, while 5 µM V produced higher means in number of leaves as well as fresh and dry biomass weight of flowers. However, the fresh and dry biomass of leaves, stems, and roots decreased significantly with the application of 15 µM V. The total concentrations of amino acids and sugars in leaves, stems, and roots decreased in the treatments with V. We conclude that V is a beneficial element with high potential to be used in the biostimulation of horticultural crops such as tomato.

Recent studies suggest that microtubules (MTs) and tubulin proteins exhibit resonant frequencies in the radiofrequency (RF) range. We hypothesize that exposing neurons to externally applied RF waves tuned to an intrinsic resonant frequency of MTs or tubulin could disrupt the natural signaling occurring in and around them, leading to neurophysiological changes. To test this hypothesis, we assembled custom exposure systems that allow stable RF exposures of cell cultures in a controlled environment (37°C, 5% CO2, 95% humidity). We then exposed differentiated NG108-15 neuronal cells to RF waves tuned to selected resonance peaks for tubulin (91 MHz and 281 MHz) and for MTs (3.0 GHz) for 1 hr at a power density of 0.24 mW/cm2 (SAR = 0.012, 0.087, and 0.53 mW/kg, respectively). We used fluorescence imaging of endogenous MTs and current-clamp electrophysiology to investigate changes following RF exposures compared to sham. The results from the imaging data show a clear difference in the localization of fluorescent MTs between the sham and the RF exposed neuronal cells. The sham cells exhibited more fluorescence in the neurite projections, whereas the RF exposed cells showed a more diffuse pattern, with a stronger fluorescence in the cell body. The electrophysiological results showed that resting membrane potentials of the RF exposed neuronal cells were more depolarized than those of the sham cells. Consequently, we observed spontaneous action potentials in the RF exposed cells, which were not present in the sham cells. Overall, our results suggest that exposing neurons to MTs or tubulin resonant frequencies might affect MTs normal behavior, leading to neurophysiological changes. However, to confirm the specificity of resonant frequency effect and validate this idea, studies investigating exposures to nonresonant frequencies and additional tubulin and MTs resonant frequencies are warranted.

Terahertz imaging has been proposed for burns and skin cancer identification. However, the role of melanocytes, melanosomes, melanin content and distribution in determining the terahertz optical properties of human skin has not been investigated. We use terahertz time domain spectroscopy to measure the optical properties of in vitro pigmented human skin tissue models from Asian, Black, and Caucasian donors. Spectra were collected at various time intervals and used to extract the absorption coefficient and index of refraction at terahertz frequencies. Our results indicate that the degree of cell differentiation and type of donor both contribute to the measured terahertz optical properties.

Exposures to non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) waves in the radiofrequency (RF) range have been shown to influence gene expression in various cell and tissue types. However, the specific mechanism(s) by which exposure to these waves alter gene expression is not completely clear. Recent studies have suggested changes in epigenetics as a plausible mechanism for the gene expression alterations observed in response to exposures to RF waves. In this study, we investigated if exposures to RF fields can influence epigenetics. Specifically, we examined modifications in DNA methylation patterns in response to exposures to 900 MHz RF fields in primary human keratinocytes. We assembled a custom system to allow the stable exposure of cell cultures to 900 MHz RF fields at a range of applied powers and resultant E fields. We used methylation sensitive restriction enzyme digestion and Global DNA Methylation ELISA assay to quantify the status of global DNA methylation in cells exposed to 900 MHz RF fields for different time durations and power densities. Results show significant changes in global DNA methylation in the RF exposed cells compared to the sham (unexposed) counterparts. Importantly, these changes occur in the absence of cell death and without a concomitant increase in temperature during exposures, suggesting that alterations in DNA methylation are not associated with toxic or thermal effects of the RF fields. This suggests that RF exposure changes DNA methylation patterns and can potentially alter gene expression.

The effects of three fertilization methods (FM) using the Peters Professional® 30N-10P-10K water soluble fertilizer were analyzed: fertilization in irrigation water (FIW), foliar fertilization (FF), and their combination (FIW + FF), as well as two substrate particle sizes (SuPS): larger particle size (LPS) and smaller particle size (SPS), on the growth and macronutrient status of Laelia anceps subsp. anceps (Orchidaceae). A 3 × 2 factorial experiment was established. Aerial and root growth, dry weight and concentration of macronutrients N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in leaves, pseudobulbs, and roots were all evaluated. The interaction of the study factors resulted in a greater number of leaves, while by simple effects, greater leaf area, number of pseudobulbs, root volume, and dry matter of leaves and roots were obtained, when FIW and LPS were used. With FF, greater growth in root volume was observed. There were no differences in the concentration of N in the growth organs analyzed, but due to the interaction of factors, a higher concentration of P, K, Mg, and S was observed in roots, mainly with FIW + FF and SPS; although for P, there was a higher concentration in FIW and LPS. In the case of SPS, the concentrations of K and S were higher in leaves, and in pseudobulbs P, K, Ca, Mg, and S were higher. The results showed that there are positive effects on plant growth when FIW and LPS are used, while higher concentrations of nutrients in leaves, pseudobulbs and mainly in roots are observed when using SPS.

Recent reports have shown that exposure to nonionizing electromagnetic waves, including submillimeter waves (sub-MMWs), can influence gene expression in skin tissues and various cell types. However, the mechanism(s) by which exposure to sub-MMWs alters gene expression has not been elucidated. In the present study, we hypothesize that sub-MMW exposure induces epigenetic modifications that result in altered gene expression. Specifically, we explore the effects of sub-MMW exposure on DNA methylation in human primary skin cell lines. Cells were exposed to a frequency of 2.52 THz for different time durations, and changes in global DNA methylation were examined following each exposure. The results presented herein are essential for understanding the role DNA methylation plays in gene regulation in sub-MMW exposed cells.

Landscape epidemiology is a discipline that tries to find answers to epidemiological issues, based on a holistic and spatial view of the problem. This is usually used in air, water and vectors borne diseases, as is the case of Dengue whose vector is a mosquito. Models of these relationships are constructed from a set of field data and variables derived from satellites. The problem appears basically because the number of places where field data are available is usually limited. In this work we propose to redefine the concept of "closeness" or more generally "distance" to move from a geometric or geographical fact to evaluating as an eco-epidemiological facture. Thus we define the Normalized Environmental Distance (NED) as a multidimensional distance based on environmental variables relevant to the problem under study. We show how to calculate this distance, based on information derived from satellites, and how use it in the context of models for dengue.Resumen—La epidemiologia panoramica o en ingles "Landscape epidemiology" es una disciplina que intenta encontrar respuestas a problemas epidemiologicos basada en una mirada holistica y espacial del problema. Esta suele utilizarse en enfermedades trasmitidas por el aire, el agua y mas frecuentemente en aquellas transmitidas por vectores, como es el caso del Dengue cuyo vector es un mosquito. Tipicamente a partir de un conjunto de datos de campo y variables derivadas por satelites se construyen modelos de estas relaciones. El problema aparece en el hecho de que el numero de lugares en donde se dispone de datos de campo suele ser pequeno. En este trabajo nosotros proponemos redefinir el concepto de "cercania" o mas generalmente de "distancia" para pasar de pensarlo como un hecho geometrico o geografico a evaluarlo como un hecho eco-epidemiologico. Asi definimos la Distancia Ambiental Normalizada (NED) como una distancia multidimensional basada en variables ambientales relevantes para la problematica en cuestion. En el trabajo mostramos operativamente como calcular esta distancia en base a informacion derivada de satelites y como utilizarla en el contexto de modelos para dengue.

Water quality of the inner Puno Bay was evaluated; we established 12 stations, and were assessed monthly from December 2010 to April 2011. Physicochemical water parameters were determined with EPA and APHA standard methods. Nutrients were determined spectrophotometrically. The parameters of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, phosphates, nitrates and nitrites of water show that the outlet of the stabilization lagoon of Puno City (Espinar Island) is a critical area of contamination at the inner Puno Bay. Transparency values were low. The electrical conductivity of water showed high values. Alkalinity values were high (75 - 150 mg/L) and very high (> 150 mg/L), indicating a high content of carbonates and bicarbonates. Water hardness were high (121-180 mg/L) and very high (> 180 mg/L). High levels of fecal coliform in waters near the island Espinar would be the result of wastewater discharges from the Puno city, without proper treatment.

Terahertz electromagnetic radiation, its generation, detection and material interaction is an emerging field of study. Diverse range of researches is going on to explore and understand this frequency range and its potential applications. Situated between microwave and optical frequency domain, THz radiation is non-responding to the techniques commonly used for these two domains, thus insufficiency of supporting technology, high atmospheric absorption, lack of high power source have kept this spectrum away from technical and commercial interest for a long time. Advancements in Photonics like high power ultrafast lasing devices, high-power THz generation by means of nonlinear effects, band-engineered hetero-structures have greatly extended its potential. In order to explore all its merits and realize it as a full-fledged functional frontier, more high power sources, more sensitive sensors and efficient waveguides need to be developed. In order to achieve that, the main focus of the research world has moved ...

Calceolaria is a diversified American genus whose species are mainly visited by oil-collecting bees, representing a highly specialized plant-pollinator system. However, although this is a unique plant system, different aspects of its ecology and evolution remain unexplored. In this study we characterized fifteen polymorphic microsatellites for four Andean Calceolaria species using next-generation sequencing. The number of alleles per locus (Na) for the study species ranged from 2 to 11, and the observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity ranged from 0 to 0.85 and 0.3 to 0.87, respectively, while FIS ranged from 0.03 to 1.0. Among the four species, C. cana showed the greatest genetic diversity, followed by C. filicaulis. C. arachnoidea and C. lanigera showed similar, lower genetic diversity. These makers are a useful tool to conduct futures studies on population structure and gene flow. Specifically, this set of markers will be helpful to estimate selfing rates as a first approximation to the understanding of the role of specialization in plant mating system evolution

We have measured the transmission spectra of splitring resonator metamaterials from 0 to 10 THz for parallel and perpendicular polarizations. Calculations of the lattice and plasmon mode dispersion relations in combination with electromagnetic simulations confirm the presence of multiple higher order lattice and plasmon modes. High frequency high-Q resonances that result from plasmon-lattice mode coupling extend the range of application of THz metamaterial based devices and provide an avenue for modulating their response.

Sepsis-associated multiple organ failure is a major cause of mortality characterized by a massive increase of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and mitochondrial dysfunction. Despite intensive research, determining events in the progression or reversal of the disease are incompletely understood. Herein, we studied two prototype sepsis models: endotoxemia and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) - which showed very different lethality rates (2.5% and 67%, respectively) - , evaluated iNOS, ROS and respiratory chain activity, and investigated mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, as possible processes involved in sepsis outcome. Endotoxemia and CLP showed different iNOS, ROS/RNS, and complex activities time-courses. Moreover, these alterations reverted after 24-h endotoxemia but not after CLP. Mitochondrial biogenesis was not elicited during the first 24 h in either model but instead, 50% mtDNA depletion was observed. Mitochondrial fusion and fission were evaluated using real-time PCR of mitofusin-2 (Mfn2), dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp1), and using electron microscopy. During endotoxemia, we observed a decrease of Mfn2-mRNA levels at 4-6 h, and an increase of mitochondrial fragmentation at 6 h. These parameters reverted at 24 h. In contrast, CLP showed not only decreased Mfn2-mRNA levels at 12-18 h but also increased Drp1-mRNA levels at 4 h, and enhanced and sustained mitochondrial fragmentation. The in vivo pretreatment with mdivi-1 (Drp1 inhibitor) significantly attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in CLP. Therefore, abnormal fusion-to-fission balance, probably evoked by ROS/RNS secondary to iNOS induction, contributes to the progression of sepsis. Pharmacological targeting of Drp1 may be a potential novel therapeutic tool for sepsis. Fil: Gonzalez, Analia Silvia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; Argentina Fil: Elguero, María Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; Argentina Fil: Finocchietto, P.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; Argentina Fil: Holod, Silvia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; Argentina Fil: Romorini, Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; Argentina Fil: Miriuka, Santiago Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; Argentina Fil: Peralta, J. G.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; Argentina Fil: Poderoso, Juan José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; Argentina Fil: Carreras, Maria Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; Argentina

We have designed, fabricated and characterized positive and complementary metasurfaces for biosensing. We demonstrate that complementary metasurfaces have a higher sensitivity than their positive counterparts with the largest increase in sensitivity occurring off resonance.