Search

Urban vegetation in China has changed substantially in recent decades due to rapid urbanization and dramatic climate change. Nevertheless, the spatial differentiation of greenness among major cities of China and its evolution process and drivers are still poorly understood. This study examined the spatial patterns of vegetation greenness across 289 cities in China in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2018 by using spatial autocorrelation analysis on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI); then, the influencing factors were analyzed by using the optimal parameters-based geographical detector (OPGD) model and 18 natural and anthropogenic indicators. The findings demonstrated a noticeable rise in the overall greenness of the selected cities during 2000–2018. The cities in northwest China and east China exhibited the rapidest and slowest greening, respectively, among the six sub-regions. A significant positive spatial correlation was detected between the greenness of the 289 cities in different periods, but the correlation strength weakened over time. The hot and very hot spots in southern and eastern China gradually shifted to the southwest. While the spatial pattern of urban greenness in China is primarily influenced by wind speed (WS) and precipitation (PRE), the interaction between PRE and gross domestic product (GDP) has the highest explanatory power. The explanatory power of most natural factors decreased and, conversely, the influence of anthropogenic factors generally increased. These findings emphasize the variations in the influence strength of multiple factors on urban greenness pattern, which should be taken into account to understand and adapt to the changing urban ecosystem.

This study uses logistic and Poisson regression models to examine the factors influencing the adoption of sustainable land management (SLM) practices in Mali using two rounds of the nationally representative survey Enquête Agricole de Conjoncture Intégrée aux Conditions de Vie des Ménages. The SLMs considered include the application of organic fertilizers, the application of inorganic fertilizers, the use of improved seeds, and the practice of intercropping. On average the application of organic fertilizers (39.2%), and inorganic fertilizers (28.7%) are the most frequent SLM practices among Malian farmers, and between 2014 and 2017, we observe a decline in the practice of intercropping. The regression results show that farmers’ adoption of different SLMs is significantly associated with biophysical factors (average temperature, climate type, plot size, plot shape, and location), demographic factors (age, gender, education, household size), and socioeconomic factors (number of cultivated plots, livelihood diversification, type of crop grown, market access, credit access, economic shocks, and social capital). Our findings suggest that policymakers and agricultural development agencies in Mali need to adopt a multidimensional policy framework to unlock the untapped potential of SLM practices in promoting sustainable agriculture and food security.

There are urgent calls for new approaches to map the global urban conditions of complexity, diffuseness, diversity, and connectivity. However, existing methods mostly focus on mapping urbanized areas as bio physical entities. Here, based on the continuum of urbanity framework, we developed an approach for cross-scale urbanity mapping from town to city and urban megaregion with different spatial resolutions using the Google Earth Engine. This approach was developed based on multi-source remote sensing data, Points of Interest – Open Street Map (POIs-OSM) big data, and the random forest regression model. This approach is scale-independent and revealed significant spatial variations in urbanity, underscoring differences in urbanization patterns across megaregions and between urban and rural areas. Urbanity was observed transcending traditional urban boundaries, diffusing into rural settlements within non-urban locales. The finding of urbanity in rural communities far from urban areas challenges the gradient theory of urban-rural development and distribution. By mapping livelihoods, lifestyles, and connectivity simultaneously, urbanity maps present a more comprehensive characterization of the complexity, diffuseness, diversity, and connectivity of urbanized areas than that by land cover or population density alone. It helps enhance the understanding of urbanization beyond biophysical form. This approach can provide a multifaceted understanding of urbanization, and thereby insights on urban and regional sustainability.

Designation of critical habitat is an important conservation tool for species listed as threatened or endangered under the United States (U.S.) Endangered Species Act (ESA). While this is an important protective mechanism, lands designated as critical habitat could still be subject to degradation and fragmentation if they are not also in a protected status that prioritizes biodiversity conservation. Additionally, most designations of critical habitat do not explicitly take climate change into account. The objective of our study was to determine whether and to what extent critical habitats for species listed under the ESA are located within protected areas and areas previously identified as climate refugia or climate corridors, to inform management strategies to better conserve and recover these species. We mapped the designated critical habitats of 153 ESA-listed species and measured their overlap with previously-identified areas of climate refugia and corridors (CRC), and also with lands designated as nature-protected by U.S. Geological Survey’s Gap Analysis Project (GAP Status 1 or 2) and working lands with wildlife habitat potential (GAP Status 3). Only 18 % of all designated critical habitat is located on lands that are both in CRC and nature-protected, and only 9 % of species had over half of their designated critical habitats in such lands. 84 % of species had

Urban and peri‑urban ecosystems are subjected to an intense impact. The demand for ecosystem services (ES) is higher in these areas. Nevertheless, despite the anthropogenic pressures, urban and peri‑urban ecosystems supply important ES. Mapping is a crucial exercise to understand ES dynamics in these environments better. This work aims to systematically review mapping ES in urban and peri‑urban areas studies, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-alpha Methods. A total of 207 studies were selected. The results show increased work between 2011 and 2023, mainly conducted in Europe and China. Most work were developed in urban areas and did not follow an established ES classification. Most studies focused on the ES supply dimension, the regulation and maintenance section. Regarding provisioning ES, most studies focused on Cultivating terrestrial plants for nutrition, regulating and maintaining Atmospheric composition and conditions, and for cultural ES on Physical and experiential interactions with the natural environment. Quantitative methods were mostly applied following Indicator-based (secondary data: biophysical, socio-economic) models. Very few work validated the outputs. Several studies forecasted ES, primarily based on land use changes using CA-Markov approaches. This study provides an overview of the most mapped urban and peri‑urban ES globally, the areas where more studies need to be conducted, and the methods developed.

Two key goals for sustainable spatial planning are to promote low-carbon travel in daily life and to enhance human wellbeing through diverse human-environment interactions. Yet, the integration of these goals has been underexplored. This study investigates the potential for experiential diversity via active travel in different residential contexts within the Gävle city-region, Sweden. Over 15 months, we collected spatiotemporal data from 165 participants, analyzing 4,362 reported experiences and 13,192 GPS-derived travel trajectories. Our analysis uncovered a significant spatial discrepancy: while the travelled distances to locations of positive experiences typically ranged from 1.5 km to 5 km, active travel predominated only within 1.5 km. This discrepancy persisted across urban, suburban, and peripheral contexts. Although residents in different contexts reported the same types of experiences, urban dwellers travelled about 50 % farther for nature experiences compared with other positive experiences, whereas peripheral dwellers travelled twice the distance for urbanicity experiences compared with other positive experiences. Consequently, urban residents mostly relied on active travel for urbanicity experiences and motorised travel for nature experiences, with the reverse trend observed among peripheral dwellers. These results illustrate the importance of spatial scale for promoting diverse positive experiences via active travel, regardless of residential context. Effective planning strategies may include enhancing environmental diversity near homes and developing infrastructure that favours active over motorised travel for short to moderate distances.

Revegetation of former agricultural land is a key option for climate change mitigation and nature conservation. Expansion and abandonment of agricultural land is typically influenced by trends in diets and agricultural intensification, which are two key parameters in the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Datasets mapping future land dynamics under different SSPs and climate change mitigation targets stem from different scenario assumptions, land data and modelling frameworks. This study aims to determine the role that these three factors play in the estimates of the evolution of cropland and pastureland in future SSPs under different climate scenarios from four main datasets largely used in the climate and land surface studies. The datasets largely agree with the representation of cropland at present-day conditions, but the identification of pastureland is ambiguous and shows large discrepancies due to the lack of a unique land-use category. Differences occur with future projections, even for the same SSP and climate target. Accounting for CO2 sequestration from revegetation of abandoned agricultural land and CO2 emissions from forest clearance due to agricultural expansion shows a net reduction in vegetation carbon stock for most SSPs considered, except SSP1. However, different datasets give differences in estimates, even when representative of the same scenario. With SSP1, the cumulative increase in carbon stock until 2050 is 3.3 GtC for one dataset, and more than double for another. Our study calls for a common classification system with improved detection of pastureland to harmonize projections and reduce variability of outcomes in environmental studies.

Sustainable rural development is predicated on a delicate balance between rural territorial functions and ecological constraints. While various functions can catalyze economic growth in rural settings, aligning them with inherent ecological variables is essential. An exhaustive analysis of Beijing’s Pinggu District elucidated specific supply-demand thresholds and evaluated the adaptability of current utilization within these boundaries, culminating in a novel optimization strategy. Notably, while locals place significant emphasis on production functions, the area’s topography and soil characteristics present palpable challenges to achieving these goals. We discovered that ‘shackle type’ predominantly characterize individual rural territorial functions, while ‘diversified weak function optimization type’ define multifunctional aspects, showcasing varied development paths and uncovering potential strategies for sustainable improvement. This study contributes a groundbreaking perspective to sustainable rural development, offering key insights and strategic recommendations for policy formulation.

Understanding stakeholders’ differences in perceptions of ecosystem services (ES) is crucial for guiding ecological conservation and planning. However, the variations of ES perception amongst different types of residents in urbanizing areas along an urban-rural gradient are still poorly understood. Combining a questionnaire-based survey, redundancy analysis, and statistical tests, we delineated the urban-rural gradient according to local residents’ socio-economic characteristics, and investigated the differences in local residents’ perceptions of ES and potential factors affecting them in the Guanting Reservoir basin, a rapidly urbanizing basin in China. The results showed that residents living in urban-rural transitional areas attached great importance to provisioning services of providing food and domestic water, regulating services of carbon sequestration and air purification, and cultural services of providing education and training, which were 0.7%–13.1%, 0.7%–9.1% and 2.5%–21.2% higher than that of residents in other areas, respectively. Age and occupation were major factors affecting residents’ perceptions. In terms of land-use types that deliver ES, the difference in perceptions of ES delivered by grassland was the greatest amongst residents. Our results support recommendations for policymakers to take into account the stakeholders’ diverse perceptions, thus promoting residents’ sense of gain on ES.

Ecological restoration projects implemented over the past 20 years have substantially increased forest coverage in China, but the high tree mortality of new afforestation forest remains a challenging but unsolved problem. It is still not clear how much vegetation can be sustained by the forest lands with given water, energy and soil conditions, i.e., the carrying capacity for vegetation (CCV) of forest lands, which is the prerequisite for planning and implementing forest restoration projects. Here, we used a simplified method to evaluate the CCV across forest lands nationwide. Specifically, based on leaf area index (LAI) dataset, we use boosted regression tree and multiple linear regression model to analyze the CCV during 2001–2020 and 2021–2030 and explore the contribution of environmental factors. We find that there are three typical regions with lower CCV located in the Loess Plateau and the southern region of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, the Hengduan Mountain region, and the Tianshan Mountains. More importantly, the vegetation in the regions near the dry-wet climate transition zone show excess local carrying capacity for vegetation over the past two decades and they are more susceptible to potential climatic stress. In comparison, in the Greater Khingan Mountains and Hengduan Mountains, there is high potential to improve the forest growth. Temperature, precipitation and soil affects the CCV by shaping the vegetation in the optimal range. This indicates that more consideration should be given to restrictions of regional environmental constraints when planning afforestation and forest management. This study has important implications for guiding future forest scheme in China.

Vegetation greening has long been acknowledged, but recent studies have pointed out that vegetation greening is possibly stalled or even reversed. However, detailed analyses about greening reversal or increased browning of vegetation remain scarce. In this study, we utilized the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) as an indicator of vegetation to investigate the trends of vegetation greening and browning (monotonic, interruption, and reversal) through the breaks for the additive season and trend (BFAST) method across China’s drylands from 1982 to 2022. It also reveals the impacts of ecological restoration programs (ERPs) and climate change on these vegetation trends. We find that the vegetation displays an obvious pattern of east-greening and west-browning in China’s drylands. Greening trends mainly exhibits monotonic greening (29.8 %) and greening with setback (36.8 %), whereas browning shows a greening to browning reversal (19.2 %). The increase rate of greening to browning reversal is 0.0342/yr, which is apparently greater than that of greening with setback, 0.0078/yr. This research highlights that, under the background of widespread vegetation greening, vegetation browning is progressively increasing due to the effects of climate change. Furthermore, the ERPs have significantly increased vegetation coverage, with the increase rate in 2000–2022 being twice as much as that of 1982–1999 in revegetation regions. Vegetation browning in southwestern Qingzang Plateau is primarily driven by adverse climatic factors and anthropogenic disturbances, which offset the efforts of ERPs.

Increased hazards threatening the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)-designated sites and endangering cultural heritage and community well-being require attention and action. Considering the pivotal role of UNESCO sites in conservation and development, this study assessed their levels of disaster preparedness. The absence of studies assessing disaster awareness, risk perception, and preparedness among UNESCO site actors, as well as the pivotal place of preparedness within the Disaster Risk Management (DRM) cycle justifies this research. Applying the tenets of the Person-Relative-to-Event framework, we hypothesized that a strong positive correlation exists between perceived risks, resources, and disaster preparedness. To collect pertinent data, we employed an embedded mixed-method design and conducted an online questionnaire survey yielding 141 responses from 59 countries. From the results of relevant analyses, wildfires, floods, and droughts are top hazards occurring frequently in UNESCO sites, with significant concerns about pollution and habitat loss during future events. Smartphones emerged as the most available crucial DRM resource, with higher availability of DRM resources correlating positively and significantly with sites’ preparedness. Our findings contribute valuable insights to address missing links for disaster-ready and resilient UNESCO sites, promoting their preservation for future generations.

Understanding the spatial interaction among residents, cooling service, and heat risk area in complex urban areas is conducive to developing targeted management. However, traditional urban thermal environment assessments typically relied on simple linear integration of associated indicators, often neglecting the spatial interaction effect. To explore the spatial interaction among the three elements, this study proposes an accessibility-based urban thermal environment assessment framework. Using Zhengzhou, a rapidly urbanizing city, as an example, remotely sensed images from three periods (2010, 2015 and 2020) were applied to extract urban green space (UGS) and hot island area (HIA). An improved two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method and bivariate local Moran’s I were employed to explore whether residents’ clustering locations are more likely to access cooling service or to be exposed to heat risk. The results demonstrate that the UGS in the city has been expanding, whereas the HIA shrank within the inner city in 2015 and then increased in 2020. Even though the urban thermal environment may have improved in the last decade, the spatial interaction among the residents, cooling service and heat risk area could be exacerbated. Spatial autocorrelation shows an increase in locations that are disadvantageous for resident congregation. Even when sufficient cooling services were provided, residents in these areas could still be exposed to high heat risk. The developed urban thermal environment framework provides a novel insight into the residents’ heat risk exposure and cooling service accessibility, and the findings could assist urban planners in targeting the improvement of extra heat exposure risk locations.

The increase in extreme precipitation (EP) may pose a serious threat to the health and safety of population in arid and semi-arid regions. The current research on the impact of EP on population in Central Asia (CA) is insufficient and there is an urgent need for a comprehensive assessment. Hence, we opted for precipitation and temperature data under two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP2–4.5 and SSP5–8.5) from ten Global Climate Models (GCMs), which were obtained from the NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections (NEX-GDDP-CMIP6). By integrating population data in 2020 and 2050 (SSP2 and SSP5), we investigated the future changes in EP and population exposure in CA under 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming scenarios (GWSs). Our analysis indicates that EP in CA is projected to increase with global warming. Under the SSP5–8.5, the maximum daily precipitation (Rx1day) exhibits an average response rate to global warming of 3.58 %/K (1.99–4.06 %/K). With rising temperatures, an increasing number of areas and populations in CA will be impacted by EP, especially in the Fergana valley. Approximately 25% of the population (land area) in CA is exposed to Rx1day with increases of more than 8.31% (9.32%) under 1.5 °C GWS and 14.18% (13.25%) under 2 °C GWS. Controlling temperature rise can be effective in reducing population exposures to EP. For instance, limiting the temperature increase to 1.5 °C instead of 2 °C results in a 2.79% (1.75%–4.59%) reduction in population exposure to Rx1day. Finally, we found that climate change serves as the predominant factor influencing the population exposure to EP, while the role of population redistribution, although relatively minor, should not be disregarded. Particularly for prolonged drought, the role of population redistribution manifests negatively.

Wind power has been developing rapidly as a key measure to mitigate human-driven global warming. The understanding of the development and impacts of wind farms on local climate and vegetation is of great importance for their rational use but is still limited. In this study, we combined remote sensing and on-site investigations to identify wind farm locations in Inner Mongolia and performed landscape pattern analyses using Fragstats. We explored the impacts of wind farms on land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) between 1990 and 2020 by contrasting these metrics in wind farms with those in non-wind farm areas. The results showed that the area of wind farms increased rapidly from 1.2 km2 in 1990 to 10,755 km2 in 2020. Spatially, wind farms are mainly clustered in three aggregation areas in the center. Further, wind farms increased nighttime LST, with a mean value of 0.23 °C, but had minor impacts on the daytime LST. Moreover, wind farms caused a decline in NPP, especially over forest areas, with an average reduction of 12.37 GC/m². Given the impact of wind farms on LST and NPP, we suggest that the development of wind farms should fully consider their direct and potential impacts. This study provides scientific guidance on the spatial pattern of future wind farms.

In this reflective essay, I discuss the epistemic challenges encountered through my research journey, which was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the coup back home in Myanmar. As a PhD student from the Global South but residing in Europe during these crises, I highlight the conditions of precarity I faced and how they were reinforced by the uneven structural rules, accentuating the need for collective action and effective change. Despite these challenges, I maintain that crises offer a crucial opportunity to innovate in research practices and move toward more inclusive approaches. This would include accounting for the constraints of crises and supporting researchers who need to flexibly respond to conditions of crises.

In the digital economy era, take-out shops relying on the online-to-offline e-commerce platform have gathered in central cities on a large scale, forming large-scale food processing spaces—"Takeaway Factories"— to serve immediate local catering needs. In addition to the impact of the platform economy, consumer demand, and space costs, riders are an important and dynamic factor that promote the final formation of a "Takeaway Factory". Based on the analysis framework of virtual and real-space interactions using the participatory survey method, the specific roles of crowdsourcing and special delivery riders in the formation of "Takeaway Factory" was elucidated. Riders, as the core intermediaries of virtual agglomeration that leads to physical agglomeration, play a role at different stages and spatial scales. In the initial stage, because dedicated takeout shops tend to prefer low-cost, high-demand urban gap spaces, they face challenges in matching with special delivery riders until they are included in the special delivery distribution station. Thus, crowdsourcing riders with free-movement attributes are their first choice. Crowdsourcing riders have a strong preference for store clusters and select food through the two tools of the regional order heat map and grab order hall, bringing about differences in distribution efficiency and promoting the phenomenon of large regional differentiation of relatively concentrated and dispersed stores within the city scale. In the middle stage, in the face of the uneven distribution efficiency of different areas in the city, the platform divides the size of the stations according to the size of the shops in different areas, and matches the special delivery riders of the corresponding scale, which eliminates the uneven distribution efficiency of different areas to a certain extent, and promotes the distribution efficiency of different sections to reach a basic balance. With the emergence of special delivery systems, the special delivery riders are distributed in the station area through the delivery system, which effectively alleviates the distribution pressure of the relatively dispersed, inferior-location stores and promotes the balance of the distribution efficiency of different sections. In the final stage, the special delivery and crowdsourcing riders in the area jointly promote the agglomeration of shops in the area, and ultimately promote the formation of a more polarized takeaway factory. Crowdsourcing riders continue to promote agglomeration from the initial stage, whereas the emergence of special delivery riders promotes both equilibrium and agglomeration. With the increasing maturity of the special delivery and crowdsourcing system, the time-space behavior of different types of riders will eventually promote the completion of the high-density and large-scale agglomeration of takeaway shops in the area (distribution site) through virtual tools, such as site order thermal maps, order dispatching systems, resident points, and order-grabbing halls.

This research delved into the complex dynamics of heritage communities during urban renewal, navigating the tension between preserving local heritage and embracing modernization. This study centered on Hangzhou's Mantoushan community and utilized a combination of fieldwork, participatory observation, semi-structured interviews, and online text analysis to investigate the interplay between spatial transformation and the construction of local identity in the context of urban development. This study aimed to dissect the multifaceted effects of urban renewal on the physical and emotional fabric of heritage spaces, with a particular focus on the microhistorical perspective. The methodology involved a comprehensive approach, capturing the voices of residents, tracking changes in spatial usage, and analyzing digital narratives to provide a nuanced understanding of the community's evolution. The results of this study underscore the dual impact of urban renewal. On one hand, it has led to improvements in the built environment and public amenities, fostering a renewed sense of community pride and attachment among residents. On the other hand, the process has been instrumental in the creation of a second space, as envisioned by authoritative bodies, which in turn, has given rise to a third space characterized by commercial, productive, and recreational functions. This transformation has been marked by diverse actors' reconstruction of the third space influenced by their varied perceptions and aspirations, which has led to a sense of dislocation and internal community division. The conclusions drawn from this study highlight the importance of recognizing the uneven and unstable nature of the transition towards a third space. It advocates for a more inclusive approach to urban renewal that acknowledges and addresses the diverse needs and aspirations of community members. This study also emphasizes the critical role of emotional connections and empathy in the sustainable development of heritage communities, cautioning against the illusion of a second space that overlooks the complex realities of community life. This study provides a compelling argument for a more nuanced understanding of the impacts of urban renewal on heritage communities. It calls for a balanced approach that respects the historical significance of these spaces, while embracing the potential for modernization, ensuring that the process of renewal is one that enhances rather than erodes the communities' sense of identity and belonging. The insights gained from this study are not only relevant to the Mantoushan community, but also offer valuable lessons for urban planners and policymakers worldwide, as they grapple with the challenges of integrating heritage conservation with the demands of contemporary urban life.

Based on the analytical framework of geographical philosophy, this study investigated the production process at different stages, overall laws, ideological inspiration, and future issues of geographical knowledge production and practice in China. The main findings are as follows: First, philosophy is an important foundation supporting the production of geographical knowledge. The production of geographical knowledge should be seen as a process of content division and succession, in which new knowledge is gradually accumulated and there is movements towards wholeness. Second, in geographical knowledge production, geography reflects the actuality of knowledge through manifested features and reflects the reality of knowledge through unexpressed features. Geographical knowledge production exists dynamically in practice. Exploring the driving forces and processes of geographical knowledge production in practice can facilitate the comprehension of the existence and essence of geography. Only by coordinating stage differences in geography to achieve universal awareness can the effective function and ultimate pursuit of geographical philosophy be reflected. Third, in the future, China will inevitably enter a complex stage of development and practice, and "overlapping China" will require even more "overlapping geographical knowledge". Knowledge production and practice of geography require a comprehensive perspective that integrates wisdom from different temporal and spatial dimensions, establishment of clear philosophical ontology, epistemology, and methodology based on the changes and demands of the times, actively promoting the localization of geographical philosophy system construction to serve national strategic needs and high-quality socioeconomic development more effectively.

The widespread adoption of information and communication technologies has reshaped the spatial dynamics of the catering industry, rendering the coopetition relations between take-out and traditional restaurants in spatial distribution increasingly intricate. Leveraging data from Meituan takeout, Dianping, and Unicom mobile signaling, we utilized the Wuhan metropolitan area as a case study. Employing the improved cumulative opportunity method and the bivariate spatial autocorrelation model, this study delved into the coopetition dynamics between take-out and traditional restaurants in terms of spatial distribution, unveiling the factors influencing these relations. Our research yielded three primary findings. Firstly, from a spatial distribution perspective, traditional catering services display spatial disparities, while take-out online-to-offline (O2O) services exhibit greater homogeneity, particularly proliferating in suburban areas. Secondly, regarding spatial distribution relationships, a significant spatial dependence between takeout O2O and traditional catering services was evident overall, albeit with a gradual weakening of correlation. From a local perspective, the spatial correlation dendrogram reveals that "High-High" coupling prevails as the primary spatial correlation pattern in the central urban area. Conversely, in suburban regions, there is a phenomenon of "Low-Low" clusters as the primary and "High-Low" clusters as the secondary, indicating significant spatial heterogeneity associated with location. Thirdly, concerning the coopetition relationships between take-out and traditional restaurants in terms of spatial distribution, the coexistence relationship dominates in the central urban area, while the complementarity relationship prevails in suburban areas, with the substitution relationship being insignificant in either region. Population density, the number of restaurants, and land attributes significantly impact coopetition relations between take-out and traditional restaurants. The coexistence relationship primarily thrives in mature residential areas characterized by high population densities and a substantial presence of both takeout and traditional restaurants. Conversely, the complementarity relationship predominantly exists in residential industrial mixed-layout areas characterized by low population densities, a significant number of takeout restaurants, and a small number of traditional restaurants.

After decades of rapid urban expansion, China's urban development has transitioned to focus on the quality improvement of existing spaces. Urban renewal is now a strategic measure crucial for advancing high-level territorial spatial planning and intensive land use. In coastal regions that have experienced rapid urbanization, redeveloping underutilized collective construction land is essential for achieving high-quality urban development. China has experienced a path-dependent institutional change in collective land property rights, typically village-based institutions created by rural collectives. When the government aims to grant legal status to collective construction land by redefining property rights and promoting redevelopment, these informal institutions inevitably pose constraints. This study conducts a theoretical and empirical analysis of the roles, behaviors, and outcomes of local governments in constructing a collective land redevelopment market. First, it explores the relationship between the government and the market under gradual institutional change and how this relationship manifests in the redevelopment of collective construction land. Then, it empirically examines the case of Nanhai District in Foshan City, using data from the "Three Olds Reconstruction" database and a redevelopment project with which the authors are deeply involved. The study investigates the formation mechanisms of collective construction land, changes in land development institutions, constraints on redevelopment, and measures taken by local governments to construct the land redevelopment market. Despite the government's efforts to legitimize collective construction land through titling and market initiation, issues such as land fragmentation, involution of collective land management, and ambiguity in property rights persist, constraining further redevelopment. Local governments play an entrepreneurial role characterized by a negotiated relationship of both cooperation and competition with village collectives, the property rights holders. Cooperation involves the government acting as a 'transaction broker' between village collectives and investors, reducing institutional constraints and transaction costs. Competition arises as village collectives seek to capture land rents. The appreciation in land value, mainly generated by public investment, should benefit the general public. However, village collectives leverage their possession of land rights to "hold-up" the government, forcing compromises in profit-sharing. This capture of public value by village collectives jeopardizes social equity. To enhance collective land redevelopment and balance development efficiency with social justice, the following policy recommendations are proposed: 1) formalizing the government's informal role as a "transaction broker" to lower transaction costs and mitigate negative impacts; and 2) establishing clear standards for profit-sharing among stakeholders and a system for transferring land development rights to ensure equitable profit distribution.

A brief review of the development of ethnogeography over the past century and geography-oriented theories of minzu over the past 30 years shows that ethnogeography, which is a prominent subdiscipline of geography in the first half of the 20th century, is being eroded to an "important but not conspicuous" field in China. Geography-oriented theories of minzu highlight the significance of "geography" to the development, integration and identification of minzu, whereas the understanding of "geography" is complicated and diverse, and a direction for establishing ethnogeographical theory has not been proposed. Meanwhile, narrow ethnogeography as an independent research field or subdiscipline is devoid of a systematic theoretical system. Considering both modern and contemporary geographical perspectives as well as geography-oriented theories of minzu, three accessible approaches that can strengthen the integrity of ethnogeography and promote the integration of geographical disciplines are proposed. First, the theoretical system of broad ethnogeography could be integrated through a "state-region-place" framework. Second, the multidimensional interpretations of minzu could be bridged with disciplinary traditions of natural science, social science, and humanities to form a threefold "nature-society-humanities" interpretation system. Finally, geographical theories of minzu that emphasizes connection, mobility, and transformation could be developed from the perspective of geography as a discipline rather than a subject. The integrity of ethnogeography will be demonstrated through bridging the gaps among theories, interpretations, and knowledge, and the influence of geography will be extended. More importantly, minzu and nations are understood, not interpreted, geographically.

Maritime Power has gradually increased as a national strategy. In this process, gross marine products continue to grow, and the marine industry has become the most fundamental and critical object. The spatial layout and industrial organization of maritime enterprises are fundamental related tasks. Domestic research can be divided into two main categories, based on the data used. One is to use economic and social statistical data, which have a large spatial scope but large granularity and cannot reflect the details of the industrial layout. The other is to use point-of-interest data, which are often not fully mined owing to the heavy workload of data processing. Therefore, there is little relevant content on departmental and urban comparisons in the existing research. Four representative cities-Dalian, Qingdao, Ningbo, and Xiamen-were selected as the research areas. According to the Industrial Classification for Ocean Industries and Their Related Activities, the research objects were identified as the marine core layer, marine support layer, and marine peripheral layer industries and further refined into eight subcategories. This study is based on the information of maritime enterprises registered for business registration, and uses Python to crawl geographic coordinates to improve the spatial information of enterprises. An innovative task is to identify the industry categories of enterprises. This task was performed using fastText, Convolutional Neural Networks, and Recurrent Neural Network. Thus, a spatial enterprise information database, including multiple marine industry departments, was established. Kernel density analysis, standard deviational ellipse analysis, buffer analysis, and other methods were used. Finally, by comparing the visualization results of the marine industrial spatial layout in the four cities, we delved into the marine industrial spatial differentiation patterns. In the experiment, machine learning models, such as artificial neural networks, exhibited high accuracy and recall when completing human recognition tasks, and these methods were effective. Empirical research on the spatial layout and industrial organization of maritime enterprises revealed the following: 1)From the perspective of spatial pattern, the overall pattern is a balanced pattern of "large dispersion and small agglomeration." By comparing the distribution and organization of different types of marine industries, we found that there is industry agglomeration in the location selection of enterprises, resulting in industry agglomeration characteristics. The land sea relationship is reflected in the high-density single peak or "coastal zone-city center" Multimodal distribution pattern. 2) From the perspective of spatial organization mode, industrial clusters have multilevel hierarchical characteristics corresponding to population size and administrative levels. In addition to single core structures, multi core structures generally exhibit a "primary-secondary dual core" or "primary core-multiple radial" pattern, with spatial connections between core intervals forming a multi node axis or network structure. 3) From the perspective of spatial matching relationships, the elliptical area is positively related to the urban area, the direction of the long axis is close to the coastal direction, and the industrial distribution has a clear matching relationship with the urban center, ports, and other transportation hubs, bay terrain, coastline, and other spatial elements.

As a unique phenomenon in China's dualistic urban-rural system, the renewal of urban villages, along with the continuous advancement of urbanization, has attracted much attention, because it involves changes in land ownership, compensation for house demolition and relocation, environmental construction, and social security, among other aspects. Resident satisfaction in urban villages is directly related to the issues of policy strengths and weaknesses, resident happiness, and social fairness, and has been widely researched in academia. However, few studies have explored the influence mechanism of satisfaction in urban village renewal from the perspective of reference dependence and have neglected to compare the differences in the levels of different proximity reference points and livelihood capitals. From the perspective of reference dependence, this study analyzes the influence of different proximity reference points on the satisfaction with urban village renewal based on the theory of differential order patterns and tests the moderating effect of livelihood capital on this mechanism. Based on 413 valid samples from two typical urban village renewal areas in Wuhan, this study explored the mechanisms of reference dependence, livelihood capital, and satisfaction with urban village renewal and reconstruction in megacity urban villages using an ordered logistic regression model, a moderating effect model, and other methods. The study found that: 1) reference dependence positively and significantly affected the satisfaction of urban village resettlement residents with renewal and reconstruction; 2) the proximity of the object of reference dependence to one's own relationship was positively correlated with the degree of influence; and 3) livelihood capital positively moderated the relationship between reference dependence and satisfaction with renewal and reconstruction. Policy implications: The design of demolition and relocation compensation policy should strengthen the public participation of villagers, formulate reasonable standards for the identification of legal property rights of housing, and take into account efficiency and fairness by adapting to the local conditions. Efforts should be made to eliminate the influence of the differences in livelihood capital, and improve the cultural quality and skills of resettled villagers through training to reduce the "cultural lag" brought about by the change of identity. Monitoring groups should be set up to oversee the implementation of urban village renewal. This study helps to further elucidate the influence mechanism of satisfaction with urban village renewal and enriches the theoretical application of reference dependence theory in the field of behavioral economics. The findings provide practical experience for reducing social conflicts and public opinion impacts and provides a reference for megacities to actively and steadily implement urban village renewal, thereby improving people's livelihoods, expanding domestic demand, and promoting high-quality urban development.

Against the background of the increasing separation of natural and human geography, gradual disintegration of the comprehensive disciplinary characteristics of geography, and weakening of the social influence of geographers, the domestic geography community has recently been discussing the possibility of integrating natural and human geography and the possible paths for doing so. In response, this study proposes an analysis framework of Ecological Economic Geography conducive to the integration of physical and human geography. Furthermore, this study advocates a focus on the dynamic change of "human" as a giant system with complex links of economy, technology, and institutional systems, and its two-way feedback relationship with the ecosystem. By exploring the coupling and regulation mechanisms of human and natural systems in the context of environmental and technological change, this study seeks the best answer to human sustainable development in the comprehensive balance. To clarify the research perspective and ideas of Ecological Economic Geography, we select the following three cases: i) the centennial evolution of the ecological economic system of Mulberry-dyke and Fish-pond System, ii) the systematic cascade of the "digital-energy-water" in data centers, and iii) the humanistic perspective of ecological restoration planning. With a focus on the analytical framework of the "pattern-process-relationship-pathway," this study proposes four research topics on which Ecological Economic Geography needs to focus, specifically, the coupling pattern of ecosystems and economic systems, process and impact of different factor flows between different systems, regional complexity of ecological and economic coupling systems, and sustainable development pathway of the ecological economic system. Accordingly, the development of Ecological Economic Geography may strengthen the mutual collaboration between scholars of the natural world and the humanities, promote the integration of geographic disciplines, and enhance the ability of geography to solve extensive problems.

Regional integration in the marketized socialist context has been regarded as a cross-boundary development led by governmental apparatuses, wherein administrative toolkits have been employed to consolidate coalitional benefits on different scales. Since 1980s, when an ideological transition from managerialism to urban entrepreneurism reshaped urban and regional governance, municipalities have become an active role in bargaining for local development opportunities. Based on this, the market economy objectively promotes social capital for participation in regional development agendas and capital circuits. Thus, municipalities no longer dominate capital flows with bureaucratic tactics but by diversifying development through a variety of approaches, including state-owned enterprise reform, the introduction of foreign capital, and encouragement of private enterprise operations. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) represent an important form of state-business cooperation, which generally refers to a type of multilink and process-based cooperation carried out by the public and private sectors. Existing literature discusses the different roles of these sectors in PPP projects from the perspectives of growth machines, fiscal decentralization, and institutional establishments. However, few studies on PPP projects reveal the operational mechanism at the regional scale compared to that at the urban scale, leading to research gaps in (1) how regional governments participate, (2) how regional and city governments interact, and (3) how the interests of multilevel governments and the private sector are coordinated. The study aimed to dialogue with the theory of regional integration and conceptualize PPP projects on a regional scale using an analytical framework. Additionally, it intended to summarize the research basis of urban PPP projects, discuss the formation mechanism of PPP models and government-enterprise cooperation against the background of regional integration, and systematically describe the path of multiregional integration under the market economy system. Sino-Singapore Jiashan Industrial Park was identified for the empirical case study. The study methods included semi-structured interviews and in-depth text analyses. As of August 2023, seven semi-structured interviews were conducted, and interviewees included officials of the industrial park, heads of relevant departments, and residents living adjacent to the park. Based on the interview materials, in-depth analyses of the policies and plans relevant to Yangtze River Delta regional integration and documents on industrial development and urban construction in Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing City, and Jiashan County were conducted for comparison with empiricism from the interview records. The main difference between PPP projects in terms of the regional and urban scales was the flow of factors in the regional space. The flow of factors included material factors, such as capital and labor, and abstract factors, such as policies, business models, and management experience. For example, the Sino-Singapore Group not only brought the industrial capital of Suzhou Industrial Park to Jiashan Industrial Park but it also introduced the existing excellent development model and government-enterprise cooperation mode of Suzhou Industrial Park into the development of Jiashan Industrial Park. Using market tools to assist in the construction of regional integration systems and mechanisms plays a core role in regional-scale PPP projects. Considering that the development of PPP projects on regional and urban scales is blocked by administrative boundaries, the relationship between cross-regional subjects is key to the success of the project and includes the complex relationships between the Suzhou Industrial Park Government and Sino-Singapore Group, the Jiashan County Government and Sino-Singapore Group, and the Jiashan State Investment Group and Sino-Singapore Group. Cooperation between the Jiashan County Government and the Sino-Singapore Group is inseparable from the support of the Suzhou Industrial Park Government. Introducing the Jiashan State Investment Group and Sino-Singapore Group as close partners is also necessary. Whether a multi-subject relationship can be properly handled determines the success or failure of regional-scale PPP projects.

Place memory and emotions are popular topics in human geography. The rapid development of information technology has promoted new social media platforms, built virtual spaces that differ from physical spaces, and provided new carriers for place memory and emotional sustenance. In this study, subtitle, bullet-screen, and comment data were quantified on the basis of disembedding theory and media geography combined with the natural language processing method to explore the process of local memory awakening under the background of "digital-reality fusion," taking the documentary "A Bite of China" as the study case. The following results were obtained: 1) The theme words of the subtitles included hometown, food, taste, and life. In the bullet-screen and comment data, the words "food" and "hometown" were the core nodes that built the semantic network together with other theme words. Food has become a representative of local culture, not only as a focus of local economic development but also as a window to regional culture, and is capable of awakening people's deepest memories of their hometowns. Food reflects the good wishes and life expectations of people, with the memory of the taste of their hometown having become a symbol of this attachment and the nostalgia touching the hearts of travelers. 2) The documentary awakens social memories, shapes places in modern society, and constructs a sociocultural space that carries food culture and daily practices. From the data visualization results, it could be seen that the audience as a whole showed positive emotions, the immediacy of bullet-screen was more likely to stimulate positive emotions than comments, the semantic network of bullet-screen was denser, and the audience was more inclined to comprehensively evaluate the overall level of the video in comments. Modern media technology breaks through the limitations of physical space, bringing the experience of virtual space to the audience and allowing them to instantly express their emotions and feelings while watching the video, thereby realizing the generation of emotional ties and social relations across time and space. Mediated communication has become a habitual practice in modern society, providing channels through which audience members can exchange information and ideas and express their emotions daily, thereby shortening the mental cognitive distance of people and having the same authenticity as unmediated communication and interactions. 3) Digital media provides a new interactive platform for the audience, dissolves the geographical limitations of traditional communication, and realizes dialogue between virtual and physical spaces. It also reconstructs the relationship between people and places and shortens the emotional distance between people and hometowns while providing information for daily life practices. Digital media has reconfigured the relationship between people and places in society through new media technology, creating a new type of physical space connection; namely, virtual space. In addition to local activities, the virtual space provides a new place for people to communicate and interact with one another. Although it is also a place that carries people's emotions, it enriches the audience's experience, thus contributing to the construction of the media's sense of place. This study expands the content of dietary geography and provides theoretical and empirical references for the reconstruction of human-land relations in the digital information age.

Homeless cats in cities mainly include feral, roaming/stray, and community cats, which are collectively referred to as stray cats within the current social framework and norms. The large numbers of stray cats found in society and social spaces are more often than not regarded as problematic luminal animals, and their value in spatial construction and reflective significance are largely obscured. In fact, stray cats play a crucial role in human living spaces, and their survival activities have rich spatial production significance. In particular, in the era of digital intelligence, state-of-the-art media technology plays an important role in the spatial production of cultural and interpersonal interactions. Thus, on the basis of geomedia theory, we used case analysis, text analysis, technical walkthrough, participatory observation, and in-depth interviews in this study to better analyze the media practice of helping cats and elaborate on the reconstruction of space by geomedia and its role in shaping the relationships between people, media, stray cats, and space. By focusing on the interactions between people, stray cats, and media in both society and virtual space, we explored 1) the process of helping stray cats and the methods cat helpers used to construct cat assistance spaces; 2) how cat helpers interact with stray cats; and 3) the interpersonal communication or conflicts that occurred during the process of assisting cats and the roles they played in shaping and recognizing spatial locations. The Jiemao APP was the main tool used for observation and data collection, whereas TikTok and Station B were used as auxiliary tools for these same purposes. Concurrently, four communities (J, H, M, and Y) where cat houses were located were selected in W City, J Province for a 3-months offline observation. The reason for choosing these four communities is that their cat houses have a higher number of Jiemao APP subscribers in the same city, and cat house applicants are more proactive in managing their cat houses. Our study found that with the support of geomedia such as mobile phones and the Jiemao APP, multiple actors have constructed a cat assistance space that breaks through virtual and real dimensions in terms of dynamic interaction. On the one hand, the constructed virtual space expands the boundaries of meanders for cat lovers. On the other hand, the deployment of different platforms and monitoring systems exposes past offline as well as previously unseen, overlooked, and obscured events to the network, enhancing visible density and unleashing the effect of super visibility. Second, as non-human actors, the flow (transfer, relocation, and demolition) of cats and cat houses in cat assistance spaces is accompanied by dialogue, negotiation, and struggles between humans and space. Specifically, the impacts of environmental and climatic factors, as well as changes in the movement trajectory of stray cats, affect the transfer of cat houses. The human destruction of cat houses affects their relocation, whereas the decisions made by property management and their management styles affect the demolition of cat houses. Third, the cat helper encounters different actors in the constructed mixed space through geomedia, and the same or an opposite relationship is generated during this process. The interaction between stakeholders not only affects their understanding of the place but also shapes their local memory as well as the cultural atmosphere, meaning of existence, and evolution of the place. From a practical perspective, the contemplation of survival relationships between different species in the same space contributes to the reflexive and constructive significance of this study. From a theoretical perspective, this study found that previous research frameworks have mainly focused on exploring co-creations between humans and the environment, with stray cats being typically overlooked in such studies. Therefore, this study further subdivided geomedia into "technological geomedia" and "life-form geomedia" to break out of the framework of past research perspectives and thereby describe the mechanism of spatial construction of coexistence between humans and stray cats.

Ecological environmental protection is an important support for China to achieve ecological civilization, but it often encounters challenges in fairly distributing protection responsibilities and development rights between the wider society and local communities living in protected areas. Ecological protection planning is an instrument for reconstructing environmental protection responsibilities and development rights among different social groups: the communities within the protected areas bear the responsibility for ecological protection but may lose some development rights to some extent, whereas the communities outside the protected areas enjoy the benefits of environmental protection without having to fulfill related obligations. This asymmetry of rights and obligations triggers environmental injustice, and is a crucial factor in determining the effectiveness of policy implementation. The changing patterns of environmental (in)justice are shaped by negotiations between governments at different scales and local stakeholders, and involve complex political processes. Therefore, this study introduces a theoretical framework that integrates scale politics and environmental justice to explore the distinctive-scale political processes involved in achieving environmental justice in ecological protection areas under China's segmented and hierarchical political system. First, the pattern of environmental justice is shaped by the highest-scale actors among relevant stakeholders. Second, intermediate-scale actors tend to prioritize compliance with policy directives from higher scales and may use methods such as scale retention or devolution to limit the interest demands of lower scales. Finally, lower-scale actors may seek to enhance their political discourse power through scale escalation when faced with unjust situations created by a top-down decision-making system. Empirically, this research selected a village yet to be reconstructed in an ecological protection zone in the central provincial capital city of China as a case study and analyzed the environmental injustice faced by the villagers and pathways to change the injustice. The empirical findings suggest that, without prior consideration of the development rights of local residents, strict top-down ecological environmental protection methods often aggravate tense relationships among actors at different scales. Specifically, this leads to environmental injustice, in which the development rights of local residents at lower scales are overshadowed by the protection requirements enforced by higher-scale government entities. Environmental (in)justice includes the allocation, institutional, and recognition dimensions. In response, scale reconstruction emerges as an informal strategy for lower-scale residents to seek justice. Through this strategy, lower-scale residents appeal to higher-scale governments to intervene in the development issues of ecological protection areas, and thus strive to achieve equality in development rights and protective responsibilities. This process opens a way to achieve environmental justice. Additionally, the reliance on informal mechanisms underscores the lack of formal mechanisms in China to ensure that lower-scale groups have fair rights to urban ecological environmental protection. To address the challenges, this article integrates theoretical insights with empirical evidence to propose the following policy measures:(1) strengthening the top-down transmission of policies to implement the principle of balancing ecological protection by improving people's livelihoods, (2) establishing mechanisms for achieving environmental justice through the balanced allocation of rights and responsibilities, and (3) enhancing the democratic participation of relevant stakeholders in planning.

During the stage of high-quality development, the orderly promotion of citizenization of the floating population is crucial to ensure the high-quality population development and sustainable socio-economic growth of our country. In this study, dynamic monitoring survey data of China's floating population in 2017 were referenced to categorize the settlement intentions of this population group into three types (viz., short term, long term, and permanent) according to their expected residence duration. Subsequently, the mobility and residential characteristics of this population were analyzed by using a multinomial logistic regression model to examine differences in their demographic and family characteristics, mobility patterns, economic status, and social integration. The findings are as follows: (1) Dongguan and Huizhou, located on the east bank of the Pearl River and primarily driven by manufacturing industries, have a significant proportion of populations with short-term settlement intentions. By contrast, cities with lower living costs or more comprehensive services are more likely to attract long-term residents. (2) The inter-provincial floating population tends to flow into Shenzhen, with individuals migrating a short distance being more predominant. Long-distance inter-provincial migrants have a stronger intention to settle permanently. Within the province, the floating population tends to flow into Guangzhou, displaying a certain degree of geographical proximity in city choices and a tendency to stay long term or permanently. (3) Groups characterized by female sex, older age, higher educational level, marital status, longer inflow time, non-work-related inflow reasons, and higher income level tend to take up long-term or permanent residence at their destination. Conversely, lower levels of these characteristics are associated with shorter stays. Higher degrees of social integration can promote permanent settlement intentions among inter-provincial migrants compared with the effect on their intra-provincial counterparts. (4) Each factor has different effects on groups with the same settlement intention within and outside the province, as reflected in the varying impacts of educational level, marital status, income level, and migration reasons on inter- and intra-provincial floating populations. This study breaks through the traditional binary division model of settlement intentions, enhancing our understanding of floating populations through the "short-term residence–long-term residence–permanent settlement" categorization method. The Pearl River Delta region, one of the areas with the largest concentration of the floating population and the highest degree of economic development in China, serves as a critical case study. Understanding the flow and residence patterns of this population in this region will help government departments implement relevant policies and safeguarding measures tailored to different settlement intentions, thereby improving urban operational efficiency.

A comprehensive understanding of the distribution pattern and driving factors of population aging at the country level in China is fundamental for enhancing the governance capacity of the governing authorities and implementing a national strategy to actively cope with the aging society. On the basis of the 2000, 2010, and 2020 census data on the Chinese population, we determined the distribution pattern of population aging in China over the past 20 years at the county level and adopted a fractional response model to identify the main influencing factors of such spatial distribution from three perspectives: the natural environment, socioeconomic factors, and population migration. The following observations were made: 1) During the past 20 years, most counties in China have entered into an "aging society," some counties have entered into an "aged society," and counties in the Chengdu-Chongqing region, central Inner Mongolia, and peripheral Yangtze River Delta have entered into a "hyper-aged society." 2) The spatial structure of the distribution of population aging exhibited various patterns. Overall, the Hu Line is a clear demarcation for the distribution, with the degree of aging of the counties in the southeastern half of the line being generally higher than that of the counties in the northwestern half and maintaining a certain degree of stability. During the past 20 years, the aging population has shown a gradient diffusion of the characteristics of the Eastern monsoon region―Northwest arid region―Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region. From a local perspective, population aging presents various structural characteristics, such as "homogenization," "reverse core-edge," and "core-edge" spatial structures. 3) Significant regional differences exist in population aging. Vast differences in population aging between different ecological regions, between urban and rural areas, and between ethnic and non-ethnic autonomous regions are obvious, and these differences tend to expand further. 4) Natural factors have laid the macro pattern of the distribution of population aging. Socioeconomic factors are the main driving force of the aging process, and population migration has played an important role in restructuring the aging space pattern. This study provides a scientific basis for optimization of the spatial allocation of pension resources, and different regions can actively respond to the formulation and improvement of differentiated policies for population aging.

In the present state of geography, this study proposes a deep integration of physical and human geography. It involves the integration of knowledge from these two sub-disciplines of geography. Notably, it extracts the integrated thinking of liberal arts and science from the deep integration of physical and human geography. This serves as the focal point of geographical innovation, demonstrating its distinctive allure through three key aspects: Geography is considered as a basic applied discipline with ontological cross connection of liberal arts and science. Establishing an ontological integration of liberal arts and scientific perspectives enhances academic literacy for geographers. The innovation in higher education of geography aims to nurture a new generation of geography talents by integrating liberal arts and scientific thinking. Geographical innovation is primarily rooted in the deep integration of physical and human geography. Thus, geography emerges as an irreplaceable discipline for addressing several issues involving the national economy and social development. With its distinctive allure, geography proudly takes its place among the sciences.

We work at rethinking our knowledge practices and at making geography and theory formation more just, and we tend to focus on research and not on teaching. Similarly, when investigating who is seen as producing legitimate theory and where, we rarely answer that students do. This contribution therefore offers a double-barreled argument: that we should also answer epistemological debates and better our practices by centering teaching in our scholarship for once and that we should consider the classroom a space for theory formation by students. This argument insists on the political and epistemological importance of problematizing the location of our teaching and bringing together the two traditions of feminist epistemologies and critical pedagogies.

Aim: The ever-increasing population of cities has created many problems for city management. Solving these problems has become a big challenge for urban management. Scientific and research centers and international organizations have introduced the approach of "good urban governance" as the most effective, least costly, and most sustainable method of urban management. Urban governance is a process formed based on the interaction between the official organizations and institutions of the city administration on the one hand, and non-governmental organizations and civil society organizations on the other. This article aims to analyze the feasibility of good governance in the urban management of Maku City by examining the indicators of good urban governance.Material & Method: The research method is descriptive-analytical and is of a functional type. The statistical population of this study includes two groups of citizens and experts (municipality and city council). Statistical tests using mean comparison (T-test and ANOVA) were used to analyze the data collected from the questionnaire. Finding: The findings of this study are significant. From the citizens' viewpoint, all the indicators of good urban governance are at a low level. However, experts believe that only the participation index is low. Furthermore, all neighborhoods of Maku city are at a low level in terms of good urban governance, with significant differences observed in three indicators: rule of law, justice index, and strategic insight index. In summary, this study's results underscore the urgent need to improve the realization of good urban governance in Maku city.Innovation: This research stands out from previous studies as it comprehensively examines eight indicators of good urban governance, both from the perspective of citizens and experts. The findings of this unique approach can be instrumental in various planning initiatives, particularly those that prioritize the decentralization of the urban management process.

Penurunan tanah di Pantai Utara Jawa Tengah dan sekitarnya menimbulkan kerugian dan berdampak negatif. Mitigasi seperti pemantauan fenomena penurunan tanah di Pantai Utara Jawa Tengah diperlukan khususnya untuk pemantauan pergerakan vertikal dan kecepatannya. Salah satu teknologi yang dapat dimanfaatkan yaitu Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Saat ini, pengolahan data GNSS dengan metode Precise Point Positioning (PPP) telah banyak digunakan untuk analisis pergerakan vertikal. Berdasarkan koordinat hasil pengolahan data GNSS beberapa tahun dapat ditentukan kecepatan pergerakan vertikalnya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan nilai pergerakan vertikal dan kecepatannya pada titik Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) di Pantai Utara Jawa Tengah dan sekitarnya dengan metode PPP. Pemantauan pergerakan vertikal dilakukan pada delapan titik GNSS CORS tahun 2021 s.d. 2023 di Pantai Utara Jawa Tengah yaitu CPKL (Pekalongan), CSMG (Semarang Genuk), CSEM (Semarang), dan CJPR (Jepara) dan di sekitarnya yaitu CBJN (Banjarnegara), CMGL (Magelang), CSLO (Solo), dan CPWD (Purwodadi). Pengolahan data GNSS dengan metode PPP menggunakan perangkat lunak PRIDE PPP-AR sehingga diperoleh estimasi nilai koordinat harian dan simpangan baku. Pergerakan vertikal dan simpangan bakunya diolah dengan metode linear least square sehingga diperoleh nilai kecepatan pergerakan vertikal dan simpangan baku setiap titik CORS kemudian dilakukan uji statistik t-student dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95%. Penurunan tanah tahun 2021 s.d. 2022 terjadi pada titik CPKL, CPWD, CSEM, dan CSMG sedangkan CBJN, CJPR, CMGL, dan CSLO terjadi kenaikan tanah. Tahun 2022 s.d. 2023 dan 2021 s.d. 2023 terjadi penurunan tanah di titik CMGL, CPKL, CPWD, dan CSMG sedangkan CBJN, CJPR, CSEM, dan CSLO mengalami kenaikan tanah. Nilai kecepatan pergerakan vertikal selama tiga tahun berkisar -4,39 s.d. -94,03 mm/tahun sedangkan kenaikannya -4,39 s.d. 96,32 mm/tahun. Penurunan tanah terjadi pada titik CMGL, CPKL, CPWD, dan CSMG. Kenaikan tanah terjadi pada titik CBJN, CJPR, CSEM, dan CSLO berturut-turut sebesar 54,24 mm/tahun, 96,32 mm/tahun, 3,23 mm/tahun, 26,6 mm/tahun.

Kabupaten Madiun merupakan kabupaten di Jawa Timur yang terletak di perbatasan Provinsi Jawa Timur dan Jawa Tengah. Lokasi yang strategis menjadikan Kabupaten Madiun sebagai wilayah incaran para investor untuk menanamkan modal serta mendirikan industri. Pemerintah Kabupaten Madiun melalui Disnaker menanggapi dengan positif kebutuhan tersebut dengan menyusun Rencana Pembangunan Industri Kabupaten (RPIK) tahun 2023-2043 dan memetakan sektor industri guna penentuan kawasan industri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi dan menilai potensial lokasi kawasan industri di Kabupaten Madiun serta dapat digunakan sebagai data pendukung dalam perencanaan dan pengembangan kawasan industri berkelanjutan bagi pemerintah. Penelitian ini menggunakan bantuan sistem informasi geografis melalui proses overlay pada setiap parameter penyusunnya dengan scoring dan pembobotan. Adapun parameter yang digunakan, meliputi penggunaan lahan, kemiringan lereng, jenis tanah, jalan utama, fasilitas umum, jaringan sungai, dan kerawanan banjir. Pembobotan pada setiap parameter dilakukan dengan metode Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process dan analisis kesesuaian potensi lahan dengan RTRW dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis intersect. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kawasan yang berpotensi menjadi kawasan industri di Kabupaten Madiun adalah Kecamatan Pilangkenceng, Balerejo, Saradan, Mejayan, Wonoasri, Madiun, Sawahan, Jiwan, Wungu, Geger, Dolopo, dan Dagangan. Tingkat kesesuaian kelas SS “sangat sesuai” sebesar 2 %, kelas S “sesuai” sebesar 14 %, kelas CS “cukup sesuai” sebesar 60 %, kelas KS “kurang sesuai” sebesar 24 %, dan kelas TS “tidak sesuai” sebesar 0 %. Kawasan dengan kesesuaian tertinggi sebagai kawasan industri yang mengacu terhadap pola ruang industri dalam RTRW Kabupaten Madiun terletak di Kecamatan Pilangkenceng.

Meningkatnya harga properti di kawasan perkotaan dipengaruhi oleh pesatnya urbanisasi di kawasan perkotaan. Pola spasial terkait nilai tanah dan properti yang kompleks akibat pembangunan gedung-gedung tinggi belum dipahami dengan baik. Secara umum, penilaian tanah dan properti dipengaruhi oleh aspek lokasi, lingkungan, dan fisik. Pembangunan yang terus berkembang menyebabkan perubahan spasial yang signifikan dalam dimensi vertikal. Faktor 2D yang saat ini digunakan tidak dapat mewakili perubahan informasi spasial pada dimensi vertikal. Oleh karena itu, penting untuk memperhitungkan faktor 3D dalam proses penilaian tanah dan properti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor 3D pada penilaian tanah dan properti sebagai dasar penentuan pajak dengan menerapkan metode Hedonic Price Modeling (HPM). Metode HPM dikembangkan untuk penilaian tanah dan properti 3D menggunakan regresi berganda dengan pembelajaran mesin (machine learning). Hasil dari penelitian, menunjukkan bahwa penambahan faktor 3D pada model memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap nilai tanah dan properti. Hal ini didukung oleh hasil validasi menggunakan uji independen t, yang menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan secara signifikan antara rata-rata nilai pasar dan Nilai Jual Objek Pajak (NJOP). Selain itu, penyajian model kota LoD 1, dinilai efektif dalam menggambarkan pola distribusi spasial terkait klasifikasi Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (PBB) yang tersebar di area studi. Pola yang tergambar dalam model kota tersebut dapat mempermudah pemangku kepentingan dalam memahami tren PBB dalam konteks spasial, sekaligus memudahkan dalam pengambilan keputusan terkait kebijakan pajak dan perencanaan kota.

Informasi yang akurat dan termutakhir mengenai data spasial permukiman skala menengah dibutuhkan berbagai bidang seperti agenda pembangunan berkelanjutan, perubahan iklim dan pengurangan risiko bencana. Namun, ekstraksi informasi spasial untuk permukiman selalu menjadi tantangan karena heterogenitas spasial permukiman yang kompleks. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengekstraksi permukiman dari kombinasi citra Sentinel-2 dan Sentinel-1 menggunakan metode Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) dengan platform Google Earth Engine (GEE). Dataset ekstraksi permukiman dibentuk dari 33 fitur kombinasi saluran spektral, indeks spektral dan tekstur. Sementara itu, dataset segmentasi terdiri dari kombinasi indeks spektral UI–NDVI-MNDWI hasil perhitungan Optimum Index Factor (OIF). Segmentasi diproses menggunakan Simple Non-Iterative Clustering (SNIC) dan diklasifikasi dengan algoritma Random Forest (RF). Secara visual, hasil ekstraksi permukiman menunjukkan pola distribusi yang konsisten dengan permukiman peta Rupabumi Indonesia (RBI) skala 1:25000, tetapi memiliki karakter geometri yang berbeda. Oleh karena itu, hasil ekstraksi permukiman belum dapat digunakan secara langsung sebagai data masukan pembuatan peta RBI skala menengah, tetapi dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai panduan digitasi dan mendukung kontrol kualitas. Selain itu, nilai penting fitur dalam klasifikasi RF juga dianalisis dengan hasil fitur polarisasi VV memiliki kontribusi paling tinggi. Uji akurasi menghasilkan nilai overall accuracy dan F-score sebesar 92%. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa model klasifikasi dan metode OBIA di GEE mampu menghasilkan data ekstraksi permukiman dengan akurasi yang tinggi di wilayah dengan landskap yang beragam.

Jalan tol merupakan infrastruktur yang memegang peranan penting dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan ekonomi, sehingga aset-aset yang terkait dengan jalan tol perlu dikelola dengan baik. Kini, pengelolaan aset jalan tol dinilai sulit karena masih dilakukan secara manual dengan data yang sangat banyak. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan Road Asset Management System (RAMS) yang dapat mempermudah pengelolaan aset secara digital. Data yang digunakan merupakan data spasial dan non-spasial aset jalan tol ruas Bakauheni-Terbanggi Besar. Sistem dikembangan menggunakan Y-Model Webgis Methodology (YWDM) dengan bahasa pemrograman HTML, PHP, JavaScript, dan CSS. RAMS yang dikembangkan berupa berupa sebuah WebGIS yang dapat menampilkan visualisasi aset jalan tol pada peta online OpenStreetMap, menambahkan aset baru menggunakan file GeoJSON, mencari dan melihat rincian aset, serta melihat rekap aset dalam bentuk grafik. Data aset seperti identifikasi jalan, ramp, akses, rambu jalan, lampu jalan, dan lainnya dengan total 51 tabel data spasial dan 31 tabel data non-spasial tersimpan dalam basis data PosgreSQL. Pengguna yang dapat mengakses sistem ini terbagi atas dua peran, yaitu admin yang dapat mengelola aset dan publik yang hanya dapat melihat aset. Pengujian fungsionalitas yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa sistem dapat berjalan dengan baik.

The optimization strategy replaces ability-useful land with conservation-source power land, which may help with problem degradation. Investigate this to determine the level of land ability and the function area designation for good protection and cultivation in the Satuan Wilayah Pengembangan (SWP). The research method is descriptive and quantitative, with stepwise data collection and processing. Data collection is carried out through studies and literature from several agencies. Temporary spatial data analysis was conducted using Geographic Information System (GIS) software. The research findings underscore a significant aspect regarding land analysis, specifically about allocating areas for settlement purposes. The documented 3687.35 hectares identified as suitable for settlement development, alongside the approximately 11755.27 hectares allocated as buffer zones, highlight a limited portion of land deemed suitable for urban expansion within the studied region. This observation underscores the challenge of finding suitable and adequate spaces for urban development initiatives in Ambon City. Identifying such a confined area underscores the need for strategic urban planning that considers land constraints, such as the predominantly hilly terrain, to ensure balanced development, efficient land use, and the preservation of environmental integrity. Efforts toward optimizing these available areas for urban growth while concurrently focusing on conservation and ecological sustainability become imperative for Ambon City's future urban development trajectory. They created a barrier to physical land where hilly areas dominate the characteristics of the Ambon City area

DAS Serayu merupakan salah satu dari 108 DAS yang ditetapkan sebagai DAS prioritas pada tahun 2020 – 2024 dikarenakan mengalami penurunan daya dukung. Penurunan daya dukung tersebut salah satunya ditandai dengan peristiwa erosi yang disebabkan oleh aktivitas eksploitasi lahan di bagian hulu DAS Serayu terutama di Sub DAS Serayu Hulu. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memberikan informasi mengenai persebaran laju erosi di Sub DAS Serayu Hulu pada tahun 2022 menggunakan metode Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). Penentuan laju erosi tersebut memanfaatkan Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) berbasis raster dengan menggunakan lima parameter meliputi erosivitas hujan (R), erodibilitas tanah (K), panjang dan kemiringan lereng (LS), pengelolaan tanaman (C) dan tindakan konservasi lahan (P). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Sub DAS Serayu Hulu memiliki nilai laju erosi terendah sebesar 0,0169 ton/ha/tahun dengan tutupan lahan sawah di Kecamatan Selomerto sedangkan nilai laju erosi tertingginya sebesar 5.842,6042 ton/ha/tahun yang berada pada tutupan lahan pemukiman di Kecamatan Kejajar. Sub DAS Serayu Hulu didominasi oleh laju erosi >15-60 ton/ha/tahun dimana termasuk ke dalam kelas tingkat bahaya erosi ringan dengan luasan sebesar 5091,359 ha atau sekitar 36,96% dari total luas sub DAS Serayu Hulu. Laju erosi >480 ton/ha/tahun yang masuk ke dalam kelas tingkat bahaya erosi sangat berat memiliki luasan paling kecil sebesar 928,906 ha atau 6,74%.

Banjir mempunyai pengaruh yang besar terhadap kondisi masyarakat baik secara sosial, ekonomi, maupun lingkungan. Terkait pengaruh terhadap lingkungan, banjir memiliki dampak yang dapat mempengaruhi kondisi penutup lahan. Salah satu upaya mitigasi yang dapat dilakukan terkait banjir adalah dengan pemanfaatan data citra satelit penginderaan jauh, yakni menggunakan satelit Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). Pemetaan banjir dapat menggunakan data citra satelit SAR karena data SAR bebas awan dan dapat beroperasi siang dan malam. Dalam proses pemetaan genangan banjir diperlukan informasi mengenai jenis penutup lahan yang terdampak banjir untuk analisa dampak banjir terhadap lingkungan. Oleh karena itu banjir sangat berkaitan dengan penutup lahan. Pada penelitian ini akan dibahas mengenai pemetaan banjir wilayah Tangerang pada tanggal 23 Maret 2022 dan hubungannya dengan penutup lahan pada area tersebut. Pengolahan data citra SAR Sentinel-1 dengan metode change detection dan threshold digunakan untuk pemetaan genangan banjir, sedangkan data citra Sentinel-2 level 2 dengan metode supervised classification, algoritma Classification and Regression Tress (CART) digunakan untuk klasifikasi penutup lahan. Berdasarkan pengolahan klasifikasi penutup lahan didapatkan hasil berupa peta penutup lahan dengan nilai Overall Accuracy sebesar 94,84% dan nilai Kappa sebesar 93,17%, yang diklasifikasikan ke dalam beberapa kelas penutup lahan yaitu badan air, lahan terbangun, vegetasi, lahan kosong dan sawah. Selanjutnya, berdasarkan pengolahan sebaran genangan banjir pada tanggal 23 Maret 2022 dengan nilai threshold 1,20 didapatkan hasil confusion matrix sebesar 94,34%, dan luas genangan banjir sebesar 14.987 ha. Berdasarkan pengolahan overlay diketahui bahwa kelas tutupan lahan yang terkena dampak banjir paling tinggi yaitu kelas lahan terbangun dan kelas vegetasi, dengan masing-masing luas sebesar 5.179,427 ha dan 5.164,562 ha.

Kejahatan jalanan di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) merupakan masalah serius di tengah status DIY sebagai kota pelajar dan tujuan pariwisata. Dibangunnya sistem informasi yang menyajikan data kejahatan jalanan di DIY merupakan salah satu cara untuk mengatasi masalah ini. Penyusunan sistem ini terdiri dari tahap perencanaan, analisis kebutuhan, desain konseptual, pengembangan sistem, pengujian, dan pemeliharaan. Sistem informasi ini menyimpan data kejahatan jalanan yang bersumber dari kepolisian pada perangkat manajemen basisdata. Penyusunan konsep create, read, update, dan delete (CRUD) dalam sistem ini memungkinkan data pada basisdata dapat ditambahkan, disunting, dan dihapus oleh pengelola sistem. Hasil pengujian terhadap 5 aspek kebergunaan sistem pada pengguna menghasilkan persentase tingkat persetujuan sebesar 89,51%, sehingga tanggapan pengguna terletak di daerah “setuju” terhadap kebergunaan sistem informasi ini. Sementara itu, hasil pengujian pada pengelola menghasilkan persentase tingkat persetujuan sebesar 90%, sehingga tanggapan pengelola terletak di daerah “setuju” terhadap kebergunaan sistem informasi ini. Dengan demikian, pembuatan sistem informasi ini telah berhasil mendapatkan tanggapan yang baik dalam menyajikan informasi persebaran kejahatan jalanan di DIY.

Kabupaten Wonogiri merupakan kabupaten yang menempati urutan kelima sebagai kabupaten/kota terluas di Provinsi Jawa Tengah dengan area seluas kurang lebih 1800 km². Namun, pertumbuhan industri di wilayah ini belum begitu pesat sehingga perlu adanya pengembangan kawasan industri yang memenuhi standar dan arahan tata ruang wilayah. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan lokasi yang sesuai untuk pengembangan kawasan industri kemudian mengevaluasi kesesuaiannya terhadap Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW). Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis spasial berbasis Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) serta pengambilan keputusan dengan metode Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Kriteria penentuan lokasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini mengacu pada ketentuan dalam Peraturan Perindustrian Nomor 40/M-IND/PER/6/2016 tentang Pedoman Teknis Pembangunan Kawasan Industri. Proses analisis AHP dilakukan untuk mengetahui nilai bobot masing-masing kriteria. Pembobotan dilakukan dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Expert Choice 11 dan menghasilkan rasio konsistensi sebesar 0,08. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa terdapat lahan seluas 1356,806 ha yang berpotensi dikembangkan menjadi kawasan industri. Sedangkan overlay dengan RTRW menunjukkan bahwa lahan paling potensial terletak di Kecamatan Ngadirojo dengan luas 276,756 ha dan proporsi 99,240% dari seluruh kawasan peruntukan industri di wilayah tersebut.

This study examines the effects of extreme temperature events, defined explicitly as the 98th percentile temperature for heat, in Tanzania from 1981 to 2023. The study utilises percentile analysis, z-score calculations, and trend mapping to highlight the prevalence of extreme temperatures. The z-score analysis examines the occurrence of extreme temperatures and their distribution in terms of frequency and space. It identified Tanzania’s mid-eastern and north-western regions as areas with a high concentration of extreme temperatures over the previous 43 years. The study analyses the length of extreme occurrences and reveals changing patterns. In 2020, the events were shorter, while in 2021 and 2022, they became longer-lasting, and there was a notable concentration of extended anomalies near the northern coastline. In 2023, the highest temperatures ever recorded were observed, with more than half of the regions seeing prolonged periods of extreme temperatures lasting for a week and significant deviations from the norm staying for four weeks or more. This was particularly notable in the southern regions of Lindi and Mtwara. The harmonic trend analysis of temperature shows an upward temperature trend noticeably in regions such as Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Kagera, Morogoro, Simiyu, and Shinyanga and is somewhat inconspicuous in most areas.

The term “left behind” has regained attention with the increasing signs of political dissatisfaction in the Global North, e.g. the rise of right-wing populist parties and politicians. In Germany, terms such as abgehängte Regionen (suspended regions) or “structurally weak” regions are often employed as alternatives. However, there is a certain fuzziness in these terminologies, as they often encompass different spatial scales and temporal dependencies and refer to a variety of regions, e.g. deindustrialising cities as well as peripheral and remote rural areas. Our approach conceptualises “left-behindness” as an outcome of peripheralisation. This allows for a theory-based selection of social, economic, and infrastructural indicators to operationalise left-behindness in Germany at the NUTS3 (nomenclature of territorial units for statistics) level with combining a factor analysis and a k-means cluster analysis. The former resulted in four dimensions of left-behindness with distinct spatial patterns, leading to the classification of six regional types, characterised by varying scores for the four dimensions.

Tourism destinations represent a vital element and the primary motivator for tourists in determining their travel and visitation patterns. Consequently, it is essential to implement effective planning strategies that align with the diverse motivations of tourists. One of the scientific discussions in tourism planning or development is through network analysis. With network analysis, it can explain the relationship or relationship between tourist attractions so that in the future it can be further developed how the attraction cluster in a tourist destination can be developed and directed. This research sees that the priority in terms of centrality should be given to the many attractions in West Kalimantan. This study aims to identify relationships or relationships between tourist attractions in West Kalimantan to be able to see the trend of networking (centrality), can be in the form of centralization, connectedness, clusters, and others. This research uses a network analysis approach which in principle is divided into several methods such as centrality calculations carried out with analytical techniques/tools such as degree, closeness, betweenness, and eigenvector. From the results obtained, the cluster of tourist attractions spread evenly in each region. The tourist attraction cluster with the most interaction is located in Bengkayang Regency, Pontianak City, North Kayong Regency, Ketapang Regency, and Kapuas Hulu Regency. For tourist attraction clusters with easy access, they are in the Sambas Regency and Singkawang City areas. Clusters of tourist attractions that become hubs are located in Sanggau Regency and Ketapang Regency. Then the cluster of tourist attractions with the most central point is located in Singkawang City. The road network (access) in the configuration is very influential in the connectivity between regions in reaching tourist attractions

Candi Tebing Tegallinggah is a tourist attraction located in Bedulu Village, Blahbatuh District, Gianyar Regency. Since it opened as a tourist attraction at the end of 2019, the level of tourist visits to Candi Tebing Tegallinggah is still relatively low, this is because access to information regarding the existence of Tebing Tegallinggah especially through online media is still very minimal. Story posts and reviews on social media regarding the existence of the Candi Tebing Tegallinggah are still very minimal, until March 2023 there were only 11 story posts and 26 reviews. Therefore, this research is very important to carry out to create a digital tourism website application in the development of the Candi Tebing Tegallinggah. Data collection in this research was carried out using in-depth interviews, observation, and document study methods. The data was analyzed descriptively and qualitatively using the digital tourism concept approach, the concept of potential tourist attractions, the concept of destination development, and the social action theory approach. The results of this research show that the potential tourist attraction of Tebing Tegallinggah is in the form of natural potential, cultural potential, and artificial potential. The digital tourism application for the Candi Tebing Tegallinggah tourist attraction takes the form of a website (https://canditebingtegallingah.id) which contains information regarding the location, history, and general description of the Candi Tebing Tegallinggah which contains virtual tour content. The development of Candi Tebing Tegallinggah as a tourist attraction has had a positive impact on the economy, socio-culture, and the surrounding environment. The application of digital tourism applications in developing the Candi Tebing Tegallinggah is expected to increase the number of tourist visits.