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DC Motors are broadly utilized in mechanical applications, home appliances and robot controllers on account of their high unwavering quality, adaptability and low cost, where speed and position control of motor are required. The activity of a DC motor is performed by conventional controllers and intelligent controllers in MATLAB environment. The speed control of a dc motor utilizing conventional controllers (PID, IMC) and intelligent controllers (FLC, ANFIS) in view of MATLAB simulation program. A numerical model of the process has been created utilizing genuine plant information and afterward conventional controllers and intelligent controllers has been planned. The outcome acquired as rise time, settling time. Out of these controllers FUZZY can give a superior outcome. Another intelligent controller like ANFIS Controller was created based on Sugeno type FIS along with PID can give a superior performance like quicker settling time, and its sensitivity to applied load. A relative investigation of execution assessment of all controllers has been finished.

A method of designing the Continuous dynamic Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) by considering reduced order model of a given large scale MIMO system. It has been shown that the controller designed for the original system improves the transient performance over the usage of conventional PID controller. This projected method produces stable reduced order models for given original higher order established system and it gives better track of rounding and transition errors for each measured value by automatically. The method has been tested by considering typical numerical example, available in the literature.

The authors proposed a method for order reduction of linear dynamic systems using the advantages of the Interpolation criterion and Routh method. The denominator polynomial of the reduced order model is determined by using the Routh method while the numerator coefficients are computed by minimizing the integral square error between the original and the reduced system using Interpolation method. The proposed method guarantees stability of the reduced model, if the original high order system is stable system. A PID controller is designed for the high order original systems through its low order model proposed. Some numerical examples were considered to explain the effectiveness of the method.

Two F1 hybrids one between wild C. annuum var glabrisculum and C. frutescens (H1) and another between wild C. annuum var antigua and C. frutescens (H2) were obtained. Cytogenetic analysis of F1 hybrids showed that the parental genomes differ from each other by 2 or 1 translocations, 1 inversion and some minor structural alterations leading to reduced homologies between the respective parental genomes. Meiotic irregularities pollen and seed sterilities were higher in H2 than in H1. Probable reasons for the differences in respect of their crossability relationships, chromosome pairing and fertilities in non-rearing of reciprocal hybrids are suggested. The role of chromosome structural changes in genome differentiation is suggested. Isolating mechanisms viz., hybrid inviability and hybrid weakness in the reciprocal cross and hybrid sterility in the F1 hybrids are in operation.

A new method for generating low order models for large-scale interval systems using simplified polynomial derivative technique is proposed. New algorithms are developed for obtaining the numerator and denominator polynomials of the reduced order model which also retain the steady state response characteristics of the original high order interval system in its low order model, unlike existing methods [1,2]. The method is computationally simple avoiding the necessity of formation of long Routh-type differentiation arrays and reciprocal transformations and always retains stability of the original system in the low-order models, unlike the existing methods [3-5]. Typical numerical examples illustrating the proposed method are provided.

Six autotriploids were isolated from the progeny of an M 2 line of Capsicum annuum L. var. PCI whose progenitor was an M 1 semisterile (induced by 40kR gamma-ray). These triploids were characterised by large sized dark green leaves, stomata, pollen, flower and fruit growth besides longer petioles and greater plant spread. Nevertheless, these bear fewer branches, shorter internodes, fewer fruits and seeds besides delayed growth and flowering compared to their M 1 progenitor and the control. The mean chiasma frequencies in the triploids were significantly less than I ½ times to that of their M, progenitor and their control. Lower pollen and seed fertilities recorded in them was mostly due to meiotic abnormalities. The possible reasons for differences in morphometrics and cytological features in the autotriploids recorded earlier and now are suggested.

The authors present a new procedure for the reduction of large-scale systems by Continued-Fraction Expansion (CFE) about s = 0 and s = a. The method is simple and useful as it avoids necessity of application of reciprocal transformation and need to evaluate the time moments of the original system before hand. The method only needs the application of linear transformation and inverse linear transformation at a proposed points s = a. The method also overcomes the ambiguity in the selection of 'a' and always generates unique stable low order models for stable high order systems unlike other methods. The proposed method is computationally superior to many of the existing methods. Typical numerical examples illustrating the proposed method are provided.

In this paper a hybrid distributed generation (DG) system connected to isolated load is studied. The DG system consisting of photo voltaic (PV) system, fuel cells, aqua electrolyzer, diesel engine generator and a battery energy storage system. The ambient temperature value of PV is taken as constant to make the output power of PV is directly proportional to the radiation and output power of other DG sources and frequency of the system is controlled by simple integral (I), proportional plus integral (PI), and proportional plus integral and derivative(PID) controllers. A maiden attempt is made to apply a more recent and powerful optimization technique named as bacterial foraging technique for optimization of controllers gains of the proposed hybrid DG system. The system responses with bacterial foraging based controllers are compared with that of classical method. Investigations reveal that bacterial foraging based controllers gives better responses than the classical method and also PID controller is best. Sensitivity analysis is carried out which demonstrates the robustness of the optimized gain values for system loading condition., {"references":["David J. Hall, R. Gerald Colclaser, \"Transient Modeling and Simulation of a Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell\". IEEE Trans on Energy Conversion, Vol. 14, No.3, September 1999.","Toshihisa Shimizu, Masaki Hirakata, Tomoya Kamezawa, Hisao Watanabe, \"Generation Control Circuit for Photovoltaic Modules\". IEEE Trans. On power Electronics, Vol. 16, No.3, MAY2001.","Paulo F. Ribeiro, Brain K. Johnson, Mariesa L. Crow, Aysen Arsoy, Yilu Liu, \" Energy Storage Systems for Advanced Power Applications,\" Proceedings of IEEE, Vol, No. 12, December 2001","K. M. Passino, \"Biomimicry of Bacterial Foraging for Distributed Optimisation and Control,\" IEEE Control System Magazine, June 2002.","M. A. Abido, \"Optimal Design of Power-System Stabilizers Using Particle Swarm Optimization,\" IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 406–413, Sep. 2002","Kaushik Rajashekara, \"Hybrid Fuel Cell Strategies for Clean Power Generation\", IEEE Trans on Industry applications, vol, 41, No.3, May/June 2005.","S. Mishra, \"A Hybrid Least Square-Fuzzy Bacterial Foraging Strategy for Harmonic Estimation,\" Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Transactions, Feb 2005, Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s):61 – 73","T.Senjyu, T. Nakaji, K. Uezato, and T. Funabashi, \"A Hybrid Power System Uses Alternative Energy Facilities in Isolated Islands,\" IEEE Trans. Energy convers. Vol .20,","Hayashi. D, Senjyu, T, Sakamoto. R, Uasaki, N, Funabashi, T, Sekine, H. \"Generating Power Levelling of Renewable Energy for Small Power System in Isolated Island,\"6-10 Nov.2005 Page(s) 6 pp.\n[10]\tS. Mishra, C. N Bhende, \"Bacterial Foraging Technique-Based Optimized Active Power Filter for Load Compensation,\" Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on Volume 22, Issue 1, Jan. 2007 Page(s):457 – 465.\n[11]\tDong-Jing Lee and Li Wang, \"Small-Signal Stability Analysis of an Autonomous Hybrid Renewable Energy Power Generation/ Energy Storage System Part I: Time- Domain Simulations. IEEE Trans on Energy Conversion, Vol, 23, NO. 1, March 2008.\n[12]\tKumar, B.S, Mishra, S, \"Agc for Distributed Generation\", Pages 89-94 24-27 Nov-2008."]}

The occurrence of polyteny in the endosperm of field-grown plants as well as cultured endosperms of variety Vg272 of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.) is recorded. There is a pronounced banded structure of these chromosomes similar to the ones observed in Dipteran salivary glands. Polyteny under physiologically controlled conditions also seems feasible in pearl millet.

One of the colchicine treated plants of the cultivar Co2 ofCapsicum annuum L. was found to be a chromosome mosaic without seed-set and with as low as 4·95% pollen fertility. The growth of the plant was stunted. Its chromosome number (2n) varied from 38 to 96. Chromosome associations and chiasma frequencies were studied in each of the chromosome classes. Bivalents and association of 4 chromosomes were prevalent. Univalents were common. Laggards were observed at anaphases I and II. The chromosome mosaicism is attributed to the effect of colchicine on the spindle and physiological process.

SUMMARYPachytene chromosome morphology of the entire haploid complement of P. philadelphica Lam. (n= 12) was studied. An idiogram was constructed based on chromosome length, lengths of chromatic and achromatic segments and the arm ratios. The twelve chromosomes were distinguishable from one another on the basis of these criteria. Chromosome eleven has the nucleolus organiser in the short arm. The present observations differ from those of GOTTSCHALK (1954) in some respects. Such differences are presumed to be due to the differences inherent in the genomes of the two populations studied.

The seed protein profile of eight taxa of Chili peppers obtained by disc electrophoresis was found to be a diagnostic character in the study of phylogenetic relationships. The distinctness of each species and the wild and cultivated nature of concerned taxa has been confirmed. While the clustering of wildC. annuum var. 'glabriusculum' withC. baccatum types indicated that the former is the progenitor of the latter group, the marked differences discernible in the seed protein profile of all other taxa suggest a polyphyletic origin for the genusCapsicum.

Frequencies of pollen mother cells with different numbers of bivalents significantly deviated from that expected with a binomial distribution in Capsicum annuum desynaptic mutants controlled by a recessive gene. This pattern varied in F2 segregants.Key words: Capsicum, chili pepper, desynaptics, bivalent distribution.

Pachytene chromosome morphology of the haploid complement of P. lanceifolia Nees (n=12) was studied. They are characterised by the presence of heterochromatic and euchromatic segments. An idiogram was constructed based on chro-mosome length, lengths of heterochromatic and euchromatic segments and arm ratios. Chromosome 11 has the nucleolus organiser in the totally heterochromatic short arm.

Crosses between a wild species C. chacoense and three cultivated species of chili pepper viz. C. annuum, C. frutescens and C. chinense yielded hybrids when C. chacoense was the seed parent but the reciprocal crosses were unsuccessful. C. chacoense × C. annuum F1 hybrids were partly fertile and therefore an F2 population could be raised; the other two F1 hybrids were totally sterile. Chromosome pairing in the F1 plants resulted largely in bivalents and a few multivalents and univalents. The genomes of the four species share large homologies and the role of chromosome structural changes in genome differentiation is suggested. Hybrid sterility is the major reproductive isolation mechanism.

Pachytene chromosome morphology of P. pubescens L., (n=12) was studied. The twelve chromosomes were identified individually high lighting their diagnostic features and an idiogram, constructed on the basis of total chromosome length, lengths of chromatic and achromatic segments and arm ratios, was provided. Chromosome 8 has the nucleolus organiser in the totally chromatic short arm.

In a population of Capsicum frutescens cultivar Tabasco one desynaptic plant was isolated. Meiotic studies in the normal and the desynaptic showed reduced chiasma frequency and pollen fertility in the desynaptic. Chromosome paring at pachytene was normal and complete in the normal sibs. While it was partial in the desynaptic. Twelve bivalents were regularly formed both at diakinesis and metaphase I in the normal, while univalents ranging from 12-24 were recorded at the corresponding stages in the desynaptic. At anaphase I the chromosome segregation was regular (12:12) in the normal sibs and irregular in the desynaptic. It is presumed that desynapsis in Capsicum frutescens may have been due to a spontaneous gene mutation.

Studies concerning the chromosome behaviour of autotriploids and aneuploids in Physalis L. are meagre. Autotriploids in this genus were obtained for the first time by crossing induced tetraploids of P. pubescens L. (2n=4x=48) with their diploid progenitors. Morphologically these were intermediate in size. At dia-kinesis trivalents, bivalents and univalents were encountered. The mean chiasma frequency was less than one and half times when compared to the corresponding diploids. Meiotic irregularities such as occurrence of non-orientation of uni-valents and bivalents at metaphase I, few laggards and unequal distribution of chromosomes at anaphase I etc. were observed. The plants were partly pollen and seed sterile.

After gamma irradiation (30 Kr) of seeds of Capsicum annuum cultivar cerasiformis (2n=24) two plants were recorded each carrying two interchanges. The nucleolus organiser chromosome appeared not to be involved. The interchange heterozygotes were weak and meiosis was irregular. At least one multivalent as-sociation per PMC was recorded. At metaphase I the predominant orientation was adjacent. The probable reasons for anaphase I and other meiotic irregularities and the incidence of high pollen sterility are discussed.

In the colchicine induced autotetraploid Physalis pubescens L., meiotic spindle abnormality was observed in one plant. It is probable that the colchicine treatment may have disturbed the spindle organiser, thereby causing abnormal spindle behaviour. The genetic basis for this abnormality (multipolar spindle) could not be established on account of lack of seed set in the plant showing the abnormal spindle behavior.

Octoploidy was induced in Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum cultivar ‘cerasiformis’) through the application of colchicine and the cytomorphological features of two octoploid plants were described. In general, the octoploids did not exhibit gigas characters when compared to the tetraploids; on the contrary they were less vigorous, suggesting that the optimum and desirable ploidy level for Capsicum is probably tetraploid. Chromosome associations such as octovalents and hexavalents, in addition to IVs, IIIs, IIs and Is, were recorded at diakinesis and metaphase I. Meiosis was highly irregular and the pollen and seed fertility was very low. Cytological features of octoploid Chili peppers are compared with octoploids of Physalis and Petunia.

Partially sterile interspecific hybrids were obtained between C. annuum var. ‘cerasiformis’ and C. chinense var. ‘mishme’ (H1), and C. annuum var. ‘cerasiformis’ and C. baccatum var. ‘pendulum’ (H2). Morphologically the F1 hybrids were intermediate between the corresponding parents. Meiosis was irregular in the two F1 hybrids. Cytological analysis of the two F1 hybrids revealed that the genome of C. annuum differs from C. chinense by two translocations and some minor structural alterations and from C. baccatum by two translocations, a single inversion and some minor structural alterations. Isolation barriers such as hybrid inviability, weakness and hybrid breakdown in the H1 hybrid and, inaddition, desynapsis in the H2, were operative in these taxa. The differences between the present findings and those reported earlier on the two F1hybrids were attributed to differences in the genetic architecture of the taxa employed in hybridization.

Seeds ofCapsicum annuum L. cultivar cerasiformies were treated with 0.4 and 0.2% aqueous colchicine solution for 24 and 72 h respectively. Tetraploids were not realized; instead, interchange heterozygosity was observed in several plants in 0.4% treatment. The interchanges varied from 1 to 3 per plant. It is presumed that colchicine has induced chromosome breaks.