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The Roman town of Falerii Novi sits 50km north of Rome on the ancient Via Amerina. According to historical sources, it was founded after the Roman conquest of the nearby Faliscan centre of Falerii Veteres in 241 BC (Polyb. 1.65; Liv. Epit. 20; Eutrop. 2.28; Oros. 4.11; Zon. 8.18). The urban site appears to have persisted at least until the first half of the sixth century AD, with the bishopric of Aquaviva ascribed to the site in AD 465 (Duchesne, 1892). A monastery and church of Santa Maria di Falleri were founded by Cistercians and first mentioned in documents of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, now forming the only standing structure on site other than the ancient circuit walls.

The Digital Twin of Perugia, an innovative model of urban governance. The Municipality of Perugia adopts an innovative approach to respond to current urban challenges. The digital twin of the city is a cutting-edge solution for the transition of the city towards a digital, sustainable and participatory environment.

The STAC is a recent geospatial standard that allows to describe and catalog geospatial assets. It is part of a broader innovation effort called Cloud-Native Geospatial, providing modern standards and tools to efficiently access raster and vector data in the cloud.

For the most diverse practical purposes and communication needs (from trade to conquests or exploratory voyages), man has always represented space through the production of maps. There are countless varieties of themes, styles and graphic languages, types of representation (pictorial maps, bird's eye views, cadastral and topographic maps) used throughout history to depict, in particular, the landscape and the urban fabric. The informative, historical, cultural and identity value of this cartographic heritage, now preserved in archives and institutions around the world, is inestimable. Due to the need to preserve its content from the ravages of time and to allow its "digital" use, an increasingly intense campaign of digitization of these sources has been launched in recent years (as has happened, for example, for other historical data, such as photographs and books). The growing availability of digital historical maps and, at the same time, the notable progress in data processing and analysis, today offers new perspectives for the use and valorization of these resources. In the case, in particular, of ancient cartography, there are increasingly broader scenarios for accurate studies on the evolution and transformation of urban structures, to support careful urban planning policies or reconstruct historical scenarios (Farella et al., 2021).

The convergence of meridian lines at the North Pole is a fitting metaphor for the convergence of technologies involved in the first success of the Transglobal Car Expedition, which reached the North Pole after a challenging journey across the frozen Arctic Sea, starting from the Canadian coast. The expedition is currently aiming to cross Africa, reach the South Pole and then return to New York via South America.

The article explores the integration of the Digital Twin concept with Federated Learning techniques for monitoring critical infrastructure. This approach allows for local data processing and knowledge transfer between different infrastructures, minimizing the amount of data sent to the cloud. Benefits include enhanced data security, operational efficiency, and more proactive maintenance. Through practical examples, it demonstrates how these technologies can revolutionize the management of critical infrastructure.

Lympik's unique solution combines digital timekeeping, GPS tracking and video analysis to enable the most detailed analysis of the entire race course in real time, without much effort or technical know-how.

Multitemporal glacier monitoring through the digitalization of old topographic maps in a Digital Terrain Models and comparison to the present.

Just under five years ago it seemed impossible to be able to use a simple and already widespread camera as a reliable monitoring tool for a design engineer. Today, thanks to the giant strides made by technology and IT evolution, this is no longer the case and what once seemed like science fiction is now reality, thanks to the innovative Photomonitoring technique. But how can you obtain reliable information through two simple images? This article illustrates the general principles of Photomonitoring and the main applicability criteria of this method, also through successful application examples.

This article investigates the intersection of Artificial Intelligence (AI) with the space economy and its profound geopolitical implications. Artificial intelligence is increasingly powering space missions, satellite networks and resource utilization, thereby reshaping the global landscape of the space industry. AI-driven advances are fueling economic opportunities and competition among nations in space-related sectors and the resulting geopolitical effects. From satellite services to lunar and Martian exploration, AI is poised to become a driving force in shaping the balance of power in the space arena, making it a critical topic for policymakers, strategists and industry leaders.

The REMOT project originates from a very specific end-user need, and in this sense is a strong example of open innovation. The idea is to apply a technology that is already used in other fields, based on the integration of inertial sensors (IMU) and satellite receivers (GNSS), to track the kinematics of the human body with great precision, reliability and continuity.

Fiber optic sensing utilizes optical fibers to detect and monitor real-time vibrations and temperature changes in the ground. This type of sensing is capable of identifying a wide range of phenomena, including vehicles driving or stopping, people walking, running, climbing, or digging, seismic activity, and changes in structural integrity, such as an explosion.

Illegal amber mining has become an environmental disaster in Rivne region. In particular, since 2014, amber has been illegally mined in the Varas district of the Rivne region, near the village of Zelene. Local residents are witnessing the destruction of the ecological and recreational value of forests, which until recently were places for them to rest, pick mushrooms, berries, etc. In order to extract amber, forests are cut down, the unique ecosystem is destroyed, the soil cover is disturbed, the water regime of the soil is changed, etc. Thus, "amber fever" causes significant damage to land resources. Land disturbance due to amber mining has caused significant economic losses and irreversible environmental changes. This research topic is timely, relevant and important from the point of view of ensuring the sustainable development of territories. The purpose of this study is to monitor lands whose soil cover has been disturbed as a result of unauthorized amber mining by means of remote land sensing (RLS) and geospatial analysis. RLS methods in combination with field observations of the research object confirm the obtained results. As a result of the illegal mining of amber within the experimental area of 40 hectares, a violation of the soil cover in the amount of 46.25% of the total area was found. The scientific work has a valuable practical result and makes it possible to remotely determine the location, time periods and extent of land cover violations caused by arbitrary amber mining with high accuracy using space cameras. Such a research area is representative, and the research results can be used to develop recommendations and strategies for environmental protection and sustainable development of territories. Key words: amber mining; soil cover disturbance; monitoring of land resources; geospatial analysis; retrospective analysis; illegal mining; consequences of amber mining; lands, soil cover of wich is disturbed.

Abstract: This article analyzes the main advantages and drawbacks of the geodetic electronic cabinet, a new online service for submitting topographic and geodetic works in the Lviv Territorial Community (TC). It demonstrates its role in both digital transformation and the establishment of a local geoinformation database. Through research, its high efficiency, informativeness, and convenience at every stage of work, from issuing initial data to signing, have been revealed. The article examines the process of submitting topographic-geodetic works before the cabinet's creation to better understand its advantages. Additionally, it identifies problems with accessing the geodetic electronic cabinet, citing examples of technical glitches on the website due to its relative novelty, which occasionally halted the entire surveying process. The article also illustrates how the creation of the Lviv TC complicated the process of submitting and signing topographic-geodetic works through the electronic cabinet. It highlights the complete lack of a digital topographic base suitable for processing and submitting surveys in all settlements of the community except Lviv city. The study identifies and outlines solutions to two critical problems significantly slowing down the work submission process in the Lviv territorial community: issues with red lines and engineering networks. It predicts that in the future, more territorial communities will utilize the geodetic electronic cabinet to submit topographic-geodetic works to local government bodies. Keywords: geodetic electronic cabinet, digital transformation, topographic-geodetic works, Lviv TC, engineering networks, red lines, topographic base, geoservice sector, and engineering networks.

The article identifies the negative factors that have arisen as a result of military operations on the territory of Ukraine. The article presents the values of environmental damage in terms of quantitative indicators of the impact of military operations on the natural environment and the country's economy based on open data of the State Environmental Inspectorate of Ukraine. The destruction, which includes the loss of biodiversity, production facilities, air pollution, land, open water bodies, forests and the entire ecosystem, is considered. The article analyses the impact of negative factors that arose after the full-scale invasion on 24.02.2022 and affected land use (using the example of Kyiv region). The area of land plots by land category that was under occupation from 24 February 2022 to 02 April 2022 was calculated. Based on the proposed method of analysis, it will be possible to calculate the area of land, taking into account its designated purpose, ownership and type of use. The number of territorial communities affected by the negative consequences of hostilities is given. The assessment of the negative effects of hostilities is carried out in the long term, as it requires the collection and analysis of a large amount of data. However, this is an extremely important process for determining the necessary resources and strategies for restoring the territory and infrastructure. In the future, the data on monitoring the state of the environment from the negative impact of hostilities will become the basis for making informed decisions on the restoration and development of territories, ensuring a balanced approach to the conservation of natural resources and economic recovery of the affected regions of our country. Keywords: assessment of the negative consequences of military operations, impact assessment, economic development of the territory, territorial communities, land and soil protection, monitoring, land management.

Abstract. Recent transformations in the world, such as urbanisation, industrialisation and globalisation, have significantly changed ecosystems, human settlements, economies and politics. These changes have important implications for the environment, public health and socio-economic development. Foreign authors point out the uniqueness of a comprehensive study of urban land use, which covers various scientific disciplines and analyses anthropogenic adaptations of territories to meet social needs. Taking into account social, economic and environmental aspects in urban land use planning is important for sustainable development, which can improve the quality of life of the population and preserve environmental well-being. This article examines the impact of market forces on urban expansion from an economic perspective. As long as the benefits of using urban land outweigh those of agricultural land, cities continue to grow. However, the market mechanism can lead to an unequal distribution of benefits and loss of public land resources. Governments use policy instruments to control urban expansion, including defining urban growth boundaries, transferring land development rights, buying out state land, issuing building permits, setting infrastructure constraints, charging for environmental impacts, and more. Key words: urban land use, policy instruments, uncontrolled urban sprawl, preservation of agricultural land, land use planning, market mechanism, globalisation, public authorities, zoning.

It has been elucidated that the ecological framework of the land use system comprises a set of core components with varying levels and arranged according to the principle of "from general to specific," as well as components connected by ecological corridors of the ecological network. In Lviv region, the ecological framework of the land use system serves as the foundational basis for the ecological-recreational framework. With the increasing anthropogenic activity and the growing impact of recreational activities, encompassing all forms of leisure, including tourism and other activities, it's essential to develop infrastructure that supports these activities. One way to achieve this is by creating a land use system model that combines the functions of nature conservation and recreational systems. In this case, the ecological and ecological-recreational frameworks of the land use system should be integrated. The ecological-recreational framework refers to a territory comprising natural and recreational resources connected by ecological links. Its primary objective is to protect and conserve territories while promoting rational recreational land use. This framework involves not just natural areas but also tourist-attracting territories with current infrastructure, such as ecological-recreational clusters. These clusters aim to foster economic development, attract investments, enhance the efficiency of current recreational areas, and introduce new recreational activities in the region. An analysis conducted in 2023 of the land use in the ecological network of Lviv region revealed that only 26.4% of the region's land has been developed. This includes the use of key territories (natural cores) at 51.4%, while connecting territories (ecological corridors), buffer territories, and restoration territories have not been developed at all. Based on this ecological framework data, the land use for recreational purposes in the region has been determined. It was concluded that only 53.4% of the projected area is currently in use, with 50% allocated for recreational and health purposes. Urban zoning in Lviv region has identified the following main types of land use: 1) urbanization type, which includes mixed land use for residential and commercial-public buildings, agriculture, nature conservation, and recreation, with centers in Lviv, Chervonohrad, Drohobych, and Stryi; 2) agricultural land use type; 3) recreational and health resort land use type; 4) land use for industrial parks in border territories; 5) land use for transportation, including international transport corridors. It has been observed that over a period of 12 years, there has not been any significant redistribution of land use by the main types. The agricultural land use type decreased by only 0.3% instead of the forecasted 1.5%. The area of residential and public buildings increased by only 0.1% instead of the projected 0.4%, and other construction increased by 0.6%. The area of transportation, communication, and technical infrastructure land use decreased by 0.5%. Negative changes have been observed in the transformation of natural reserve land use, which increased by 1.8% instead of the expected twofold increase from 6.1% to 10.8%. A forecasted structure of land use development by its main types has been developed across the districts of the region, with a focus on the development of recreational and health resort land use up to 2035. Keywords: ecological-recreational framework of land use system, ecological network, land zoning by land use types.

The armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine has led to significant destruction of the residential and municipal infrastructure of cities and towns not only in the occupied territories, but also in territories throughout the country due to massive rocket attacks. The problem of damage estimation for people who have lost their homes or have partial damage to their homes has a priority status, as the number of people staying in the streets is constantly growing, and social temporary housing is running out of space, as it is becoming permanent for them. Therefore, any state initiatives to compensate or rebuild people's housing and restore municipal institutions and facilities that are important for the restoration of normal life in the de-occupied territories and territories of the country that suffer the greatest damage from aggression should find active support, both practical and analytical, among the scientific community and legal entities that are able to implement the state's initiatives in a short time. Thus, the article proposes a methodological framework for the practical implementation of the state initiative to effectively and substantiated by factual evidence (aerial photographs, orthophotographs, vectorised and decoded typical signs of destruction) allocate funds for the restoration and reconstruction of damaged property to people who have experienced material losses and have no place to live. The purpose of the study is to develop a methodology for collecting and cataloguing consolidated evidence for the register of destruction using aerial photography, taking into account all stages and types of work in the conditions and with regard to the conduct of hostilities. The main objectives of the study are: to analyse existing methods for determining the geometric characteristics of the consequences of military shells hitting buildings; to determine the relationship between the force of the explosion and the geometric characteristics of damage; to develop a methodology for determining the degree of damage to a building and assessing damage; to create and implement technologies for processing and cataloguing typical damage data; to develop forms of reporting documentation based on the data sets obtained, taking into account the further needs of the state; to test the developed methodology in practice. The developed methodology will optimise the process of obtaining and processing the necessary data from the mission planning stage to the damage assessment stage, based on the processed data and technical reports of the analyst team by creating a single and universal methodology that minimises numerous differences in the standardisation of input data, will create a single effective data collection system throughout the country and will accelerate the process of recording and confirming cases requiring state intervention at the state level. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed methodology is due to the modern software and analytical products of geoinformation technologies and effective technological means of field work for obtaining remote sensing data. Keywords: damage, aerial photography, unmanned aerial vehicles, remote sensing of the Earth, military aggression by russia.

It has been found that in the current institutional environment land resources are not considered capital in agriculture, and this requires a detailed justification of the mechanisms for their involvement in economic turnover to meet the investment needs of the agricultural sector of the economy. Approaches to understanding the essence of land capital in the current conditions of development of foreign and domestic economic science have been systematised. However, a broad definition of land capital in agriculture has not been provided. The study has confirmed that land plots intended for agricultural use can be considered capital only if they are used for economic activity and generate income or added value. It is emphasised that for the effective market capitalisation of agricultural land as a source of investment for the agricultural sector of the economy, it is necessary to improve the financial and economic mechanism of the process and properly reflect it in the information and analytical system. This system, in modern conditions, will become a tool for accounting and visualisation of spatial information, where indicators will reflect the efficiency or inefficiency of economic operations with land capital. They will serve as a basis for making management decisions, allowing timely and effective response to facts and phenomena. It is noted that a key factor in the capitalisation of land resources is an adequate assessment of their value in agriculture, which corresponds to modern market transformations. A new definition of the concept of "land capital" is proposed. A bibliometric analysis of the status of scientific support for the development of land capital in the world is carried out. Keywords: land capital, agricultural sector of the economy, land resources, real capital, natural capital, investment, mortgage, market capitalisation of agricultural land, food security, added value, agricultural land valuation.

Abstract. The article proposes scientific and methodological approaches to the development of measures to improve the condition of agricultural land in modern land management documentation. The main focus is on agroecological, agrochemical and agrotechnical approaches aimed at ensuring sustainable development of the agricultural sector. The agroecological approach includes soil assessment, biodiversity conservation and rational use of water resources. The agrochemical approach involves soil analysis, rational fertilisation and the use of organic fertilisers to improve soil structure. The agrotechnical approach focuses on the use of conservation technologies, crop rotation and erosion protection measures. The integration of these approaches allows for a comprehensive approach to improving the condition of agricultural land, which contributes to increased productivity and conservation of natural resources. The article offers practical recommendations for farmers and agronomists interested in the sustainable development of the agricultural sector. Key words: protection of agricultural land, land management, improvement of agricultural land, land management, land management documentation

The concept of a land management mechanism as a set of tools and levers, the coordinated interaction of which provides influence on the formation and development of land use, has been proposed. It has been proven that the land management mechanism is an important component of the land management system, which ensures the rational use and protection of land. The main tasks of the land management mechanism are to create legal, economic, organizational and technical conditions for effective land use. This mechanism is aimed at ensuring a balance between the economic, ecological and social aspects of the use of land resources. It is substantiated that the functions of the land management mechanism are derived from the functions of land management, since it is through this mechanism that land relations are regulated. The regulatory function ensures control and stimulation of rational land use through the development of documentation and management decisions. The investment function informs about the investment attractiveness of various types of land use and evaluates the effectiveness of investments. The incentive function encourages economic benefit from the productive use of land, and the information function disseminates objective information about the most profitable and ecological ways of using land. The effective functioning of the land management mechanism allows resolving conflicts related to the use of land resources, contributes to increasing the productivity of agricultural production, and also ensures the sustainable development of territories. In addition, the land management mechanism plays an important role in the planning and development of infrastructure, urbanization and solving issues related to land management. Key words: land management, land use, land management mechanism, functions of land management mechanism, tasks of land management mechanism

The basic market principles of land value formation embedded in the normative land valuation and the land use coefficients were analyzed to assess their compliance with actual price-forming factors on land market. Various approaches to land taxation were examined, including a comparison of normative land valuation and mass land appraisal, with the advantages and disadvantages of each approach described. A study was conducted on land functional use coefficient (Kfu) impact in the normative land valuation within an urban areas. The rent levels of commercial and residential properties on similar land plots in urban areas were analyzed. Based on the research conducted in this work, the discrepancy of the Kfu with market conditions of land value formation was justified. A graphical visualization of land use coefficients impact on land value according to the normative valuation was constructed, using Lviv as an example, and these data were compared with the graphical visualization of W. Alonso's Bid-Rent classical theory. The feasibility of further using normative land valuation for taxation purposes was substantiated, provided that the set of coefficients is aligned with real market parameters. Keywords: normative valuation, mass appraisal, land plot, normative valuation coefficients.

Особливо цінні землі (далі — ОЦЗ) відіграють важливе значення у збереженні природного біорізноманіття, національної духовності і забезпеченні продовольчої безпеки. Вони справедливо віднесені до найціннішої частини земельного фонду України. Водночас, серед ОЦЗ унікальну роль виконують земельні ділянки дослідних полів науково-дослідних установ і навчальних закладів, що використовуються для довгострокових наукових досліджень, поширення передових практик і впровадження новітніх наукових досягнень. Законодавство України не містить визначення поняття «землі дослідних полів», а також не встановлює чіткої класифікації і процедури визначення земель або земельних ділянок як дослідних полів. Не існує чітких критеріїв, які дозволяють віднести певні землі чи земельні ділянки до категорії дослідних полів. У публікації здійснена спроба розкрити сутність поняття дослідних полів, їх основні функції та види використання. Наголошується, що головна проблема полягає у тому, що земельні ділянки науково-дослідних установ і навчальних закладів можуть включати як особливо цінні землі, так і інші види земель, адже ділянка може застосовуватися для дослідницьких цілей протягом певного періоду, а в інші роки — для вирощування врожаю. Запропоновано визначення «земель дослідних полів» за авторським трактуванням і критерії за якими можна віднести певні землі чи ділянки до категорії дослідних полів. Ключові слова: дослідне поле, науково-дослідні установи, навчальні заклади, особливо цінні землі, охорона земель, землі дослідних полів, Державний земельний кадастр, землі сільськогосподарського призначення.

Studying the issue of investment attractiveness of land plots is quite relevant, since land resources are an important asset for investors and regional development. Due to the constant growth of interest in investment in land plots, the analysis of their attractiveness is becoming a key task for regional development and economic growth. The article presents the results of a study of the investment attractiveness of land plots in the Cherkasy region, which involved an analysis of a wide range of factors influencing investors' decisions to invest in the land resources of the selected region. The economic, social and infrastructural aspects of land use in Cherkasy region were analyzed in order to determine the overall investment attractiveness. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of potential opportunities for the development of sustainable land use and balanced use of land resources in the region. The dynamics of land relations in the region is revealed, taking into account their retrospective and current trends. The legal environment for regulating land relations and its impact on investment activity in the region is analyzed, which made it possible to more broadly assess the attractiveness of Cherkasy region for investment in land plots. The results of the study can be used as a basis for investors' investment strategies, as well as serve as a basis for justifying decisions regarding investments in land assets in Cherkasy region. Keywords: investment, investment potential, sustainable land use, balanced use of land resources, efficiency of land use, economic development, real estate market, legislation, investment opportunities.

The article examines topical issues of spatial planning of land in territorial communities. The author analyzes the legal acts, namely: The Land Code of Ukraine, and a number of Laws of Ukraine, such as: "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Land Use Planning", "On Regulation of Urban Development", "On Land Management", and Resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, in particular: "Some Issues of Providing Subventions from the State Budget to Local Budgets for the Development of Comprehensive Plans for Spatial Development of Territories of Territorial Communities", "On Determining the Format of Electronic Documents of a Comprehensive Plan for Spatial Development of Territories of a Territorial Community, Master Plan of a Settlement, and Detailed Plan of a Territory". The reasons that provoked the process of delaying the full functioning of management structures in territorial communities and the development of comprehensive plans for spatial planning of the territory are analyzed. The data from the Prozoro web service in the context of "Urban Planning Services", the type of documentation is a comprehensive plan for the spatial development of territorial communities, are analyzed. The composition of project documentation for spatial planning of resource use in territorial communities is studied and its impact on the efficiency of community management is substantiated. The need for integrated planning in territorial communities is substantiated and the prospects for creating a database for integrated planning of the community territory are determined. It is determined that spatial planning is an effective tool for managing land resources in territorial communities of Ukraine. Key words: comprehensive plan of spatial development, land management documentation, urban planning documentation, land resources, spatial planning, management tool, territorial community, land resources management.

Over the past ten years, the Conceptual Framework with the necessary changes has been repeatedly used in projects to create various Electronic Atlases, including the Electronic version of the National Atlas of Ukraine (ElNAU), Atlas Information Systems, and even GeoInformation Systems. At the same time, both practical tools and theoretical methods changed and evoluted. Both practical and theoretical activities continue and are very actual today. However, there was no separate publication on the current state of the Conceptual Framework of subject X, where X would assume the meaning of modern systems. In order to improve, expand and simplify its practical and theoretical usages, it is necessary to fix the main updates of the entire structure: both the Conceptual Framework itself, and the subject X, to which it is appropriate to apply it. Therefore, instead of the subject X = ElNAU, subjects-systems from the set AtS = {Atlas Systems} ' X are considered, and the Conceptual Framework itself is presented as a system method corresponding to the system approach, with an emphasis on design, although the Conceptual Framework can also be used for the study of systems, i.e. be a research method. Over ten years, the Conceptual Framework of subject X has become a rather extensive phenomenon, which forced us to stop only at the main (at least for us) updates. Keywords: Atlas Systems (AtS), Conceptual Framework of AtS, Atlas infrastructure, AtS in the broder sense (AtSb).

Lands on which cultural heritage monuments, their complexes (ensembles), historical and cultural protected territories, protected archaeological territories, open-air museums, memorial museums-manors are located, in accordance with the legislation of Ukraine, belong to lands of historical and cultural purpose. The organization and establishment of the boundaries of the territories of historical and cultural purpose, restrictions on their use and their regime-forming objects is carried out in accordance with the projects and technical documentation of land management. For the territories of the nature reserve fund and other nature conservation purposes, health, recreational, historical and cultural, forestry purposes, water fund lands and water protection zones, the land legislation establishes the same procedure for developing the composition and geodetic and cartographic substantiation of land management projects, as well as for their approval and approval . This provision has existed for a long time, despite the fact that the given list combines six categories of land with different legal regimes. The boundaries of historical areas and the modes of their use are indicated in the documentation on land management, urban planning and scientific project documentation on the protection of cultural heritage, which determines the need for their mutual consistency. The article examines the legal and organizational provisions of the formation of the historical and cultural potential of the historical areas of cities. In connection with the discrepancies in the legal acts, proposals for the codification of legal norms regarding the composition and distribution of land by category, setting restrictions, regulation of construction, landscape protection zones and archaeological layer are substantiated. The proposed approaches to the definition and calculation of the economic efficiency of historical areas include a variety of methods that allow for the assessment of both quantitative and qualitative aspects of the preservation of cultural heritage.

The research by the authors reveals that after the legislative definition of land protection content in Ukraine, neither scientific nor managerial support for the implementation of the defined tasks has been organized. To date, land protection standards have not been developed, and neither land planning nor economic instruments are being implemented. Furthermore, the situation concerning land protection has deteriorated due to ongoing military actions on Ukraine's territory. During research, the authors calculated the amount of damage from soil pollution according to the Methodology proposed by the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine dated 04.04.2022 No. 167. According to the calculations, the amount of damage to 1 hectare of arable land contaminated with petroleum products will be 506 thousand UAH/ha, while the norm for the Kyiv region as of December 18, 2023 is 2,362 thousand UAH/ha, which is 4.66 times higher. The authors proposed approach to assessing the damage caused to land resources that were damaged by military actions on the regional territories and for territorial communities. Furthermore, it has been observed that for carrying out restoration works to eliminate the consequences of armed aggression and combat actions in the respective territories of Ukraine, there remains an important task of scientifically substantiated development and adoption of relevant regulatory and methodological documents. It is proposed to determine pilot projects and foreign grants for their development.

The analysis made in terms of this research shows, that the military-technogenic load leads to high levels of pollution of the territory with oil products, lead, cadmium and aromatic hydrocarbons. The impact of military operations on agricultural land use in the territory of the Bucha city territorial community of Bucha district of Kyiv oblast is assessed. The level of damage to agricultural land affected by military actions is investigated. To calculate the assessment of the impact of military actions on agricultural land use, the "Visual Determination of Land Damage Levels" was used. The amount of damage caused by hostilities to agricultural land use was calculated. The method of expert assessment was used to calculate the economic level of damage caused by hostilities. The ecological condition of the soil within the Bucha urban community was determined. To assess the ecological condition of the soil, an indicator of the ecological stability of the territory in the post-war period was calculated and compared to the pre-war period. Taking into account the proposed research methods and their results, it is analysed that agricultural land within the territory of the Bucha city territorial community can be used for any crops, but the harvested products’ quality have to be controlled. There is a need for agrotechnical measures to reduce the impact of metals on agricultural products.

The article examines modern methods and technologies that can be used to increase the accuracy of land valuation. The authors analyze the current problems in the field of rating and offer ways of integrating geoinformation systems with the aim of creating a more objective and information-rich picture of land quality. The purpose of the article. Study of the potential of using the latest technologies and geoinformation systems in determining the quality and classification of land with the intention of increasing accuracy and impartiality in the assessment of land resources. Research methods. During the research, the following methods were used: comparative analysis, the method of automated image decoding, the cartographic method and the geo-information mapping method. The results. The article emphasizes the importance of geoinformation systems in the collection, processing and analysis of data, which allows taking into account a wide range of factors when evaluating land, including erosion processes, soil fertility, ecological status and other critically important indicators. Special attention is paid to the possibilities of using remote sensing and other automated methods for data collection. Conclusions. The results of the research are of practical importance, as they can be used to optimize agricultural management, plan the use of land resources, and develop strategies for their effective use and protection. Prospects for further research may include the development of new algorithms for the analysis and processing of data obtained from satellite images, as well as the improvement of existing geoinformation models for land evaluation. Integration of the obtained models and systems into the practical aspects of land use and agricultural management is also envisaged to optimize the use of land resources and increase the efficiency of land use.

The issue of ensuring the sustainable development of humanity is recognized as one of the most urgent problems facing society today. The article is devoted to the generalization of the features of the development of sustainable land use and the definition of the main problems of the sustainable use of agricultural land in Ukraine during the period of European integration, reforms of local self-government in the country, martial law and post-war recovery. The work highlights the main principles and goals of sustainable land use, in accordance with the concept of sustainable development. According to the authors, the practical implementation of the concept of sustainable land use requires determining the priorities of the use of agricultural land, and above all, ecological land. It was noted that the state of land resources in Ukraine was characterized as tense, due to the irrational use of the country's land resource potential, excessive plowing and land degradation. The authors note that organic agriculture has been developing in Ukraine in recent decades, but as a result of full-scale Russian aggression against Ukraine in 2022, the issue of organic production in Ukraine took a back seat. The most acute environmental problems are the development of degradation processes on the arable lands of Ukraine, which causes the mining of territories, the formation of craters from shelling, and landslides. Proposed priority areas of development of sustainable land use in Ukraine, which will allow transition to a model of sustainable development

The article highlights the issue of multiple tax base systems. It analyzes that according to existing international mass appraisal standards, the market value should serve as the tax base. In turn, determining the market value should be based on analyzing the most efficient use. The authors emphasize that the available information in state registers is insufficient to meet all the requirements for the integrity and quality of input data for mass appraisal systems. Thus, attention is drawn to the necessity of a comprehensive approach to implementing a cadastre system, including the use of the LADM standard. This standard would, on the one hand, systematize the exchange between existing state registers, and on the other hand, serve as a basis for developing a computerized mass appraisal system taking into account the requirements for CAMA. Overall, the authors believe that implementing a land mass appraisal system in Ukraine is an important step towards creating a transparent and fair tax system as a key element of economic recovery and a source of revenue for local budgets in the context of developing market land relations.

The article examines the restraining factors of the development of organic production in Ukraine. Two blocks of the main restraining factors that negatively affect the development and implementation of organic production are defined and summarized. Among the exogenous factors, the full-scale invasion of the aggressor country into Ukraine, as well as the price of organic products on the international market, are singled out. Endogenous restraining factors include legal, socio-economic, environmental, material and technical factors, as well as the irregularity of the lease model. It was determined that at the moment there is no clearly formed system of certification, standardization and labeling of organic products in Ukraine, but there are a number of legal acts, the norms of which create the basis for the development of the organic sphere. The legal, socio-economic, ecological and material-technical problems that restrain the development of organic production in Ukraine are identified and analyzed. It was determined that the existing system of land relations is built on the basis of a lease, and the production of organic products under lease conditions is risky, since a short-term lease contract is economically unprofitable for organic producers, because it is more aimed at the personal economic benefit of the owner of the land plot than the interest of the tenant in a good harvest. Another endogenous factor that restrains the development of organic farming in Ukraine is the manner in which the suitability of land plots for the production of organic products is established.

Under rapid urban expansion and continued use of natural land resources, it is necessary to study land use from several directions and complex data clusters. For this purpose, the data and materials provided by the scientific community, as well as from government agencies and organizations and commercial companies, had been thoroughly examined, grouped and used in research. This methodology has proven to be effective in making the right assumptions and helping build an effective development framework model for the future development of land use. Land and forest resources undoubtedly play an important role in the formation and development of cities. The quality, sheer number and their use affect the economic development and environmental situation of cities in the surrounding areas. The available forest, food and land resources are especially important for large cities. Careful planning and consideration of various factors should be aimed at restoring land and natural resources, planning the costs of introducing new energy-saving and other technologies. The focus of this research work is the case study of urban land use under sustainable development program in Ukraine, based on pre 2023 data. As a research outcome the author presents the sustainable land development framework. This framework should be considered a key part of the general urban development program. The result of using the proposed sustainable development program opens a possibility for a new land and city management policy that will result in nature resources preservation, in some case resources restoration and public quality of live improvements.

The article examines the process and stages of land inventory. The Resolution of the CMU dated June 5, 2019 No. 476 "Procedure for Land Inventory" was analyzed. The territory of a part of the settlement, which is subject to inventory, and the effectiveness of land resource management measures have been analyzed. The components and essence of land during the inventory were studied. Proposals for improving the scientific and applied principles of land inventory are offered. The land-resource potential and the efficiency of its use within the settlement, which is the object of the study, were investigated and studied. It is proposed to improve the scientific and applied principles of land inventory as a result of the establishment of security zones, restricted zones around regime-forming objects, and the establishment of the settlement boundary. The process of carrying out topographical and geodetic works, the types of surveys used for the inventory process were investigated. It is proposed to improve measures to save resources and time for work during the update of the cartographic base by combining surveying methods. The analysis of the data of the State Land Cadaster and the database of state acts of the self-governing body, which can increase the effective management of land and improve the state of land use, was carried out. The necessity of carrying out a land inventory in order to study land resources to simplify the land management and urban planning process, effective implementation of land management by creating an electronic resource with survey materials and the results of topographical and geodetic works is substantiated. Determined: boundaries of land plots based on the results of the inventory; boundaries of land plots with an assigned cadastral number; boundaries of lands granted ownership; boundaries of land plots used without documents certifying property rights to them; boundaries of lands not granted for ownership or use. It is proposed to improve the scientific and applied principles of land inventory, due to the creation of an electronic resource for the publication of the results of land management works, with the aim of increasing the investment attractiveness of the community, effective management of community lands and significantly simplifying the search for plots for various needs.

Van Gigch's system approach was applied to consider the option of systemic harmonization of the National Spatial Information Infrastructure of Ukraine (NSII) with INSPIRE. The article focuses on its most important part - the strategy of harmonization or, more specifically, strategic harmonization. The proposed strategic harmonization is suitable for practical implementation. For this purpose, NSII is understood as an extension of National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), and NSII and INSPIRE are represented by general systems (GS), whose practical feasibility is achieved by exemplification/interpretation by spatial information systems (SpIS) and certain their extensions - SpISb. The main attention is paid to the relation between the NSII and INSPIRE, with an emphasis on the harmonization relation. Possible alternatives to the problems or their solutions are not considered. In particular, the likely recent shift of interest from NSDI/NSII/INSPIRE to IGIF (Integrated Geospatial Information Framework) is not considered. This is possible because van Gigch's system approach used allows scaling, in this case - upwards, with the addition of higher levels of the hierarchy such as IGIF to the consideration. It is shown that, in the context of harmonization with INSPIRE, it is necessary to examine the harmonization of GS on at least three epistemological levels. GS corresponding to these levels can be called: strategic, tactical and operational. The GS for harmonization with INSPIRE can be represented by an integrated hierarchy or a unification of three GS components of these three levels. In the case of unification, each component of the collective agreement can be considered separately, but the context of harmonization must be mandatory. In particular, in strategic harmonization, it is mandatory to define its hierarchical relations with the "corresponding" tactical harmonization. Two main results were obtained in the article: 1) scientific - the structure of the phenomenon "harmonization of Ukrainian SII with INSPIRE" was defined, 2) practical - it was proved that the specified phenomenon is adequately represented by the GS and the corresponding SpISb.

The paper analyzes the scientific works and elaborates the technological aspects and significance of the unique system of organic agriculture of the outstanding scientist-innovator, Hero of Ukraine Semen Antonets. It is emphasized that the Poltava agrarian and scientist Semen Antonets, back in the 70s of the last century, formed philosophical approaches in the field of nature management based on the principles of harmony with the natural environment, due to the implementation of the organic farming system as a method of non-traditional land use. The eco-philosophical orientation and special ecological ethics of the life path and heritage of the famous agrarian, scientist Semyon Antonets, which correspond to the teachings of V. Vernadskyi, the philosophy of H. Skovoroda, H. Skolimovski, and A. Ness, are determined. It has been proven that Semen Antonets proved the truth of the ecological conclusions he defined with fifty years of practical experience, the real implementation and existence of organic farming in the enterprise "Agroecology" of the Poltava region, which has not used chemical substances and mineral fertilizers since 1978. It is emphasized that the paradigm of organic agriculture of Semyon Antonets develops ecophilosophical teaching, contributing to an ecological worldview and universal ecological humanism and thinking. The need for legal protection of organic farming enterprises, and especially the lands of the Agroecology State Enterprise, and their preservation for future generations, has been elaborated.

The proposed research paper systemises methodological approaches to optimisation and dynamic modelling of crop rotation in the development of land management projects that provide ecological and economic justification of crop rotation, since the crop rotation models proposed to date do not solve the task in general, but only in certain specific cases. In this regard, the need to develop full-fledged software products with a user interface integrated into existing information and accounting databases of agricultural formations is substantiated. It is proved that economic and mathematical modelling of crop rotations should be developed by improving the methodology of dynamic crop rotations, which will allow farmers to analyse the economic efficiency of various alternative options for crop rotation under specific natural and economic conditions and constraints, as it is a promising interactive tool for substantiating management production decisions based on optimisation algorithms and analysis of large amounts of accumulated retrospective data. The approaches, criteria and limitations of the economic and mathematical model of crop rotation in the development of land management projects that provide ecological and economic justification of crop rotation are substantiated. The proposed economic and mathematical model with its objective function, constraints and algorithms is aimed at a comprehensive solution of issues related to production planning and rational land use. The presented model provides ample opportunities for further optimisation of the system of making effective managerial decisions in the agricultural sector and can serve as a basis for solving the problems of investment justification and development of agricultural land use.

According to preliminary estimates by scientists of the Institute of Land Use of the National Academy of Sciences, it was established that the area of irrigated agricultural land, which is in the zone of influence of the Kakhovsky Reservoir, including the occupied territories, amounted to 1,267.8 thousand hectares, of which about 500 thousand hectares had potential irrigation. The need for a more detailed study of the spatial identification of irrigated lands has been proven. The area of irrigated land in the area of influence of the Kakhovsky Reservoir was clarified by spatial comparison and digitization of: irrigation schemes, boundaries of land plots, boundaries of irrigated fields according to indices of vegetation and soil moisture using GIS technologies and remote sensing of the Earth. This makes it possible to calculate the area of agricultural land, the irrigation of which will be complicated due to the destruction of the dam of the Kakhovska HPP and changes in the Kakhovsky reservoir. In the future, it is important to determine and evaluate the impact of hostilities and other negative phenomena of armed aggression in this region on land use and infrastructure. Based on a preliminary analysis of hydrography and water channels, the scientists of the Institute of Land Use of the National Academy of Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences determined administrative districts whose land irrigation depended on the Kakhovsky Reservoir. It is proposed to introduce the accounting of reclaimed land, as well as land affected by hostilities in the cadastre. We believe that monitoring of irrigated and drained lands, and lands that will be returned to circulation after the elimination of the effects of hostilities, should be an element of land monitoring.

The recent Union legislation, in the direction of level 3 and 4 autonomous driving, obliges car manufacturers and consequently motorists, respectively, to equip and use, among other innovations, ISA (Intelligent Speed Assistant), which in one step following the first, it will inhibit the use of the accelerator pedal whenever the speed limit is exceeded. The geographical and prescriptive arrangement of speed limit signs in Italy is inadequate. The consequences and solutions.

Earth Observation (EO) is nowadays a primary source of geospatial data to address urban applications. As information layers imported into GIS, EO products are increasingly exploited for cartographic purposes to improve cities representation. The Italian Space Agency (ASI) invests in novel satellite-based applications and digital tools facilitating EO data utilization. Such tools include: thematic exploitation platforms enabling EO data processing by nonexpert users through validated processors; dashboards wherein satellite products are among the input data used during the decision-making process; Digital Twins allowing for what-if scenarios and forecast activities. Recent user-driven developments are presented with regard to urban heat island, coastal applications, conservation of cultural heritage, monitoring and modelling of processes related to terrestrial water cycle.

On the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the destruction of the Abbey of Montecassino, and of the city of Cassino, we remember here these tragic events that affected both culture and civil society, retracing them through the WWII aerial photographs preserved in Aerofototeca Nazionale in the Mediterranean Allied Photographic Reconnaissance Wing (MAPRW) collection. They were taken by British Royal Air Force (RAF) reconnaissance aircraft on the morning of March 15th, 1944, during the Third Battle of Montecassino. One month after the Second Battle (February 15th, 1944) - in which military strategies bomber and completely destroyed the sacred Abbey founded by Saint Benedict in 529 A.D. - nothing can be seen of the city, as it is covered by ground artillery smoke, while the Abbey is in ruins. Together with many others kept in the archives of the Aerofototeca Nazionale in Rome, these outstanding images show one of the more salient moments of Italian national history.

Administrative action must base decisions on certified georeferenced cognitive elements because errors and inaccuracies can affect public decision-making. With this in mind, the Tuscany Region's overall strategy is one that includes, in addition to the implementation of remote sensing data, improving the quality of spatial data produced as part of the administrative functions under its jurisdiction. To do this, the Region renews the role of its Cartographic Office, recognizing its variable geometry but placing it at the center of the complex coordination system for the certified acquisition of georeferenced information.

Through exploration, we want to contribute to scientific knowledge and collect data that will change our understanding of the universe, engaging individuals, organizations, and people along this extraordinary journey. At a time of crucial change for our survival on the planet, we feel compelled to contribute and engineer new and brilliant solutions to keep the earth’s inhabitants healthy and human civilization to thrive.

IRIDE represents one of the most relevant European space programs in the field of Earth observation. Its implementation will take place in Italy on the initiative of the Government, thanks to the resources of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR) integrated by the funds of the National Complementary Plan (PNC). In this context, the commitment of NHAZCA S.r.l. is focused on the protection of the national cultural heritage and on the monitoring of Italian volcanoes. To this purpose, the service aims to improve the understanding of the ground displacement processes that affect volcanic areas and which can have direct effects on our cultural heritage, using high resolution SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) data, acquired from the constellations Sentinel-1 (ESA), COSMO-SkyMed (ASI) and SAOCOM (CONAE - Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales), and applying to them an Advanced SAR Differential Interferometry (A-DInSAR) technique. Therefore, starting from the deformation maps and time series obtained, the next step involves providing some tools that help the End-User in understanding and interpreting the data; these will involve the generation of specific geospatial products, which will consist of spatiotemporal anomaly maps, differential deformation maps and other useful statistical information.

IRIDE, a cutting-edge constellation in the Earth Observations scenario, stands out for its ability to integrate optical, SAR and hyperspectral sensors under a single command system, creating new opportunities for the operational use of satellite data. The project was born and developed thanks to the PNRR program, which directed its development and defined the implementation methods, following an AGILE method inspired by the software development practices of the same name. Below we develop the challenges and opportunities of this program through a lens particularly focused on the Italian industrial landscape. This analysis aims to explore IRIDE as a catalyst of innovation and growth for the national industry in the sector. From this point of view, the importance of the project emerges not only as a significant technological undertaking, but as a milestone that marks a turning point for the Italian industrial ecosystem in Earth observation.

In the context of the Italian PNRR (National Recovery and Resilience Plan), the M1C2 component, financed by the European Union (EU) through Next Generation EU-RFF and by the Presidency of the Council of Ministers of the Italian Republic through the Complementary Fund of the Presidency of the Council, is dedicated to digitalisation, innovation and competitiveness. It includes (in the M1C2.4.2 intervention) objectives dedicated to space activities for Earth Observation, to be achieved in the period 2022-2026, in particular the creation of an end-to-end Space System, called IRIDE, composed of: Upstream Segment, Downstream Segment and Service Segment toprovide geospatial services at national and European level. The IRIDE System will, therefore, be one of the public assets developed in recent years by the investments of the PNRR and, consistently, its design has been based on the needs expressed by the Italian National Authorities (whose collection is coordinated by the National Forum of Copernicus Users and represented in the “Needs Analysis” Annex to the National Earth Observation Plan) with the aim of contributing with the Geo-Spatial component to the development of products useful for the innovativeness and operation of the services provided by the Public Administration for the management of the territory, emergencies and security.