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This paper examines a new application in the multi-criteria comparison of approximate boundary regions (MABAC). This method estimates the distance between the target performance of each of the observed options and the approximate area of the solution. An approximate cut-off area is specified for each standard and depends on all alternative values for the observed standard. This method is demonstrated in six steps to support decisions about metal forming applications. The results of previous studies were used to determine the criteria and their weight. In the SPIF process, axial feed, feed, tool diameter, depth and other process parameters in relation to the sample will greatly affect the mechanical quality of the square cups, including maximum Thinning, spring back, wall angle and surface roughness. These parameters are when creating a quality square cup created by VMC. Experiments using the L9 orthogonal array with MABAC and sensitivity analysis are designed to accurately detect these parameters, and the results, including mechanical quality, are analyzed. The best parameters to improve product quality. Material thickness 1.5 mm, feed 100 mm per minute, tool diameter 8 mm, downward movement 0.2 mm. Sensitivity analysis was performed using this model and the results show better results than the initial forming conditions.

The usage of natural fibers which are cheap and easily available is increasing day by day owing to its easy availability and eco-friendliness It is mainly used for its less weight and medium load applications These fibers were utilised for various applications such as automobile, structural etcThe current study deals with utilisation of Demostachya Bipinnata Fibers The selected fibers were retted After this these fibers were silane treated and the comparative study between the treated and untreated fibers was done Demostachya Bipinnata Fibers were developed and characterised for various physical, Chemical and tribological properties Pin on disc was used to examine the tribological properties as per ASTM G-99-05 standards Based on the results it can be concluded that the treated one showed better characteristics than the untreated one Scanning electronic microscopy were used to evaluate the crack formation, Primary and secondary plateaus.

The mechanical and morphological effects of the demostachya bipinnata is analysed for its effectivenss.The fibre demostachya bipinnata with the help of polyester composites were examined. The composites were developed by using hand layup method. The various weight percentages such as 5 wt%, 10 wt% and 15 percentage were examined. The Physical and mechanical characteristics of the developed composites were examined. The various properties such as density, tensile strength, compressive strength, young’s modulus were examined. Based on the results obtained it can be concluded that the demostachya bipinnata densities of the developed composites increased with increase in the weight percentage of the composites. The compressive strength of the composites with 5% of demostachya bipinnata showed better compressive strength. Increasing the demostachya bipinnata fibers increased the tensile strength but it decreased the compressive strength. With the results it can be suggested that demostachya bipinnata with polyester composites can be used in automobile and structural applications.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of various modes of Augmented Reality (AR) in learning the skills associated with a 3D printing technology called Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). Three versions of an AR application named ED-AR (Educational-AR) are created using the software: Unity 3D engine and Vuforia engine. Each version contains different levels of augmentation like meret extual instructions, demonstration videos and interactive 3D (three dimensional) model simulations. Batches of students from different engineering disciplines are exposed to self-learning using the different versions of the developed application. The results show that the version with interactive simulations helped the students to learn the 3D printing skills effectively at a faster rate and also permitted good retention of the learned procedure.

Metal spinning is an advanced chip-free forming method, while energy components are mainly used in the aero and missile industries, where components require high specific strength. By using these systems in a block diagram, test time and materials can be significantly reduced. In addition, it also allows the creation of parts with improved mechanical properties, almost 3 times more favorable for the state of the raw material, as well as more accurate dimensions and surface finish. This study improves the parameters of the Al 6061-T6 alloy metal forming process and achieves minimum surface roughness (μm) and spinning time (s), while maximizing thinning (mm) using COPRAS (Complex Proportional Assessment) Maximum hardness estimation and analysis This study provides detailed guidance on spin mill process research along with the research the defectives of the products are minimized and component failures The expected value is very close to the measured value the significance of this approach can be used to evaluate different spinning level for appropriate cases.

Tribological properties are one of the important parameters of examining the performance of the diesel oil. Diesel oil is predominantly used everywhere and it is one of the important essentials in daily living. This study aims to examine the tribological and the thermo physical properties of molybdenum disulfide nano particles. In this work the nano particles were dispersed in 3 different concentrations such as 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 weight percentages with the pure diesel oil. Molybdenum disulfide nano particles were immersed in diesel oil at different proportions. In this work a pin on disc tribometer were utilised to analyze the frictional properties. Wear properties of Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nano particles were analysed. The results reveal that the addition of molybdenum nano particles marginally reduced the wear properties. The other key properties such as nano fluids viscosity, viscosity index obtained the highest values at 0.7 weight percentages. Based on the results it was concluded that the frictional property had no impact on the anti friction and anti wear properties at different concentrations with diesel oil.

This Research Paper Involves the study of Machining and improvement in the field of their Process Parameters of AM-60 magnesium alloy, which is obtained by gravity die casting with a hardness of 65 and using the orthogonal array L9 Taguchi as well as using the Approach for this study that is Multi-Attributive Bordering Approximation Comparison – MABAC the idea of the method is based on the fact that here, for each option of the approximate area limit, the distance of the target function is determined. For each criterion, a separate method explains the edge limits and according to the observed criteria, depends on the value of all options on the fact that entirely dependent on certain prominent machining Parameters for their study using a highly systematical approach to obtain the maximized amount of material removal along with minimum roughness and the net power and the power supply including the burr height error preceding to circularity. Many drilling experiments have been performed with the L9 orthogonal array on a CNC machine furthermore the Cutting tool was cryogenically engineered to perform on the experiments in which the tools were hardened once and the tools were cryogenically treated. The bits are treated to improve performance and further reduce any errors that occur during machining of magnesium alloy. This method is demonstrated through a series of common methods that help us decide whether to use drilling process optimization for the manufacturing industry.

In building sectors, a substantial portion of the energy is consumed for the use of space cooling and heating of the system. Phase Change Material (PCM) based passive cooling method is one of the innovative methods for energy-saving and temperature control of the buildings. In the present study, PCM integrated thermal performance of the building has been simulated through numerical assessments using EnergyPlus software for Jaipur city. This study evaluates the temperature reduction of a PCM building with a phase change temperature of 24 °C was integrated into the building wall. The results show that the PCM building maintains the comfort temperature for the whole year without any mechanical system. This building result helps in achieving zero energy in buildings which can be used by engineers and architects.

A constant proportionate of woven E-Glass fiber reinforced Polyurethane (PUR)/Vinyl ester resin (VER) IPNs with different component ratios were synthesized and the polymerization processes were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermal stability of the polymer was studied by TGA and DSC. In order to analyze the properties of the reinforced VER/PUR IPNs with different environmental conditions, proper mechanical tests such as Tensile, Compressive, Flexural, Impact and Heat Deflection Test were carried out as per the ASTM standards. The results exhibit that the mixture of 60%VER and 40%PU blend shown the improved impact strength as well as max. elongation during break. Whereas slight drop in mechanical strength in all tests were noticed. The scanning electron microscope analysis as well as performed on the reinforced and unreinforced composite.

For our study the main elements chosen are aluminium-silicon alloy, form a group of materials and plays a most vital part in the process of casting with other materials The alloys of aluminium and silicon have a desired liking in the field of Aero-space engineering and The Automotive Production industries due to the fact of increased and exceptional mechanical and casting abilities and furthermore increased resistance to defective causing areas in corrosion and abrasive properties Adding trace elements of the alloy such as Cu and Mg can enhance the aluminium-silicon alloy for its mechanical properties and their sensitivity to various heat treatment processes the paper presented is to examine the various parameters associated with turning operation to achieve developed production and developed value products and thus maintain competition. In order to achieve the min surface-Roughness (Ra), chip thickness roundness and tool wear using the grey relation-based TAGUCHI analysis method this study was investigated for parameter of most prominent affectiveness to optimize the multi-parameter Turning process [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] . Consider the following Turning parameters: spindle speed, feed speed, cutting depth, environment and insert corner radius Nine experiments were accomplished on the Taguchi L16 orthogonal array, and then a grey correlation analysis was performed in order to resolve the Multi-Parameters Response Optimization Problem on the basis of grey relational value the optimal parameter level is determined. Estimation of the importance and dominating parameters in the study were verified by the analysis of variance methodology also known as (ANOVA) for the overall excellence of the cutting process. The best values of the parameters obtained during the study are determined by confirmatory tests.

Copper plays a vital role in the performance of brake friction materials due to its better thermal conductivity and fade resistance. But owing to the negative impact towards to the aquatic life, the usage of copper in brake material formulations is reduced considerably in developed nations. Research is being carried out globally to reduce the copper with single ingredient or combination in brake materials. Thus the present study dealt with the development of brake pads using a commercially available alloy of aluminum and iron (Mechanomade) in the formulation with other ingredients. To compare the performance, three other brake pads were also developed by replacing mechanomade with copper, aluminum, and iron in the formulation. The developed brake pads were analysed for the physical, chemical, mechanical and thermal properties as per standard industrial practice. The tribological characteristics were analysed using Chase test following SAE J661. It was evident from the test results that Iron aluminum alloy based brake pads showed good fade and recovery characteristics. To study in detail regarding the worn surface characteristics, Scanning Electron Microscope with Elemental mapping was used.

The Identification of new polymeric fibers is in high demand owing to its versatile applications. In this work the Lightweight foamed concrete (LFC) concrete is selected as a key ingredients and it is blended uniformly. In this work various mechanical properties were examined by incorporating newly modified polypropylene fibers, it is biaxial oriented in its structure.4:1 ratio of sand proportion is maintained. Newly modified PP fibers with percentages of 0.30% and 0.40% were added. The foamed concrete was intended to accomplish the consequence of impact from volume newly modified polypropylene fiber utilized with various relieving ages. The examination was setup to look at its mechanical properties with agreement to ASTM standard strategy for testing. From the outcome broke down, the consideration of polypropylene fiber into the lightweight foamed concrete examples has more commitment in flexural quality when contrasted with control test without the fiber. The 0.30% and 0.40% level of polypropylene fibers added is demonstrated to have contributed more on flexural of LFC. Based on the results it was concluded that the 0.30% is an ideal volume of fibers that ought to be incorporated to contribute the greatest flexural quality of the lightweight foamed concrete.

This research paper presents a unique biodiesel, Bael biodiesel, with diesel vehicles. Bael oil is produced from bael seeds, which are obtained from the fruits of the bael tree. Within that article, the performance, toxicity, and ignition properties of a diesel engine running on diesel, bael seed oil methyl ester (BSOME) and its blends (B20, B40, B60, B80, and B100) are discussed. Due to the increased acid quality of the oil, BSOME was constructed by mixing bael seed oil and methanol in an acid as well as alkali catalytic process. While BSOME as well as its blends have poorer brake thermal efficiency than diesel, they have smaller emissions, with the exception of NOx. According to this research, blend B20 (20% bael biodiesel + 80% diesel) can be used to partly replace diesel in conventional CI engines despite imposing some modifications.

The Utilization of natural fibers for various polymeric applications in increasing owing to its cost effectiveness and versatile applications. In this work four different Tri layer hybrid composites were developed by using hand lay up by varying the kenaf and ramie fibers in different stacking sequences. Fourdifferent hybrid composites with K1-Kenaf/Ramie/Kenaf (KE/RA/KE) K2-Ramie/Kenaf/Ramie (RA/KE/RA) K3-Kenaf-Kenaf-Kenaf (KE/KE/KE), K-4 Ramie-Ramie-Ramie(RA/RA/RA) were investigated. Tensile, Flexural, Impact and Shore-d Hardness were investigated. Outcome of the results depicted that the tensile, flexural and hardness studies possessed similar results. The Composites with ramie fiber at skin layer and kenaf as core material posseseed good tensile, flexural and hardness properties, Similarly the kenaf at outer layer and ramie as a core had better impact strength. The outcome reveals that the composites can be used as an alternative in structural and automobile applications.SEM(Scanning ElectronicMicrscopy) was done to observe fracture surfaces, Fiber pull out and void formation.

The intent of this work is to investigate the mechanical properties of chemically treated banana and areca fibers as reinforcement for various applications. Compression molding technique was used to prepare the composites. Fiber loading was varied by 5 and 10 volume weight percentages. Both areca and banana fiber were chemically treated with 5 wt.% sodium carbonate. Tensile, flexural and hardness Testes were carried out. On seeing the results, it was witnessed that the mechanical properties and thermal stability got increased with fiber loading and sodium carbonate treatment. Ten fibers reinforced composite provided the best set of mechanical and thermal properties, while banana fiber reinforced polypropylene composites had slightly better properties as compared to jute fiber reinforced polypropylene composites.

Lubrication and abrasiveness in the brake friction composites are imperative characteristics for the better tribological performance at elevated temperature conditions. The present study aims to develop brake friction composites by conventional manufacturing processes in the form of standard brake pads using iron sulfide as a solid lubricant with a synergistic effect of red mud as an abrasive. Three different brake friction composites were developed by varying key ingredients such as red mud and iron sulfide by keeping other parental ingredients as constant. The developed composites were subjected to experimentation for physical, chemical, mechanical and thermal properties in accordance with industrial standards. The tribological performance was analyzed experimentally using Chase friction test rig according to IS2742 part-4. From the experimental work, it can be concluded that the synergetic effect of red mud and iron sulfide particles in friction composites showed stable fade and recovery behaviors, while the iron sulfide-based friction composites showed lesser wear rate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the Chase tested friction composites showed the surface characteristics of the composites.

The manuscript discusses about the effect of compressive load on the E-Glass fiber reinforced interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs). In this work, a series of combination of vinyl ester (VER) loaded polyurethane (PU) IPNs have been taken as the matrix material with the E-Glass reinforcement, with the loading of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% PU respectively. Besides hand-layup technique was used to fabricate the cylindrical shells in order to get the final shape of the IPN composite pipe. Simultaneously to validate the compressive strength behavior of the IPN composite pipe, experimental analysis was carried out as per the ASTM D695 standard at normal room temperature to extract compressive strength value of the PU loaded IPN composite pipes. During this test, it was observed that physical strength of the composite pipes reduces gradually as much as PU addition into the IPN composite pipe increases. Surprisingly, another important notification was that, the geometric structure of the composite pipes is not affected as like as the crushing observed on the pure VER pipe. As much as loading of the PU into the IPN, increases the structural integrity of the composite pipes in outstanding (retains structural ability) manner. Further the experimental analysis values are validated with numerical analysis software ANSYS, obtained values and numerical values are shown good agreement each other.

Over the years, transmission system plays a vital role in automobile industry in order to improve the performance of vehicle. Since 323 BC to till date gears plays a vital role in building the integral parts of washing machines, gear pumps, gear motors and wrist watches and so on. The lot of gear applications are extended in all sector of transmission mediums, without gear elements most of the transmission become invaluable in modern engineering industry. This paper aims to design and analysis of gear testing kit, for testing the load generation developed on the gear tooth through brake drum. The main objective of this work is to design the components in a gear testing kit and the components involved in the gear testing domain, are modelled using CATIA software. The main components in our paper are 1/2hp motor, coupling; shaft and bearing, mating gears are made of same dimensions and of different materials. Further the work is to analyse the mating gears which are made of same material and analysis are carried through ANSYS software. Static Structural Analysis is carried through ANSYS analytical Software. Two types of plots are performed and their corresponding Von – Misses stress and Total Deformation at three different torque levels are evaluated.

The aim of this entire research approach is to produce the damage free drilling operation on the IPN composites by selecting the suitable cutting parameters. The standard combinations of polyurethane and vinyl ester resins were used as the matrix material to fabricate the IPN composite laminate with carbon reinforcement. To expedite this, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and taguchi combination method was used. Based on the technique proposed in taguchi, the plan of experiments had been carried out, by opting the variant process parameters of the drilling; similarly, ANOVA was used to determine the drilling characteristics of the IPN laminate (carbon fiber) of various drill bits like Helical flute, Four-flute, Helical flute – K12 drill bits. The main objective upon doing this experiment was that, to establish the finest correlation between the feed rate and cutting velocity as the output of delamination in IPN laminate, by precisely choosing the multi linear regression analysis. At last, the evaluation tests were carried out to compare the obtained result with correlated analysis, as well it had shown significant agreement with each other.

Present research focuses on finding better fibre reinforcement cheap and eco-friendly polypropylene composite Mechanical Properties increased with increase in fibre loading and sodium carbonate Treatment. Banana and Ramie Fibres were chosen as reinforcement. The compression moulding technique was used to prepare the composite material. Fibre loading was varied at 0, 5 and 10% volume. Both raw Banana and Ramie Fibre was chemically treated with 5 wt% sodium carbonate and composites were also prepared with 0, 5 and 10% volume treated ramie and banana fibre. Analysis of prepared composites was subsequently conducted using Mechanical Tensile, flexural, hardness tests and. 10% fibre reinforced composite provided the best set of mechanical properties. It can be concluded after chemical treatment the mechanical treatment got enhanced.

The need of green materials for various applications is in high demand. The bio fibers play a very important position to achieve eco friendliness and cost effectiveness. The aim is to analyse the effect of hybrid mat performance. In this work banana and ramie fibers were taken into consideration, With vinyl ester composites. Three different combinations have been developed in laminating the composites at 90 degree orientation. ASTM standards were used to examine the mechanical performances of the composites. The worn out analysis have been carried out by using scanning electronic microscopy. In this work two single layer fibers of ramie and banana have been taken into account and the third composite is developed with hybridisation of red banana and ramie fibers. On comparing all the results obtained the hybrid double layer of red banana and ramie fibers possessed good results in tensile/flexural property. The impact properties of ramie fiber were marginally higher than red banana fibers.

Natural fibers utilization for various applications is in increasing trend owing to its eco friendliness and ease availability. In this work the effect of kenaf fibers as key ingredient is studied for brake pad applications. The Consequences of kenaf fiber as reinforcement is studied for physical and mechanical properties. Kenaf fibers have been added in 3 different weight percentages from 0 wt% to 15 wt%. The developed composites were evaluated as per industrial standards. Properties such as density, ash content,hardness,water absorption and compressibility have been studied in this work. The brake pad samples were prepared and subjected for testing for various physical and mechanical properties. All the tests have been carried out by standard industrial procedure. Based on the results it can be clinched that the properties of hardness, density and content of ash density, decreased to certain extent and other properties such as compressibility, porosity and water absorption capacity increased with fiber loading of kenaf fiber. It can be concluded that the fiber loading has impact on the performance of fibers.