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La innovación responsable en un país en desarrollo debe ser parte de la cultura universitaria. Procesos de innovación mundiales durante las dos últimas décadas presagian un desarrollo vertiginoso en la humanidad con aplicaciones prometedoras como dispositivos electrónicos portátiles, vestibles, implantables e incluso compatibles con sistemas biológicos. La innovación como cultura en distintos centros de investigación y desarrollo han logrado avances exitosos y emocionantes en distintos dispositivos electrónicos orgánicos como los diodos emisores de luz orgánicos, sistemas fotovoltaicos orgánicos, transistores orgánicos de efecto de campo, sensores y memorias. A continuación, se procede a realizar una revisión actualizada sobre el campo emergente y a su vez innovador de la electrónica orgánica, la atención se centra en una introducción clara al campo donde se resalta sus ventajas y desventajas, se incluye una revisión sobre dos dispositivos que aquí se consideran insignes en el campo de la electrónica orgánica, como son las celdas solares orgánicas y los transistores orgánicos de efecto de campo. Para cada uno de los dispositivos seleccionados en esta revisión, se realiza una revisión del estado del arte, el principio básico de funcionamiento y ejemplos particulares que determinen de manera clara los procesos de innovación. Finalmente, se brinda una discusión con la perspectiva para la inclusión de un campo innovador en la cultura de investigación del Ecuador.

Objective Based on preoperative clinical and postoperative pathological variables, we aim to build a prediction model of cancer specific mortality (CSM) at 1, 3, and 5 years for patients with bladder transitional cell carcinoma treated with RC. Material and methods Retrospective analysis of 517 patients with diagnosis of cell carcinoma treated by RC (1986–2009). Demographic, clinical, surgical and pathological variables were collected, as well as complications and evolution after RC. Comparative analysis included Chi square test and ANOVA technique. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression to identify the independent predictors of CSM. The individual probability of CSM was calculated at 1, 3 and 5 years according to the general equation (logistic function). Calibration was obtained by the Hosmer–Lemeshow method and discrimination with the elaboration of a ROC curve (area under the curve). Results BC was the cause of death in 225 patients (45%); 1, 3 and 5-year CSM were 17%, 39.2% and 46.3%, respectively. The pT and pN stages were identified as independent prognostic variables of CSM at 1, 3 and 5 years. Three prediction models were built. The predictive capacity was 70.8% (CI 95% 65–77%, p = .000) for the 1st year, 73.9% (CI95% 69.2–78.6%, p = .000) for the third and 73.2% (CI% 68.5–77.9%, p = .000) for the 5th year. Conclusions The prediction model allows the estimation of CSM risk at 1, 3 and 5 years, with a reliability of 70.8%, 73.9% and 73.2%, respectively.

Resumen Objetivo Elaborar un modelo predictivo de mortalidad cancer especifica (MCE) a 1, 3, y 5 anos basandonos en variables clinicas precirugia y patologicas poscirugia en pacientes con tumor urotelial vesical tratados con cistectomia radical. Material y metodos Analisis retrospectivo de 517 pacientes diagnosticados de tumor urotelial vesical y tratados con cistectomia radical (1986 y 2009). Se recogieron variables demograficas, clinicas, quirurgicas y patologicas, asi como complicaciones acontecidas y evolucion tras cistectomia radical. Analisis comparativo con test de Chi cuadrado y ANOVA. Calculo de supervivencia con metodo de Kaplan-Meier y test de log-rank. Analisis univariante y multivariante mediante regresion logistica para identificar las variables predictoras independientes de MCE. Se calculo la probabilidad individual de MCE a 1, 3 y 5 anos segun la ecuacion general (funcion logistica). La calibracion se obtuvo mediante metodo de. Hosmer-Lemeshow y la discriminacion con elaboracion de una curva ROC (area bajo la misma). Resultados El tumor urotelial vesical fue la causa de muerte en 225 pacientes (45%). Se obtuvo una MCE el 1.°, 3.° y 5.° anos del 17%, 39,2% y 46,3% respectivamente. El estadio pT y pN se identificaron como variables pronosticas independientes de MCE al 1.°, 3.° y 5.° anos. Se construyeron 3 modelos predictivos. La capacidad predictiva fue del 70,8% (IC95% 65-77%, p = 0,000) para el 1.° ano, del 73,9% (IC95% 69,2-78,6%, p = 0,000) para el 3.° ano y del 73,2% (IC95% 68,5-77,9%, p = 0,000) para el 5.° ano. Conclusiones El modelo predictivo permite estimar el riesgo de MCE a los 1, 3 y 5 anos con fiabilidad del 70,8, 73,9 y 73,2% respectivamente.

Resumen Introduccion El papel de la quimioterapia adyuvante (QTAdy) en el tumor vesical musculo-invasivo sigue siendo controvertido actualmente. Objetivo Evaluar el efecto de la QTAdy en la supervivencia cancer especifica del tumor vesical musculo-invasivo tras cistectomia radical (CR). Material y metodos Analisis retrospectivo de 292 pacientes diagnosticados de tumor vesical urotelial tratados con CR entre 1986-2009 con estadio pT3-4pN0/+cM0, divididas en dos cohortes:185(63,4%) pacientes tratados con QTAdy y otra con 107(36,6%) sin QTAdy. Mediana de seguimiento de 40,5 meses (IQR 55-80,5). Analisis comparativo con test Chi cuadrado y t Student/ANOVA. Calculo de supervivencia con el metodo de Kaplan-Meier y test de long-rank. Analisis multivariante (regresion de Cox) para identificar variables predictoras independientes de mortalidad cancer especifica (MCE). Resultados El 42,8% de la serie presento afectacion ganglionar tras CR. Al finalizar el seguimiento, 22,9% estaban libres de tumor vesical y 54,8% habian fallecido por esa causa. La mediana de supervivencia cancer especifica fue de 30 meses. No se observaron diferencias significativas en supervivencia cancer especifica en funcion del tratamiento con QTAdy en pacientes pT3pN0 (p = 0,25) ni pT4pN0 (p = 0,29), pero si en pT3-4pN+ (p = 0,001). En el analisis multivariante se identificaron el estadio patologico (p = 0,0001) y el tratamiento con QTAdy (p = 0,007) como factores pronosticos independientes de MCE. La QTAdy redujo el riesgo de MCE (HR:0,59, IC95% 0,40-0,87, p = 0,007). Conclusiones El estadio pT y pN se identificaron como variables predictoras independientes de MCE tras CR. La administracion de QTAdy en nuestra serie se comporto como factor protector reduciendo el riesgo de MCE, aunque en el analisis por estadios, unicamente los pacientes pN+ se vieron beneficiados.

Introduction Currently, the role of adjuvant chemotherapy (ADJ) in muscle invasive bladder tumor (MIBC) remains controversial. Objective To evaluate the effect of ADJ on cancer specific survival (CSS) of MIBC after radical cystectomy (RC). Material and methods Retrospective analysis of 292 patients diagnosed with urothelial bladder tumor (BT) pT3-4pN0/+ cM0 stage, treated with RC between 1986-2009. Total cohort was divided in two groups: 185 (63.4%) patients treated with ADJ and 107 (36.6%) without ADJ. Median follow-up was 40.5 months (IQR 55–80.5). Comparative analysis was performed with Chi-square test and Student’s t test/ANOVA. Survival analysis was carried out with the Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank test. Multivariate analysis (Cox regression) was made to identify independent predictors of cancer-specific mortality (CSM). Results 42.8% of the series presented lymph node involvement after RC. At the end of follow-up, 22.9% were BC-free and 54.8% had died due to this cause. The median CSS was 30 months. No significant differences were observed in CSS regarding the treatment with ADJ in pT3pN0 (p = .25) or pT4pN0 (p = .29) patients, but it was significant in pT3-4pN+ (p = .001). Multivariate analysis showed pathological stage (p = .0001) and treatment with ADJ (p = .007) as independent prognostic factors for CSM. ADJ reduced the risk of CSM (HR:0.59,95%CI 0.40–0.87, p = .007). Conclusions pT and pN stages were identified as independent predictors of CSM after RC. The administration of ADJ in our series behaved as a protective factor reducing the risk of CSM, although only pN + patients were benefited in the stage analysis.

Introduction and objective Minimally invasive surgery represents an attractive surgical approach in radical cystectomy. However, its effect on the oncological results is still controversial due to the lack of definite analyses. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of the laparoscopic approach on cancer-specific mortality. Material and method A retrospective cohort study of two groups of patients in a pT0-2pN0R0 stage, undergoing open radical cystectomy (ORC) (n = 191) and laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC) (n = 74). Using Cox regression, an analysis has been carried out to identify the predictor variables in the first place, and consequently, the independent predictor variables related to survival. Results 90.9% were males with a median age of 65 years and a median follow-up period of 65.5 (IQR 27.75–122) months. Patients with laparoscopic access presented a significantly higher ASA index (p = 0.0001), a longer time between TUR and cystectomy (p = 0.04), a lower rate of intraoperative transfusion (p = 0.0001), a lower pT stage (p = 0.002) and a lower incidence of infection associated with surgical wounds (p = 0.04). When analyzing the different risk factors associated with cancer-specific mortality, we only found the ORC approach (versus LRC) as an independent predictor of cancer-specific mortality (p = 0.007). Open approach to cystectomy multiplied the risk of mortality by 3.27. Conclusions In our series, the laparoscopic approach does not represent a risk factor compared to the open approach in pT0-2N0R0 patients.

Resumen Introduccion y objetivo La cirugia minimamente invasiva representa un abordaje quirurgico atractivo en la cistectomia radical. Sin embargo, a la espera de estudios definitivos todavia es controvertido el efecto que pudiera tener en los resultados oncologicos. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el efecto del abordaje laparoscopico sobre la mortalidad cancer-especifica. Material y metodo Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo de dos grupos de pacientes en estadio pT0-2pN0R0 sometidos a cistectomia radical abierta (CRA) (n = 191) y laparoscopica (CRL) (n = 74). Se realizo un analisis mediante regresion de Cox para identificar primero las variables predictoras y posteriormente las variables predictoras independientes relacionadas con la supervivencia. Resultados El 90,9% fueron varones; la mediana de edad fue de 65 anos y la mediana de seguimiento, de 65,5 (IQR 27,75-122) meses. Los pacientes con acceso laparoscopico presentaron de forma significativa un mayor indice ASA (p = 0,0001), un mayor tiempo entre la reseccion transuretral (RTU) y la cistectomia (p = 0,04), una menor tasa de transfusion intraoperatoria (p = 0,0001), un menor estadio pT (p = 0,002) y una menor incidencia de infeccion asociada a herida quirurgica (p = 0,04). Al analizar los distintos factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad cancer-especifica, solo encontramos el abordaje mediante CRA frente a CRL como factor predictor independiente de mortalidad cancer-especifica (p = 0,007). El acceso abierto a la cistectomia multiplico el riesgo de mortalidad por 3,27. Conclusiones En nuestra serie, cuando limitamos los distintos factores identificados asociados a mortalidad cancer-especifica analizando pacientes pT0-2N0R0, el abordaje laparoscopico no representa un factor de riesgo frente al abordaje abierto.

In this work we study the degradation of roll-coated flexible inverted organic solar cells with the device architecture Ag/PEDOT:PSS/ZnO/FSP1:PCBM/PEDOT:PSS/Ag in different atmospheres. We demonstrate that impedance spectroscopy is a powerful tool for elucidating degradation mechanisms; it is used here to distinguish the different degradation mechanisms due to water and oxygen. Identical cells were exposed to different accelerated degradation environments using water only, oxygen only, and both water and oxygen simultaneously, all of them enhanced with UV light. The photocurrent is dramatically reduced in the oxygen-degraded samples. Impedance measurements indicate that this phenomenon is attributed to defects introduced by absorption of oxygen, which results in an increase of the acceptor impurity (NA) at the cathode interface obtained from a Mott-Schottky analysis. Simultaneously, at the anode interface where PEDOT:PSS is not shielded by the substrate, the nature of degradation differs for the water and oxygen degraded samples. While oxygen + UV light decreases the conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS layer, water + UV light changes the PEDOT:PSS work function inducing a depletion region at the anode.

The potential opportunities of perovskite-based technology to further advance in the photovoltaic field and implement an extensive industrial application, will mainly depend on whether some of its weaknesses, such as current density-voltage (J−V) hysteresis, can be overcome. In this sense, a critical aspect is the understanding and the subsequent accurate description of hysteresis in perovskite cells. Here, we present the theoretical underpinnings to interpret non-ideal transient dynamics in stepwise-JV measurements, using electrical analysis strategies and fractional calculus tools. Our model was validated with experimental measurements of CsFAPbIBr-based photovoltaic perovskites of different active layer thicknesses with persistent long-range time photocurrents. It is reported that hysteresis phenomena increase with more pronounced non-ideal capacitive effects suggesting that more trapping events limit ion motion and carrier transport. Our main interest is to provide valuable information about the memory-based slow timescale dynamics, which exhibits a significant impact on the appearance of hysteresis and, to a large extent, on the operation of the solar cell.

Currently, the role of adjuvant chemotherapy (ADJ) in muscle invasive bladder tumor remains controversial.To evaluate the effect of ADJ on cancer specific survival of muscle invasive bladder tumor after radical cystectomy (RC).Retrospective analysis of 292 patients diagnosed with urothelial bladder tumor pT3-4pN0 / + cM0 stage, treated with RC between 1986-2009. Total cohort was divided in two groups: 185 (63.4%) patients treated with ADJ and 107 (36.6%) without ADJ. Median follow-up was 40.5 months (IQR 55-80.5). Comparative analysis was performed with Chi-square test and Student's t test /ANOVA. Survival analysis was carried out with the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Multivariate analysis (Cox regression) was made to identify independent predictors of cancer-specific mortality (CSM).42.8% of the series presented lymph node involvement after RC. At the end of follow-up, 22.9% were BC-free and 54.8% had died due to this cause. The median cancer specific survival was 30 months. No significant differences were observed in cancer specific survival regarding the treatment with ADJ in pT3pN0 (p=.25) or pT4pN0 (p=.29) patients, but it was significant in pT3-4pN+ (p=.001). Multivariate analysis showed pathological stage (p=.0001) and treatment with ADJ (p=.007) as independent prognostic factors for CSM. ADJ reduced the risk of CSM (HR:0.59,95% CI 0.40-0.87, p=.007).pT and pN stages were identified as independent predictors of CSM after RC. The administration of ADJ in our series behaved as a protective factor reducing the risk of CSM, although only pN+ patients were benefited in the stage analysis.

Perovskite Solar Cells (PSC) have attracted great attention due to the high efficiencies achieved in the past few years (up to 24.2 %). Perovskite semiconductors show excellent light absorption and large charge-carrier mobilities. In addition, device fabrication is low cost and easily up-scalable. However, the current density-voltage curve (J-V) shows hysteresis and devices suffer from stability issues which are still poorly understood. Among all perovskite materials, mixed-cation lead mixed-halide PSC have become very popular due to their high efficiencies and reasonably good stabilities1,2. On the other hand, Impedance Spectroscopy (IS) is a very valuable non-destructive technique to obtain information about dynamical mechanisms occurring both in the bulk and at the interfaces3. In this work, J-V curves and the impedance response have been measured for CsFAPbIBr-based PSC from 1 Hz up to 1 MHz, under different illumination levels (from 0.06 mW/cm2 to 100 mW/cm2) both at 0 V (short circuit) and at Voc (open circuit). Impedance spectra show two significant arcs, associated to different recombination and charge accumulation mechanisms. IS data have been fitted to a circuital model that consists of a low-frequency RCPE subcircuit in series with a high frequency resistance, all shunted with a high-frequency capacitance. Dependence of the circuital parameters with Voc and Isc will be discussed.

Based on preoperative clinical and postoperative pathological variables, we aim to build a prediction model of cancer specific mortality (CSM) at 1, 3, and 5 years for patients with bladder transitional cell carcinoma treated with RC.Retrospective analysis of 517 patients with diagnosis of cell carcinoma treated by RC (1986-2009). Demographic, clinical, surgical and pathological variables were collected, as well as complications and evolution after RC. Comparative analysis included Chi square test and ANOVA technique. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression to identify the independent predictors of CSM. The individual probability of CSM was calculated at 1, 3 and 5 years according to the general equation (logistic function). Calibration was obtained by the Hosmer-Lemeshow method and discrimination with the elaboration of a ROC curve (area under the curve).BC was the cause of death in 225 patients (45%). One, three and five-year CSM were 17%, 39.2% and 46.3%, respectively. The pT and pN stages were identified as independent prognostic variables of CSM at 1, 3 and 5 years. Three prediction models were built. The predictive capacity was 70.8% (CI 95% 65-77%, p=.000) for the 1st year, 73.9% (CI95% 69.2-78.6%, p=.000) for the third and 73.2% (CI% 68.5-77.9%, p=.000) for the 5th.The prediction model allows the estimation of CSM risk at 1, 3 and 5 years, with a reliability of 70.8, 73.9 and 73.2%, respectively.

Minimally invasive surgery represents an attractive surgical approach in radical cystectomy. However, its effect on the oncological results is still controversial due to the lack of definite analyses. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of the laparoscopic approach on cancer-specific mortality.A retrospective cohort study of two groups of patients in a pT0-2pN0R0 stage, undergoing open radical cystectomy (ORC) (n=191) and laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC) (n=74). Using Cox regression, an analysis has been carried out to identify the predictor variables in the first place, and consequently, the independent predictor variables related to survival.90.9% were males with a median age of 65years and a median follow-up period of 65.5 (IQR27.75-122) months. Patients with laparoscopic access presented a significantly higher ASA index (P=.0001), a longer time between TUR and cystectomy (P=.04), a lower rate of intraoperative transfusion (P=.0001), a lower pT stage (P=.002) and a lower incidence of infection associated with surgical wounds (P=.04). When analyzing the different risk factors associated with cancer-specific mortality, we only found the ORC approach (versus LRC) as an independent predictor of cancer-specific mortality (P=.007). Open approach to cystectomy multiplied the risk of mortality by 3.27.In our series, the laparoscopic approach does not represent a risk factor compared to the open approach in pT0-2N0R0 patients.

Organic solar cells (OSCs) based on Poly[N-9'-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5, 5-(4', 7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT):1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-propyl-1-1-phenyl-(6,6) C61 (PCBM) have been electrically dc and ac characterized. Device structure is ITO/Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-wthiophene)-poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/PCDTBT:PCBM/C60MA/Al. Devices show the so-called S-shaped current-voltage curve that has been modeled with a circuit including two diodes in forward and reverse bias. Impedance measurements show one semicircle at low bias ( V

Organic field-effect transistors are demonstrated in which the insulator–semiconductor stack of the poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and polystyrene (PS):dibenzo-tetrathiavulfalene (DB-TTF) blend is deposited by two low-cost and scalable solution shearing steps onto plastic substrates. The PS vertically phase separates upon coating the DB-TTF:PS blend solution and acts as a smoothening and depolarisation layer for the underlying PVDF. The transistors exhibit a mean mobility of 0.2 cm2 V−1 s−1, an on/off ratio of 104 and near-zero threshold voltage with high reproducibility, the same performance as on previously reported Si/SiO2 substrates.

International audience; In this work light activation phenomenon in inverted bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells (OSC) has been electrically modelled with a two-diode equivalent circuit. OSC are based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT): 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-propyl-1-1-phenyl-(6,6) C61 (PCBM) with a titanium oxide (TiOx) sublayer. Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics show a highly pronounced S-shape that is gradually removed during light activation process. The circuit used to model I-V curves includes two diodes in forward and reverse bias together with two parallel resistances, RP 1 and RP 2. The parallel of the reverse bias diode and its corresponding resistance RP 2 models the electrical behaviour of the TiOx interlayer. This interlayer has been thermally treated at different temperatures, from 80 °C up to 180 °C, reducing the activation time from 400 s for unbaked devices down to 30 s for devices annealed at temperatures higher than 80 °C. The S-shape shown in the I-V characteristic is completely removed after a few minutes of white-light illumination. I-V curves recorded during the activation process have been fitted with the analytical solution of the two-diode circuit based on W-Lambert function. A decrease of the subcircuit 2 equivalent resistance has been found to be the cause of S-shape removal. This resistance diminishing is in good agreement with the increase of TiOx conductance with baking temperature and white-light exposure time found by other authors.

In this paper we study the transport-recombination mechanisms using impedance spectroscopy of organic solar cells (OSC) based on a blend of a small molecule, 7,7′-(4,4-bis(2ethylhexyl)-4H-silolo[3,2-b:4,5-b′] dithiophene-2,6-diyl)bis(6-fluoro-4-(5′-hexyl-[2,2′-bithiophen]-5-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5] thiadiazole) (DTS(FBTTh2)2) and 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-propyl-1-1-phenyl-(6,6) C70 (PC70BM). We fabricate a cell with structure ITO/Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(4-styrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS))/DTS(FBTTh2)2:PC70BM/Ca/Al that exhibits Jsc=10.2 mA/cm2, Voc=0.816 V and FF=65% resulting in a PCE=5.4%. We model the impedance behavior using two circuital models, the parallel R-CPE and the transmission line model proposed by Belmonte et al. [1] . We compared the results to those obtained for OSC based on a standard poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT): 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-propyl-1-1-phenyl-(6,6) C61 (PC60BM) blend with structure ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PC60BM/LiF/Al. We find that in the case of the small molecule based OSC diffusion dominates over recombination for this thickness, L=125 nm, even at high frequencies. We calculate the effective carrier lifetimes and mobilities for both structures using both models. Average electron mobility calculated for the small molecule cell is around 4–6.4×10−3 cm2/Vs, slightly higher than that obtained for the standard blend which is around 2×10−3 cm2/Vs.

In the last few years exciting advances have been achieved in developing printing techniques for organic semiconductors, and impressive mobility values have been reported for the resulting organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). However, not all these techniques are scalable and some of them require additional crystallization steps. This study reports on the fabrication of OFETs employing blends of four benchmark organic semiconductors with polystyrene and demonstrates that applying the same formulation and experimental conditions for printing them, highly reproducible and uniform crystalline films exhibiting high OFET performance are successfully achieved. It is noted that the mobility values achieved here are not the highest reported for the studied materials; however, they are state-of-the-art values and could be regarded as exceptional considering the low cost and fast speed of the fabrication process involved here., This work was mainly funded by the ERC StG 2012 306826 e GAMES and ERC PoC 2014 640120 LAB TECH projects. The authors also thank the Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER BBN), the DGI (Spain) project BE WELL CTQ2013 40480 R, the Generalitat de Catalunya (2014 SGR 17) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through the “Severo Ochoa” Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D (SEV 2015 0496). The authors would like to thank the ICTS "NANBIOSIS", more specifically to the Nanotechnology Platform, unit of CIBER BBN at the Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) for their assistance in ToF SIMS analyses. I. T. acknowledges FPU fellowship from the Ministery and the Materials Science PhD Program of Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. F. G. D. P. thanks Universidad Técnica de Ambato and Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación for funding through a doctoral scholarship “Convocatoria abierta 2010”.

Resumen Objetivo Describir los mecanismos fisiopatologicos de las trombosis venosas renales perinatales y los factores de riesgo asociados, haciendo hincapie en las caracteristicas clinicorradiologicas y en su evolucion a largo plazo. Material y metodos Se han estudiado retrospectivamente un total de 11 casos de trombosis venosa renal neonatal, con una edad media al diagnostico de 3 dias. Se analizaron la forma de presentacion, las manifestaciones clinicas, los hallazgos de imagen obtenidos mediante ecografia (modos B y Doppler), el tratamiento instaurado y las secuelas a largo plazo. Resultados En el momento del diagnostico, la triada de masa palpable, hematuria franca y trombocitopenia estaba presente unicamente en el 63,63% de los pacientes. En el 45,45% de los casos pudo identificarse un factor de riesgo protrombotico en los recien nacidos o en sus madres. Todos los recien nacidos mostraron aumento del tamano renal y perdida de la diferenciacion corticomedular en el estudio ecografico. En 4 de los 11 casos se identificaron imagenes lineales hiperecogenicas intramedulares, caracteristicas del estadio inicial de la trombosis. Los estudios funcionales de seguimiento con acido dimercaptosuccinico (DMSA) y acido mercapto-acetil-triglicina (MAG-3) revelaron anomalias morfologicas en todos los pacientes, con un rinon no funcionante en 7 casos. Conclusiones Visualizar bandas ecogenicas intramedulares alerta de la fase inicial de una trombosis venosa renal, por lo que debe instaurarse precozmente un tratamiento adecuado. Exceptuando los casos acontecidos intrautero, la trombosis de la vena renal conlleva un mal pronostico, con atrofia y fallo renal a largo plazo.

In electronics, the fi eld-effect transistor (FET) is a crucial cornerstone and successful integration of this semiconductor device into circuit applications requires stable and ideal electrical characteristics over a wide range of temperatures and environments. Solution processing, using printing or coating techniques, has been explored to manufacture organic fi eld-effect transistors (OFET) on fl exible carriers, enabling radically novel electronics applications. Ideal electrical characteristics, in organic materials, are typically only found in single crystals. Tiresome growth and manipulation of these hamper practical production of fl exible OFETs circuits. To date, neither devices nor any circuits, based on solution-processed OFETs, has exhibited an ideal set of characteristics similar or better than today’s FET technology based on amorphous silicon. Here, bar-assisted meniscus shearing of dibenzo-tetrathiafulvalene to coat-process self-organized crystalline organic semiconducting domains with high reproducibility is reported. Including these coatings as the channel in OFETs, electric fi eld and temperature-independent charge carrier mobility and no bias stress effects are observed. Furthermore, record-high gain in OFET inverters and exceptional operational stability in both air and water are measured., The authors thank the ERC StG 2012-306826 e-GAMES project, the Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), the DGI (Spain) project BE-WELL CTQ2013-40480-R, and the Generalitat de Catalunya (2014-SGR- 17). Research in Sweden was fi nancially supported by the Advanced Functional Materials Center at Linköping University, the Önnesjö Foundation, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Power Paper project, scholars), the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF, Synergi project). F.G.D.P. thanks Universidad Técnica de Ambato and Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación for funding through a doctoral scholarship “Convocatoria abierta 2010.” The authors also thank Witold Tatkiewicz for his help with the ImageJ software.

Organic thin films based on composite materials of semiconducting dibenzo-tetrathiafulvalene (DB-TTF) and insulating styrenic matrices (Polystyrene (PS10k) and Poly-alpha methylstyrene (PAMS10k) ) have been fabricated by the wire-bar coating technique in ambient conditions (air, light, humidity) and contrasted with the ones prepared by thermally evaporating the organic semiconductor. The transistors fabricated with DB-TTF:PS10k composites show a clear fieldeffect behavior with p-type characteristics, exhibiting charge carriers mobilities in the range of 0.01 cm2/Vs, fully comparable with the films obtained by thermal evaporation. However, while the thermally evaporated films show poor stability in air, the wire-bar coated composites films and devices are highly reproducible and exhibit lower threshold voltage values. Thus, we demonstrate the suitability of the wire-bar technique for manufacturing large area devices., The authors thank the ERC StG 2012-306826 e-GAMES project, the Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), the DGI (Spain) with project BE-WELL CTQ2013-40480-R, and the Generalitat de Catalunya (2014-SGR-17). F. G. D. P. thanks Universidad Técnica de Ambato and Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación for funding through a doctoral scholarship “Convocatoria abierta 2010”.

Background Individuals with factor V Leiden or prothrombin G20210A mutations are at a higher risk to develop venous thromboembolism. However, the influence of these polymorphisms on patient outcome during anticoagulant therapy has not been consistently explored. Methods We used the Registro Informatizado de Enfermedad TromboEmbolica database to compare rates of venous thromboembolism recurrence and bleeding events occurring during the anticoagulation course in factor V Leiden carriers, prothrombin mutation carriers, and noncarriers. Results Between March 2001 and December 2015, 10,139 patients underwent thrombophilia testing. Of these, 1384 were factor V Leiden carriers, 1115 were prothrombin mutation carriers, and 7640 were noncarriers. During the anticoagulation course, 160 patients developed recurrent deep vein thrombosis and 94 patients developed pulmonary embolism (16 died); 154 patients had major bleeding (10 died), and 291 patients had nonmajor bleeding. On multivariable analysis, factor V Leiden carriers had a similar rate of venous thromboembolism recurrence (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82-1.64), half the rate of major bleeding (adjusted HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.25-0.99) and a nonsignificantly lower rate of nonmajor bleeding (adjusted HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.43-1.01) than noncarriers. Prothrombin mutation carriers and noncarriers had a comparable rate of venous thromboembolism recurrence (adjusted HR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.68-1.48), major bleeding (adjusted HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.42-1.34), and nonmajor bleeding events (adjusted HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.77-1.57). Conclusions During the anticoagulation course, factor V Leiden carriers had a similar risk for venous thromboembolism recurrence and half the risk for major bleeding compared with noncarriers. This finding may contribute to decision-making regarding anticoagulation duration in selected factor V Leiden carriers with venous thromboembolism.

In this review we present an update on the anatomy and vascularization of the male urethra. The real objective of this review is to make the following chapters more understandable, both to know the physio-pathological mechanisms of urethral pathology and also to help us in their surgical management.

Fundamento El objetivo del estudio es determinar la proporcion de pacientes ancianos con hipercolesterolemia tratados por medicos de atencion primaria y que cumplen los objetivos terapeuticos de colesterol unido a lipoproteinas de baja densidad (cLDL) definidos por las guias del National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Metodos Estudio transversal de pacientes de 65 anos o mas con hipercolesterolemia tratados durante al menos un ano por 38 medicos de atencion primaria del Area 10 del INSALUD,adrid. Resultados Se estudio a 821 pacientes. De ellos, el 26,4% tenia menos de dos factores de riesgo cardiovascular sin evidencia de enfermedad coronaria u otra enfermedad vascular aterosclerotica (riesgo bajo), el 51,3% tenia dos o mas factores de riesgo sin evidencia de enfermedad vascular previa (riesgo alto) y el 22,3% tenia enfermedad vascular establecida. La hipercolesterolemia fue tratada exclusivamente con dieta en el 68% de los pacientes. Del 32% de los pacientes tratados con farmacos hipolipemiantes, el 18% recibieron inhibidores de la HMG CoA reductasa; el 11%, fibratos, y el 2%, resinas de intercambio anionico. El grado de cumplimiento de los objetivos de cLDL fijados por el NCEP en la poblacion global fue del 45,5%; las tasas de cumplimiento fueron del 64% en los pacientes de riesgo bajo, y disminuyeron al 37% en los de riesgo alto y al 32% en aquellos con enfermedad coronaria u otras enfermedades vasculares ateroscleroticas. Conclusiones La hipercolesterolemia de la poblacion dislipemica mayor de 65 anos no es tratada adecuadamente por los medicos de atencion primaria en el 54,5% de los pacientes. Aproximadamente, tres de cada cuatro ancianos hipercolesterolemicos tienen dos o mas factores de riesgo cardiovascular, o cardiopatia isquemica u otra enfermedad vascular aterosclerotica. Es necesario investigar las razones que influyen en el inadecuado tratamiento de la dislipemia en esta poblacion.

Objetivo : Describir el nivel de cumplimiento de los criterios del tratamiento adecuado de la hipercolesterolemia en la poblacion anciana con cardiopatia isquemica o enfermedad vascular arteriosclerotica, conseguido por los medicos de atencion primaria. Material Y Metodos : Estudio observacional transversal con 38 medicos de atencion primaria (Area 10, INSALUD, Madrid), y 183 pacientes de 65 anos o mas con hipercolesterolemia y con cardiopatia isquemica o enfermedad vascular arteriosclerotica. REsultados : El 75,41% (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%: 68,40-81,33) de los pacientes de 65 anos o mas con hipercolesterolemia tenian dos o mas factores de riesgo cardiovasculares ademas de la cardiopatia isquemica u otra enfermedad vascular arteriosclerotica. El tratamiento de la hipercolesterolemia se realizo en el 63,93% (IC del 95%: 56,48-70,80) de los pacientes exclusivamente con dieta. Las estatinas se usaron en el 24,04% (IC del 95%: 18,18-31,02) y los fibratos en el 10,93% (IC del 95%: 6,97-16,59). El nivel de cumplimiento de los criterios de tratamiento adecuado de la hipercolesterolemia en los pacientes de estudio fue del 32,24% (IC del 95%: 25,64-39,60). Conclusion : La hipercolesterolemia de la poblacion anciana con cardiopatia isquemica u otra enfermedad vascular arteriosclerotica no se trata de forma adecuada en el 67,76% (IC del 95%: 60,40-74,36) de las ocasiones. Las estatinas solo se usaron en el 24% de las ocasiones. Hay que investigar las razones que influyen en el inadecuado manejo de la hipercolesterolemia en esta poblacion.

In this work we have fabricated and characterized organic solar cells (OSC) based on blends of polyhexylthiophene (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenil-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) with two different cathodes: Al and LiF/Al. Current- Voltage (I-V) curves under illumination have been measured and fitted with the standard equivalent circuit in order to extract circuital parameters, such as series and parallel resistances (Rs and Rp) ideality factor (n) and inverse saturation current (I0). The introduction of a thin layer (0.5 nm) of LiF between active layer and Al increases the open circuit voltage (Voc) but slightly reduces short current (Isc) and fill factor (FF). The overall result is a slight increase of the efficiency, from 2.53 % to 2.57 %. Circuital parameters have been extracted with two methods (approximated an exact), and results show that structures with LiF layer have lower parasitic effects (lower Rs and higher Rp).

To determine the frequency and meaning of fluid inside the intussusception at ultrasound (US) and its relationship to irreducibility and ischemia.US enabled the diagnosis of intussusception in 145 cases. Shape and axial diameters of the area of fluid were determined. US-guided hydrostatic reduction was attempted in 144 cases.Fluid was present in the intussusception in 20 cases (14%) and appeared on axial images as an anechoic crescent between both serosal layers of the enfolded and everted intussusceptum. No cystic structural anomaly was detected at surgery. Rates of reduction were 89% (111 of 125) in cases without fluid and 26% (five of 19) in cases with fluid (P.001). At surgery, ischemia was absent in all 14 cases without fluid and present in 10 of 20 cases with fluid; necrosis was present in two cases with fluid. Areas of fluid greater than 14 x 5 mm, especially if associated with fluid in the dilated apex of the intussusception, were strongly related to irreducibility and ischemia (odds-likelihood ratio, 67.5).Fluid seen inside the intussusception represented trapped peritoneal fluid. Substantial amounts of fluid were associated with irreducibility and ischemia.

7 pages, 6 figures, 3 schemes, The electronic donor α-DT-TTF (α-dithiophene-tetrathiafulvalene), which among the thiophenic TTF derivatives has remained essentially unexplored, and some of its charge transfer salts are described in detail in this paper. This donor was efficiently prepared by the homocoupling of 5,6-thieno[2,3-d]-1,3-dithiol-2-one, and its redox properties are intermediate between those of DT-TTF (dithiophene-tetrathiafulvalene) and BET-TTF [bis(ethylenethio)tetrathiafulvalene]. The crystal structure of α-DT-TTF shows a molecular packing composed of trios of donor chains with alternating orientation. This pattern is clearly distinct from those previously found in all other thiophenic TTF donors. Used as an active material in a field-effect transistor, α-DT-TTF presents a mobility μFE = 5 × 10–5 cm2/V s. The possibility to convert this new donor to conducting charge-transfer salts with suitable anions was demonstrated by preparing its PF6– salts. Two salts with different crystal structures and stoichiometries were identified by X-ray diffraction studies: (α-DT-TTF)(PF6)0.6 and (α-DT-TTF)2(PF6). The electrical conductivities of these salts, measured in the single crystal, range from 9 to 50 S/cm at room temperature. In all cases, the salts show a semiconducting behaviour and properties that are comparable to those of the analogous nonaromatic BET-TTF salts., This work was supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) (Portugal) (contracts PTDC/QUI/64967/2006 and PTDC/QUI-QUI/101788/2008), the Dirección General de Investigación y Gestión del Plan Nacional de I+D+I (DGI) (Spain)(contract CTQ2010-195011/BQU), the Generalitat de Catalunya (2009SGR00516), the CIBER de Bioingeniera, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) promoted by ISCIII (Spain), and the European Research Council (ERC) (project StG 2012-306826 e-GAMES), and it also benefited from COST action D35. The authors acknowledge the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility for the provision of the synchrotron radiation facilities, and we would like to thank Loredana Erra for assistance in using beamline ID11.

In this work we use a modified equivalent circuit to simulate the S-shape found in current density–voltage ( J – V ) characteristics of organic solar cells (OSC) based on P3HT:PCBM. The modification of the traditional model includes a second diode opposite to the main one together with a parallel resistance, R P 2 . The transcendental equation derived from the circuit is solved exactly without approximations. The S-shape (so called kink), usually attributed to a poor quality of polymer/cathode interface, can be removed after three slow annealing treatments. The evolution of the J – V curves with the annealing process has been quantified by extracting the equivalent circuit parameters of each curve (pristine and annealed) by fitting the model to the experimental data. Results show that kink annihilation is mostly due to a strong decrease of R P 2 , which diminishes the reverse diode effect on the J – V curve.

We report on a new thermochromic material containing a europium complex for thermal sensing through its fluorescence response to temperature. The ratio between the strong luminescence peak of europium (III) and a side band emission is employed as a new probe for optical sensing of temperature. The ratio is observed to follow an Arrhenius-type dependence with temperature. Based on these results we developed a thermal probe based on a segment of luminescent thermometer optically cemented to the tip of a PMMA fibre. Tecnología Electrónica

An organic bulk heterojunction photodetector (OPD) is fabricated on the basis of a blend of poly(3-hexyl thiophene):1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-propyl-1-1-phenyl-(6,6) C61. The OPD responsivity is calculated from current density-voltage characteristic (J-V) under green-LED illumination obtaining 1 A/W. Frequency response at different biases is measured, which shows a high ¿3-dB cutoff frequency of 343 kHz at ¿3 V. Impedance measurements are carried out at different reverse biases, and the results are fitted with a small signal equivalent circuit. The device cutoff frequency (fc) can be estimated with the parameters extracted from this circuit obtaining good agreement between measured and calculated fc. Tecnología Electrónica

he electrical behavior of organic solar cell (OSC) has been analyzed using a simple circuital model consisting on an ideal diode together with a series and parallel resistances (R-S and R-P respectively). Applying Kirchhoff's Laws to the circuit leads to a transcendental equation that can be solved numerically without approximations using the Lambert W function. Theoretical expression has been fitted to experimental current-voltage (I-V) curves under forward bias, obtaining fairly accurate values for the electrical parameters. This model has been validated comparing the extracted parameters for dark and illumination conditions of different devices. Results show good agreement for R-S, and ideality factor eta. Electrical parameters obtained in this work are also compared to those ones extracted using an approximated method often employed by other authors (1). We conclude that approximated method leads to reasonable good values for R-S, R-P and. However, in the case of Rp the voltage range chosen to fit the data with the exact method must be constrained to the fourth quadrant, where the role of parallel resistance is more critical. To validate the model, a bunch of organic solar cells with structure ITO/ poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly (4-styrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)/ poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT): 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-propyl-1-1-phenyl-(6,6) C61 (PCBM)/Al has been fabricated in inert atmosphere. Different active layers were deposited varying the P3HT: PCBM ratio (1:0.64, 1:1, 1:1.55) and the active layer thickness ( ranging from 100 to 280 nm). Devices are encapsulated inside the glove-box prior its characterization outside the glove-box. Electro optical characterization has been performed with a halogen lamp. Values extracted for RS range from 142 Omega to 273 Omega, values for R-P range from 25 k Omega to 331 k Omega. Ideality factor ranges from 5 to 17. Tecnología Electrónica

Organic solar cells (OSCs) often show a kink, also called S-shape, in the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics, that has been attributed to different physical phenomena such as poor quality of cathode-active layer interface or unbalance charge carrier mobilities. This nonideal behaviour can be electrically modelled including a second diode, in reverse bias, together with an extra shunt resistance (RP2) in the traditional solar cell equivalent circuit. In this paper, we solve without approximations the transcendental equation system derived from this modified circuit. We have obtained an analytical expression for I–V curves decoupling the voltage drop in each diode using Lambert W function. This expression has been fitted to experimental data in order to obtain circuital parameters. Simulations varying saturation current of reverse diode (I02) and RP2 have been performed in order to study the dependence of S-shape with these parameters. 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

We report 18 cases of intraperitoneal cystic masses in paediatric patients collected during the past 10 years in our institution. The radiological and sonographic findings are described and the histopathological correlation documented. According to the classification based on the histological characteristics of the cyst wall there were: 7 lymphangiomas, 5 duplication and enteric cysts, 2 intraperitoneal pseudocysts, 3 cases of mesenteric hydatidosis and 1 case of peritoneal tuberculosis. The purpose of the study was to establish a correlation between the ultrasound and histological findings in mesenteric and omental cysts and to attempt a unified classification based on aetiological and histopathological criteria. Despite the non-specific radiological signs, the sonographic appearance of mesenteric and omental cysts is useful in preoperative diagnosis because it allows lymphangioma, the most aggressive cyst, to be distinguished from other intraperitoneal cystic masses. Furthermore, enteric duplication cysts have specific ultrasonographic characteristics.

To describe the physiopathological mechanisms in perinatal renal vein thrombosis and the associated risk factors, with emphasis on the clinical and radiological characteristics and on the long-term evolution.We retrospectively studied a total of 11 cases of neonatal renal vein thrombosis; the mean age of patients at diagnosis was 3 days. We analyzed the type of presentation, the clinical manifestations, and the findings at B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography, as well as the treatment undertaken and the long-term sequelae.At the time of diagnosis, the triad of a palpable mass, unequivocal hematuria, and thrombocytopenia was present in only 63.63% of patients. A prothrombotic risk factor was identified in the newborn or mother in 45.45% of cases. At ultrasonographic examination, all newborns had enlarged kidneys and in all cases it was impossible to differentiate between the renal cortex and the renal medulla. In 4 of the 11 cases, hyperechogenic intramedullary linear images characteristic of the initial stage of thrombosis were identified. Functional follow-up studies using DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid) and MAG-3 (mercaptoacetyltriglycine acid) revealed morphological abnormalities in all patients; 7 patients had a nonfunctioning kidney.Visualizing echogenic bands within the medulla should alert radiologists to the initial phase of renal vein thrombosis and enable the appropriate treatment to be administered. With the exception of cases discovered before birth, renal vein thrombosis has a poor prognosis, with atrophy and renal failure in the long term.

There are few reports of the sonographic appearance of Meckel's diverticulum. We present a case of torsion of a Meckel's diverticulum that was suggested by sonography and confirmed pathologically. We discuss the sonographic differential diagnosis, which includes acute appendicitis, enteric duplication cyst and intestinal volvulus.