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Abstract Photovoltaic development has played a crucial role in mitigating the energy crisis and addressing global climate change. However, it has also had significant impacts on the ecological environment. To ensure the sustainable growth of the photovoltaic industry, it is essential to establish an indicator system to assess the ecological and environmental effects of photovoltaic development. This study utilizes the Driving-Pressure–Status–Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework to create an indicator system for evaluating the ecological and environmental effects of desert photovoltaic development. The study evaluates the ecological and environmental effects at the on-site (WPS), transitional zone (TPS), and off-site (OPS) areas of the Qinghai Gonghe Photovoltaic Park in China. The entropy weight method was utilized to calculate indicator weights, while the evaluation model and indicators were transformed uniformly to obtain standardized scores for ecological and environmental effects. and conducting a thorough analysis of the distribution characteristics and factors influencing the evaluation indicators’ scores. Overall, the large-scale development of desert photovoltaics in Gonghe County has had a positive impact on the ecological environment. The WPS had better ecological and environmental conditions than did the TPS and OPS, and the ecological and environmental evaluation levels of the WPS were categorized as “general” (0.439), while the ecological and environmental effect evaluation levels of the TPS (0.286) and OPS (0.28) were both “poor”, indicating significant room for improvement. Moreover, all indicators in the scheme layer, which are used to evaluate ecological and environmental quality, yielded higher scores for the WPS than for the TPS and OPS, demonstrating that photovoltaic development has a positive effect on desert area ecology and the environment.

Abstract The ability to manipulate the flux of ions across membranes is a key aspect of diverse sectors including water desalination, blood ion monitoring, purification, electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Here we illustrate the potential of using daily changes in environmental humidity as a continuous driving force for generating selective ion flux. Specifically, self-assembled membranes featuring channels composed of polycation clusters are sandwiched between two layers of ionic liquids. One ionic liquid layer is kept isolated from the ambient air, whereas the other is exposed directly to the environment. When in contact with ambient air, the device showcases its capacity to spontaneously produce ion current, with promising power density. This result stems from the moisture content difference of ionic liquid layers across the membrane caused by the ongoing process of moisture absorption/desorption, which instigates selective transmembrane ion flux. Cation flux across the polycation clusters is greatly inhibited because of intensified charge repulsion. However, anions transport across polycation clusters is amplified. Our research underscores the potential of daily cycling humidity as a reliable energy source to trigger ion current and convert it into electrical current.

Abstract Background Aedes albopictus is an important vector for pathogens such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. While insecticides is the mainstay for mosquito control, their widespread and excessive use has led to the increased resistance in Ae. albopictus globally. Gut symbiotic bacteria are believed to play a potential role in insect physiology, potentially linking to mosquitoes’ metabolic resistance against insecticides. Methods We investigated the role of symbiotic bacteria in the development of resistance in Ae. albopictus by comparing gut symbiotic bacteria between deltamethrin-sensitive and deltamethrin-resistant populations. Adults were reared from field-collected larvae. Sensitive and resistant mosquitoes were screened using 0.03% and 0.09% deltamethrin, respectively, on the basis of the World Health Organization (WHO) tube bioassay. Sensitive and resistant field-collected larvae were screened using 5 × LC50 (lethal concentration at 50% mortality) and 20 × LC50 concentration of deltamethrin, respectively. Laboratory strain deltamethrin-sensitive adults and larvae were used as controls. The DNA of gut samples from these mosquitoes were extracted using the magnetic bead method. Bacterial 16S rDNA was sequenced using BGISEQ method. We isolated and cultured gut microorganisms from adult and larvae mosquitoes using four different media: Luria Bertani (LB), brain heart infusion (BHI), nutrient agar (NA), and salmonella shigella (SS). Results Sequencing revealed significantly higher gut microbial diversity in field-resistant larvae compared with field-sensitive and laboratory-sensitive larvae (P

Setting time as the fourth dimension, 4D printing allows us to construct dynamic structures that can change their shape, property, or functionality over time under stimuli, leading to a wave of innovations in various fields. Recently, 4D printing of smart biomaterials, biological components, and living cells into dynamic living 3D constructs with 4D effects has led to an exciting field of 4D bioprinting. 4D bioprinting has gained increasing attention and is being applied to create programmed and dynamic cell-laden constructs such as bone, cartilage, and vasculature. This review presents an overview on 4D bioprinting for engineering dynamic tissues and organs, followed by a discussion on the approaches, bioprinting technologies, smart biomaterials and smart design, bioink requirements, and applications. While much progress has been achieved, 4D bioprinting as a complex process is facing challenges that need to be addressed by transdisciplinary strategies to unleash the full potential of this advanced biofabrication technology. Finally, we present future perspectives on the rapidly evolving field of 4D bioprinting, in view of its potential, increasingly important roles in the development of advanced dynamic tissues for basic research, pharmaceutics, and regenerative medicine.

Abstract Background Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is commonly associated with horse abortion. Currently, there are no reported cases of abortion resulting from EHV-1 infection in donkeys. Results This was the first survey-based study of Chinese donkeys. The presence of EHV-1 was identified by PCR. This survey was conducted in Chabuchar County, North Xinjiang, China, in 2020. A donkey EHV-1 strain (Chabuchar/2020) was successfully isolated in MDBK cells. Seventy-two of 100 donkey sera were able to neutralize the isolated EHV-1. Moreover, the ORF33 sequence of the donkey-origin EHV-1 Chabuchar/2020 strain showed high levels of similarity in both its nucleotide (99.7‒100%) and amino acid (99.5‒100%) sequences, with those of horse EHV-1 strains. EHV-1 Chabuchar/2020 showed significant consistency and was classified within cluster 1 of horse EHV-1 strains. Further, analysis of the expected ORF30 nucleotide sequence revealed that donkey EHV-1 strains contained guanine at position 2254, resulting in a change to aspartic acid at position 752 of the viral DNA polymerase. Therefore, these strains were classified as horse neuropathogenic strains. Lastly, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the partial ORF68 nucleotide sequences, showing that the identified donkey EHV-1 strain and the EHV-1 strain found in aborted Yili horses in China comprised a novel independent VIII group. Conclusion This study showed the first isolation and identification of EHV-1 as an etiological agent of abortions in donkeys. Further analysis of the ORF33, ORF30, and ORF68 sequences indicated that the donkey EHV-1 contained the neuropathogenic genotype of strains in the VIII group. It is thus important to be aware of EHV-1 infection in the donkey population, even though the virus has only been identified in donkey abortions in China.

Abstract Transition-metal catalyzed allylic substitution reactions of alkenes are among the most efficient methods for synthesizing diene compounds, driven by the inherent preference for an inner-sphere mechanism. Here, we present a demonstration of an outer-sphere mechanism in Rh-catalyzed allylic substitution reaction of simple alkenes using gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes as allyl surrogates. This unconventional mechanism offers an opportunity for the fluorine recycling of gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes via C − F bond cleavage/reformation, ultimately delivering allylic carbofluorination products. The developed method tolerates a wide range of simple alkenes, providing access to secondary, tertiary fluorides and gem-difluorides with 100% atom economy. DFT calculations reveal that the C − C bond formation goes through an unusual outer-sphere nucleophilic substitution of the alkenes to the allyl-Rh species instead of migration insertion, and the generated carbon cation then forms the C − F bond with tetrafluoroborate as a fluoride shuttle.

ABSTRACT Cats (Felidae) have become an integral part of many households. However, our understanding of the full spectrum of pathogens affecting cats (referred to as the infectome) is limited, mainly due to the inadequacy of commonly used diagnostic tools in capturing the complete diversity of potential pathogens and the prevalence of pathogen co-infections. In this study, we employed a meta-transcriptomic approach to simultaneously characterize the infectome contributing to different disease syndromes and to investigate spatial, demographic, and ecological factors influencing pathogen diversity and community composition in a cohort of 27 hospitalized cats and seven stray cats. We identified 15 species of pathogens, with Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae and Tritrichomonas foetus representing potential spillover risks. Importantly, although most cases of ascites hyperplasia were explained by coinfection with multiple pathogens, we identified the potential novel clinical outcomes of M. aubagnense infection among cats. We demonstrated that the increase in infectome diversity can be explained by a variety of predictors including age growth, temperature increase, and a higher proportion of females, with age growth presenting the strongest effect. Fine-scale analysis indicated that a higher diversity of infectomes were harbored in young cats rather than adult ones. Our results demonstrated that most feline diseases are better explained by the presence of virus–bacteria or virus–virus coinfection. This study serves as a timely endorsement for clinical diagnosis by vets to consider the cause of a disease based on a panel of cryptical co-infecting pathogens rather than on individual infectious agents.IMPORTANCEFrequent studies reported the risks of cats as an intermediate host of zoonotic pathogens (e.g., SARS-CoV-2). Cats have a physically close interaction with their owners through activities like petting, kissing, and being licked on the cheek and hands. However, there are still limited studies that systematically investigate the infectome structure of cats. In this study, we employed a meta-transcriptomics approach to characterize 15 species of pathogens in cats, with Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae first characterizing infection in diseased cats. Most feline diseases were better explained by the presence of virus–bacteria or virus–virus coinfection. The increase in infectome diversity could be influenced by a variety of predictors including age growth, temperature increase, and a higher proportion of females. A higher diversity of pathogens was harbored in young cats rather than adults. Importantly, we showed the value of linking the modern influx of meta-transcriptomics with comparative ecology and demography and of utilizing it to affirm that ecological and demographic variations impact the total infectome.

Transmembrane channel-like (TMC) proteins are a highly conserved ion channel family consisting of eight members (TMC1–TMC8) in mammals. TMC1/2 are components of the mechanotransduction channel in hair cells, and mutations of TMC1/2 cause deafness in humans and mice. However, the physiological roles of other TMC proteins remain largely unknown. Here, we show that Tmc7 is specifically expressed in the testis and that it is required for acrosome biogenesis during spermatogenesis. Tmc7−/− mice exhibited abnormal sperm head, disorganized mitochondrial sheaths, and reduced number of elongating spermatids, similar to human oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia. We further demonstrate that TMC7 is colocalized with GM130 at the cis-Golgi region in round spermatids. TMC7 deficiency leads to aberrant Golgi morphology and impaired fusion of Golgi-derived vesicles to the developing acrosome. Moreover, upon loss of TMC7 intracellular ion homeostasis is impaired and ROS levels are increased, which in turn causes Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Taken together, these results suggest that TMC7 is required to maintain pH and ion homeostasis, which is needed for acrosome biogenesis. Our findings unveil a novel role for TMC7 in acrosome biogenesis during spermiogenesis.

Abstract The progression of spermatogenesis along specific developmental trajectories depends on the coordinated regulation of pre‐mRNA alternative splicing (AS) at the post‐transcriptional level. However, the fundamental mechanism of AS in spermatogenesis remains to be investigated. Here, it is demonstrated that CWF19L2 plays a pivotal role in spermatogenesis and male fertility. In germline conditional Cwf19l2 knockout mice exhibiting male sterility, impaired spermatogenesis characterized by increased apoptosis and decreased differentiated spermatogonia and spermatocytes is observed. That CWF19L2 interacted with several spliceosome proteins to participate in the proper assembly and stability of the spliceosome is discovered. By integrating RNA‐seq and LACE‐seq data, it is further confirmed CWF19L2 directly bound and regulated the splicing of genes related to spermatogenesis (Znhit1, Btrc, and Fbxw7) and RNA splicing (Rbfox1, Celf1, and Rbm10). Additionally, CWF19L2 can indirectly amplify its effect on splicing regulation through modulating RBFOX1. Collectively, this research establishes that CWF19L2 orchestrates a splicing factor network to ensure accurate pre‐mRNA splicing during the early steps of spermatogenesis.

Abstract Bioinspired bionic eyes should be self-driving, repairable and conformal to arbitrary geometries. Such eye would enable wide-field detection and efficient visual signal processing without requiring external energy, along with retinal transplantation by replacing dysfunctional photoreceptors with healthy ones for vision restoration. A variety of artificial eyes have been constructed with hemispherical silicon, perovskite and heterostructure photoreceptors, but creating zero-powered retinomorphic system with transplantable conformal features remains elusive. By combining neuromorphic principle with retinal and ionoelastomer engineering, we demonstrate a self-driven hemispherical retinomorphic eye with elastomeric retina made of ionogel heterojunction as photoreceptors. The receptor driven by photothermoelectric effect shows photoperception with broadband light detection (365 to 970 nm), wide field-of-view (180°) and photosynaptic (paired-pulse facilitation index, 153%) behaviors for biosimilar visual learning. The retinal photoreceptors are transplantable and conformal to any complex surface, enabling visual restoration for dynamic optical imaging and motion tracking.

Abstract Background Cryptosporidium is a highly pathogenic parasite responsible for diarrhea in children worldwide. Here, the epidemiological status and genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium in children with or without diarrhea were investigated with tracking of potential sources in Wenzhou City, China. Methods A total of 1032 children were recruited, 684 of whom had diarrhea and 348 without, from Yuying Children’s Hospital in Wenzhou, China. Samples of stool were collected from each participant, followed by extraction of DNA, genotyping, and molecular identification of Cryptosporidium species and subtypes. Results Twenty-two of the 1032 (2.1%) children were infected with Cryptosporidium spp. with 2.5% (17/684) and 1.4% (5/348) in diarrhoeic and asymptomatic children, respectively. Four Cryptosporidium species were identified, including C. parvum (68.2%; 15/22), C. felis (13.6%; 3/22), C. viatorum (9.1%; 2/22), and C. baileyi (9.1%; 2/22). Two C. parvum subtypes named IIdA19G1 (n = 14) and IInA10 (n = 1), and one each of C. felis (XIXa) and C. viatorum (XVaA3g) subtype was found as well. Conclusions This is the first research that identified Cryptosporidium in children of Wenzhou, China, using PCR. Identification of zoonotic C. parvum, C. felis, C. viatorum, and their subtypes indicate potential cross-species transmission of Cryptosporidium between children and animals. Additionally, the presence of C. baileyi in children suggests that this species has a wider host range than previously believed and that it possesses the capacity to infect humans.

Abstract Background Mitochondria produce adenosine triphosphate through respiratory activities to power sperm differentiation and motility, and decreased mitochondrial respiratory activity can result in poor sperm motility and asthenospermia. The mitochondrial sheath is a component of the mid-piece of the sperm flagellum, and dysfunction of the sheath can reduce sperm motility and cause male infertility. The membrane occupation and recognition nexus-motif protein 2 (MORN2) is testis enriched in mice, and the MORN motif was reported to play a role in the regulation of bioelectrical signal homeostasis in cardiomyocytes. Methods We generated Morn2 –/– mice using CRISPR/Cas9 and evaluated the potential functions of MORN2 in spermiogenesis through histological analysis, fertility examination, RT-PCR, CASA, immunofluorescence, TUNEL, electron microscopy analysis, mitochondrial energy metabolism analysis, etc. Results The Morn2 –/– mice were infertile, and their sperm showed severe motility defects. Morn2 –/– sperm also had abnormal morphology characterized by bent heads, aberrant mitochondrial sheath formation, lower mitochondrial membrane potential, higher levels of reactive oxygen species, and decreased mitochondrial respiratory activity. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that MORN2 is essential for male fertility and indicates that MORN2 functions in mitochondrial sheath formation and regulates mitochondrial respiratory activity.

Abstract Background Sparganosis is a worldwide food-borne parasitic disease caused by spargana infection, which infects the muscle of frogs and snakes as well as many tissues and organs in humans. There are currently no viable treatments for sparganosis. Understanding spargana’s nutrition source and carbohydrate metabolism may be crucial for identifying its energy supply and establishing methods of treatment for sparganosis. Methods Using an amino acid analyzer and nutrient concentration detection kits, we assessed nutrient concentrations in the muscles of Fejervarya limnocharis and Pelophylax plancyi infected or not infected with spargana. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to quantify the major enzymes involved in five glucose metabolism pathways of spargana developing in vivo. We also used quantitative PCR to assess key enzymes and transcriptome sequencing to explore the regulation of carbohydrate metabolic pathways in vitro in response to different 24-h food treatments. Results Infected muscle tissues had considerably higher concentrations of glucogenic and/or ketogenic amino acids, glucose, and glycogen than non-infected muscle tissues. We discovered that the number of differentially expressed genes in Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis was larger in low-glucose than in other dietary groups. We examined differences in the expression of genes producing amino acid transporters, glucose transporters, and cathepsins in spargana grown in various nutritional environments. In the normal saline group, only the major enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), glycogenesis, and glycogenolysis pathways were expressed. The l-glutamine group had the greatest transcriptional levels of critical rate-limiting enzymes of gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis. Furthermore, the low-glucose group had the highest transcriptional levels of critical rate-limiting enzymes involved in the TCA, glycolytic, and glycogenolysis pathways. Surprisingly, when compared to the in vitro culturing groups, spargana developing in vivo exhibited higher expression of these critical rate-limiting enzymes in these pathways, with the exception of the pentose phosphate pathway. Conclusions Spargana have a variety of nutritional sources, and there is a close relationship between nutrients and the carbohydrate metabolism pathways. It takes a multi-site approach to block nutrient absorption and carbohydrate metabolism pathways to provide energy to kill them. Graphical Abstract

Research has shown that patients undergoing hemodialysis experience seasonal variations in their serum potassium levels. There was inconsistent seasonal fluctuation in serum potassium levels among the hemodialysis population across different locations. In the form of narrative review for the first time, the article discusses the seasonal changes of serum potassium in this population and its potential reasons, this article demonstrates that it is primarily attributable to seasonal dietary potassium intake. However, existing studies have not quantified seasonal dietary potassium intake, so the results are still speculative. Furthermore, future research ought to further expound upon the clinical implications of seasonal variations in serum potassium levels among dialysis patients, as well as other influencing mechanisms such as the pathophysiological causes of these seasonal changes, particularly those pertaining to dietary, geographical, and regional factors. These findings contribute to a more thorough interpretation of laboratory results in hemodialysis patients and provide important guidance for their individualized dietary management.

BackgroundRecent epidemiological studies and animal experiments have highlighted the significant role of oxidative stress in the development of osteoporosis (OP). The provision of antioxidants is widely considered a fundamental strategy to combat free radical-induced stress, inhibit oxidative damage, and potentially reverse the adverse effects of oxidative stress on bone health. However, there is no consensus in the scientific literature regarding the practical effectiveness of antioxidants in OP prevention and treatment. Some studies have not shown a clear connection between antioxidant supplementation and decreased OP risk. Therefore, it is essential to clarify the potential causal relationship between antioxidants and the development of OP.MethodsThe study utilized the inverse variance weighted (IVW) approach as the primary analytical method in the Mendelian Randomization (MR) framework to investigate the causal effects of five exogenous and six endogenous antioxidants on the risk of OP. To thoroughly assess potential pleiotropic effects and heterogeneity among the data analyzed, the MR-Egger intercept test was employed, and Cochran’s Q statistic was calculated.ResultsIn the evaluation of exogenous antioxidants, single-directional two-sample MR analyses did not reveal any statistically significant relationship between these agents and the risk of OP. Regarding endogenous antioxidants, bidirectional two-sample MR analyses were conducted, which generally indicated that most genetically regulated endogenous antioxidants had no significant association with the onset risk of OP. A significant causal relationship was found between OP and serum albumin levels (β: −0.0552, 95%CI: −0.0879 to −0.0225, p< 0.0011 after Bonferroni adjustment, power = 100%).ConclusionThe research uncovers OP as a possible determinant contributing to a decrement in serum albumin levels, and further suggests a potentially intimate relationship between the downward trajectory of serum albumin concentrations and the advancement of the OP disease process.

Abstract On behalf of the journal, AGU, and the scientific community, the editors of Geophysical Research Letters would like to sincerely thank those who reviewed manuscripts for us in 2023. The hours reading and commenting on manuscripts not only improve the manuscripts, but also increase the scientific rigor of future research in the field. With the advent of AGU's data policy, many reviewers have also helped immensely to evaluate the accessibility and availability of data, and many have provided insightful comments that helped to improve the data presentation and quality. We greatly appreciate the assistance of the reviewers in advancing open science, which is a key objective of AGU's data policy. We particularly appreciate the timely reviews in light of the demands imposed by the rapid review process at Geophysical Research Letters. We received 4,512 submissions in 2023 and 5,112 reviewers contributed to their evaluation by providing 8,587 reviews in total. We deeply appreciate their contributions.

Abstract Aging in mammals is accompanied by an imbalance of intestinal homeostasis and accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. However, little is known about how accumulated mtDNA mutations modulate intestinal homeostasis. We observe the accumulation of mtDNA mutations in the small intestine of aged male mice, suggesting an association with physiological intestinal aging. Using polymerase gamma (POLG) mutator mice and wild-type mice, we generate male mice with progressive mtDNA mutation burdens. Investigation utilizing organoid technology and in vivo intestinal stem cell labeling reveals decreased colony formation efficiency of intestinal crypts and LGR5-expressing intestinal stem cells in response to a threshold mtDNA mutation burden. Mechanistically, increased mtDNA mutation burden exacerbates the aging phenotype of the small intestine through ATF5 dependent mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) activation. This aging phenotype is reversed by supplementation with the NAD+ precursor, NMN. Thus, we uncover a NAD+ dependent UPRmt triggered by mtDNA mutations that regulates the intestinal aging.

Protein is an important nutrient in bovine milk, however, it is not clear about the effect of defatting on the protein content of bovine milk. In this paper, quantitative proteomics labeled with TMT (tandem mass tags) was used to analyze the proteome in whole milk and skim milk to investigate the effect of skimming on milk proteins. A total of 1352 proteins were identified in whole milk and skim milk, and 199 differentially expressed proteins were screened. Compared with whole milk, 67 proteins were up-regulated and 132 proteins were down-regulated after defatting. Among the major active proteins in bovine milk, κ-casein decreased in relative content after defatting, while β-lactoglobulin and lactoferrin increased in relative content after defatting. α-lactalbumin, αs1-casein, αs2-casein, β-casein, bovine serum protein and lactoperoxidase did not differ significantly in relative content. The relative levels of butyrophilin and lactadherin in milk fat globule membrane proteins decreased after defatting. Skimming also had effects on cytoskeleton, metabolism-related proteins in milk, changing the quality and nutritional value of the milk. The analysis of protein in whole and skim milk clarified the effect of skimming on bovine milk protein, which could provide a reference for the development of infant dairy products and the purchase of milk with different fat content by consumers.

Abstract Regulation of alternative splicing (AS) enables a single transcript to yield multiple isoforms that increase transcriptome and proteome diversity. Here, we report that spliceosome component Usp39 plays a role in the regulation of hepatocyte lipid homeostasis. We demonstrate that Usp39 expression is downregulated in hepatic tissues of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) subjects. Hepatocyte-specific Usp39 deletion in mice leads to increased lipid accumulation, spontaneous steatosis and impaired autophagy. Combined analysis of RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP-seq) and bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data reveals that Usp39 regulates AS of several autophagy-related genes. In particular, deletion of Usp39 results in alternative 5’ splice site selection of exon 6 in Heat shock transcription factor 1 (Hsf1) and consequently its reduced expression. Importantly, overexpression of Hsf1 could attenuate lipid accumulation caused by Usp39 deficiency. Taken together, our findings indicate that Usp39-mediated AS is required for sustaining autophagy and lipid homeostasis in the liver.

Abstract Non-retroviral endogenous viral elements (nrEVEs) are widely dispersed throughout the genomes of eukaryotes. Although nrEVEs are known to be involved in host antiviral immunity, it remains an open question whether they can be domesticated as functional proteins to serve cellular innovations in arthropods. In this study, we found that endogenous toti-like viral elements (ToEVEs) are ubiquitously integrated into the genomes of three planthopper species, with highly variable distributions and polymorphism levels in planthopper populations. Three ToEVEs display exon‒intron structures and active transcription, suggesting that they might have been domesticated by planthoppers. CRISPR/Cas9 experiments revealed that one ToEVE in Nilaparvata lugens, NlToEVE14, has been co-opted by its host and plays essential roles in planthopper development and fecundity. Large-scale analysis of ToEVEs in arthropod genomes indicated that the number of arthropod nrEVEs is currently underestimated and that they may contribute to the functional diversity of arthropod genes.

Due to the insulation saturation effect of a vacuum gap, the series connection is the main method to improve the capability of the triggered vacuum switch (STVS) to withstand voltage. In this paper, a double-gap surface flashover triggered multistage vacuum switch (DMVS) is constructed based on a removable vacuum chamber. The DMVS consists of a surface flashover triggered vacuum gap (STG) and a self-breakdown vacuum gap (SBG) in series. The trend in DMVS conduction delay time under different operating parameters and gap distances is firstly measured through experiments, and then the conduction delay time characteristics of DMVS and single-gap STVS compared. The test results show that increasing the trigger current and operating voltage and decreasing the gap distance of each vacuum gap can optimize the conduction delay time of the DMVS, but the voltage division ratio between the STG and the SBG has no obvious influence on the conduction delay time. The comparison result between the DMVS and the STVS shows that increasing the number of series gaps increases the conduction delay time but, for a certain vacuum gap distance, DMVS exhibits superior conduction delay time characteristics compared to STVS.

Summary: Spermiogenesis defines the final phase of male germ cell differentiation. While multiple deubiquitinating enzymes have been linked to spermiogenesis, the impacts of deubiquitination on spermiogenesis remain poorly characterized. Here, we investigated the function of UAF1 in mouse spermiogenesis. We selectively deleted Uaf1 in premeiotic germ cells using the Stra8-Cre knock-in mouse strain (Uaf1 sKO), and found that Uaf1 is essential for spermiogenesis and male fertility. Further, UAF1 interacts and colocalizes with USP1 in the testes. Conditional knockout of Uaf1 in testes results in disturbed protein levels and localization of USP1, suggesting that UAF1 regulates spermiogenesis through the function of the deubiquitinating enzyme USP1. Using tandem mass tag-based proteomics, we identified that conditional knockout of Uaf1 in the testes results in reduced levels of proteins that are essential for spermiogenesis. Thus, we conclude that the UAF1/USP1 deubiquitinase complex is essential for normal spermiogenesis by regulating the levels of spermiogenesis-related proteins.

In this paper, we consider the variational inequality problem and the split common fixed point problem. Considering the common fixed points of an infinite family of nonexpansive mappings, instead of just the fixed point of one nonexpansive mapping, we generalize the results of Tian and Jiang. By removing a projection operator, we improve the efficiency of our algorithm. Finally, we propose a very simple modification to the extragradient method, which gives our algorithm strong convergence properties. We also provide some numerical examples to illustrate our main results.

Al–Sc master alloys are crucial raw materials for the preparation of high-strength and high-toughness Al alloys. The primary particles in these alloys are Al3Sc, which has been proved to have strong grain refining and strengthening effects. The material properties are related to the morphology of the primary particles. However, the mechanism of morphological changes of primary Al3Sc particles at different cooling rates during industrial production is not clear. To address this, we conducted a study where we controlled the solidification cooling medium and obtained the primary Al3Sc particles with different morphologies. Also, the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of the eutectic Al3Sc phase was obtained by holding at eutectic temperature for 72 h. The results indicate that the cooling rates have a strong impact on the morphology of primary Al3Sc particles due to their high anisotropy and constitutional supercooling in the melt. The primary Al3Sc particles have a multilayer structure of ''Al3Sc+α-Al + Al3Sc+ … '', which can be explained in terms of solidification sequence. The eutectic Al3Sc phase is fibrous and perpendicular to the surface of the matrix or the primary Al3Sc particle, and grows in a spiral pattern.

Chitosan samples were prepared from the shells of marine animals (crab and shrimp) and the cell walls of fungi (agaricus bisporus and aspergillus niger). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to detect their molecular structures, while headspace-gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) was employed to analyze their odor composition. A total of 220 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including esters, ketones, aldehydes, etc., were identified as the odor fingerprinting components of chitosan for the first time. A principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that chitosan could be effectively identified and classified based on its characteristic VOCs. The sum of the first three principal components explained 87% of the total variance in original information. An orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) model was established for tracing and source identification purposes, demonstrating excellent performance with fitting indices R2X = 0.866, R2Y = 0.996, Q2 = 0.989 for independent variable fitting and model prediction accuracy, respectively. By utilizing OPLS-DA modeling along with a heatmap-based tracing path study, it was found that 29 VOCs significantly contributed to marine chitosan at a significance level of VIP > 1.00 (p < 0.05), whereas another set of 20 VOCs specifically associated with fungi chitosan exhibited notable contributions to its odor profile. These findings present a novel method for identifying commercial chitosan sources, which can be applied to ensure biological safety in practical applications.

Abstract Knowledge gaps that limit the development of therapies for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) concern various environmental factors that impact clinical characteristics. Circadian dysrhythmia contributes to glycometabolic and reproductive hallmarks of PCOS. Here, we illustrated the amelioration of Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) on biorhythm disorder-ignited dyslipidemia of PCOS via a microbiota-metabolite-liver axis. A rat model of long-term (8 weeks) darkness treatment was used to mimic circadian dysrhythmia-induced PCOS. Hepatic transcriptomics certified by in vitro experiments demonstrated that increased hepatic galanin receptor 1 (GALR1) due to darkness exposure functioned as a critical upstream factor in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B pathway to suppress nuclear receptors subfamily 1, group D, member 1 (NR1D1) and promoted sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), inducing lipid accumulation in the liver. Further investigations figured out a restructured microbiome-metabolome network following L. reuteri administration to protect darkness rats against dyslipidemia. Notably, L. reuteri intervention resulted in the decrease of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Ruminococcaceae UCG-010 as well as gut microbiota-derived metabolite capric acid, which could further inhibit GALR1-NR1D1-SREBP1 pathway in the liver. In addition, GALR antagonist M40 reproduced similar ameliorative effects as L. reuteri to protect against dyslipidemia. While exogenous treatment of capric acid restrained the protective effects of L. reuteri in circadian disruption-induced PCOS through inhibiting GALR1-dependent hepatic lipid metabolism. These findings purport that L. reuteri could serve for circadian disruption-associated dyslipidemia. Manipulation of L. reuteri–capric acid–GALR1 axis paves way for clinical therapeutic strategies to prevent biorhythm disorder-ignited dyslipidemia in PCOS women.

The torque teno canis virus (TTCaV) was first reported in 2001 and it shares similarities with the known Torque teno virus (TTV) in terms of genomic organization and putative transcriptional features. It is a single-stranded DNA virus characterized by high rates of recombination and nucleotide substitution, like RNA viruses. Studies reported recombination events in torque teno virus; however, there is limited reporting of TTCaV reorganization events. This study screened fecal samples from domestic dogs in Henan Province. There was a positivity rate of 16.5% (19/115) for TTCaV. Four nearly complete TTCaV genomes, namely Canine/HeNan/4, 5, 6, and 13/2019, were obtained from the 19 positive fecal samples, whose genome sequence was obtained using gap-filling PCR. Sequence analysis revealed two unique amino acid mutation sites in the TTCaV strains, K278Q (compared with the first isolate Cf-TTV10 in Japan) and V/L268I (compared with the TTCaV strain from southern China). Subsequently, 17 near full-length TTCaV genome sequences were subjected to phylogenetic and recombination detection program analyzes. We obtained evidence supporting recombination events in the Chinese TTCaV strains. These findings suggest that mutation and recombination occurred in the three individual gene segments (ORF1, ORF2, ORF3) and the untranslated region, an area of major recombination in the Chinese TTCaV strain GX265 genome. Interestingly, the TTCaV strain (Canine/HeNan/6/2019) was a major parent involved in the genetic recombination of the GX265 strain. This study provides insights into the genetic variability and evolution of TTCaV.

For the general population, increasing potassium intake can reduce the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, since hyperkalemia is a common and life-threatening complication in maintenance hemodialysis patients, which can increase the risk of malignant arrhythmia and sudden death, the current mainstream of management for hemodialysis patients is dietary potassium restriction in order to prevent hyperkalemia. Hemodialysis patients are usually advised to reduce dietary potassium intake and limit potassium-rich fruits and vegetables, but there is limited evidence to support this approach can reduce mortality and improve quality of life. There is still no consistent conclusion on the association between dietary potassium intake and serum potassium and survival in hemodialysis patients. According to the current small observational studies, there was little or even no association between dietary potassium intake and serum potassium in hemodialysis patients when assurance of adequate dialysis and specific dietary patterns (such as the plant-based diet mentioned in the article) are being followed, and excessive dietary potassium restriction may not benefit the survival of hemodialysis patients. Additionally, when assessing the effect of diet on serum potassium, researchers should not only focus on the potassium content of foods, but also consider the type of food and the content of other nutrients. However, more large-scale, multi-center clinical trials are required to provide high-quality evidence support. Besides, further research is also needed to determine the optimal daily potassium intake and beneficial dietary patterns for hemodialysis patients.

Abstract Background Mosquitoes are vectors of many pathogens, such as malaria, dengue virus, yellow fever virus, filaria and Japanese encephalitis virus. Wolbachia are capable of inducing a wide range of reproductive abnormalities in their hosts, such as cytoplasmic incompatibility. Wolbachia has been proposed as a tool to modify mosquitoes that are resistant to pathogen infection as an alternative vector control strategy. This study aimed to determine natural Wolbachia infections in different mosquito species across Hainan Province, China. Methods Adult mosquitoes were collected using light traps, human landing catches and aspirators in five areas in Hainan Province from May 2020 to November 2021. Species were identified based on morphological characteristics, species-specific PCR and DNA barcoding of cox1 assays. Molecular classification of species and phylogenetic analyses of Wolbachia infections were conducted based on the sequences from PCR products of cox1, wsp, 16S rRNA and FtsZ gene segments. Results A total of 413 female adult mosquitoes representing 15 species were identified molecularly and analyzed. Four mosquito species (Aedes albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Armigeres subalbatus and Culex gelidus) were positive for Wolbachia infection. The overall Wolbachia infection rate for all mosquitoes tested in this study was 36.1% but varied among species. Wolbachia types A, B and mixed infections of A × B were detected in Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. A total of five wsp haplotypes, six FtsZ haplotypes and six 16S rRNA haplotypes were detected from Wolbachia infections. Phylogenetic tree analysis of wsp sequences classified them into three groups (type A, B and C) of Wolbachia strains compared to two groups each for FtsZ and 16S rRNA sequences. A novel type C Wolbachia strain was detected in Cx. gelidus by both single locus wsp gene and the combination of three genes. Conclusion Our study revealed the prevalence and distribution of Wolbachia in mosquitoes from Hainan Province, China. Knowledge of the prevalence and diversity of Wolbachia strains in local mosquito populations will provide part of the baseline information required for current and future Wolbachia-based vector control approaches to be conducted in Hainan Province. Graphical Abstract

Abstract The reaction efficiency of reactants near plasmonic nanostructures can be enhanced significantly because of plasmonic effects. Herein, we propose that the catalytic activity of molecular catalysts near plasmonic nanostructures may also be enhanced dramatically. Based on this proposal, we develop a highly efficient and stable photocatalytic system for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by compositing a molecular catalyst of cobalt porphyrin together with plasmonic gold nanoparticles, around which plasmonic effects of localized electromagnetic field, local heating, and enhanced hot carrier excitation exist. After optimization, the HER rate and turn-over frequency (TOF) reach 3.21 mol g−1 h−1 and 4650 h−1, respectively. In addition, the catalytic system remains stable after 45-hour catalytic cycles, and the system is catalytically stable after being illuminated for two weeks. The enhanced reaction efficiency is attributed to the excitation of localized surface plasmon resonance, particularly plasmon-generated hot carriers. These findings may pave a new and convenient way for developing plasmon-based photocatalysts with high efficiency and stability.

Salivary elicitors secreted by herbivorous insects can be perceived by host plants to trigger plant immunity. Here, the authors show that the small brown planthopper salivary sheath protein LsSP1 binds to salivary sheath proteins and contributes to insect feeding by manipulating rice plant defenses.

Insects constitute the largest proportion of animals on Earth and act as significant reservoirs and vectors in disease transmission. Rice thrips (Haplothrips aculeatus, family Phlaeothripidae) are one of the most common pests in agriculture. In this study, the full genome sequence of a novel Ollusvirus, provisionally named “Rice thrips ollusvirus 1” (RTOV1), was elucidated using transcriptome sequencing and the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). A homology search and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the newly identified virus is a member of the family Aliusviridae (order Jingchuvirales). The genome of RTOV1 contains four predicted open reading frames (ORFs), including a polymerase protein (L, 7590 nt), a glycoprotein (G, 4206 nt), a nucleocapsid protein (N, 2415 nt) and a small protein of unknown function (291 nt). All of the ORFs are encoded by the complementary genome, suggesting that the virus is a negative-stranded RNA virus. Phylogenetic analysis using polymerase sequences suggested that RTOV1 was closely related to ollusvirus 1. Deep small RNA sequencing analysis reveals a significant accumulation of small RNAs derived from RTOV1, indicating that the virus replicated in the insect. According to our understanding, this is the first report of an Ollusvirus identified in a member of the insect family Phlaeothripidae. The characterisation and discovery of RTOV1 is a significant contribution to the understanding of Ollusvirus diversity in insects.

Optimal power flow (OPF) is a crucial tool in the operation and planning of modern power systems. However, as power system optimization shifts towards larger-scale frameworks, and with the growing integration of distributed generations, the computational time and memory requirements of solving the alternating current (AC) OPF problems can increase exponentially with system size, posing computational challenges. In recent years, machine learning (ML) has demonstrated notable advantages in efficient computation and has been extensively applied to tackle OPF challenges. This paper presents five commonly employed OPF transformation techniques that leverage ML, offering a critical overview of the latest applications of advanced ML in solving OPF problems. The future directions in the application of machine learning to AC OPF are also discussed.

Due to its designable nanostructure and simple and inexpensive preparation process, electrospun nanofibers have important applications in energy collection, wearable sports health detection, environmental pollutant detection, pollutant filtration and degradation, and other fields. In recent years, a series of polymer-based fiber materials have been prepared using this method, and detailed research and discussion have been conducted on the material structure and performance factors. This article summarizes the effects of preparation parameters, environmental factors, a combination of other methods, and surface modification of electrospinning on the properties of composite nanofibers. Meanwhile, the effects of different collection devices and electrospinning preparation parameters on material properties were compared. Subsequently, it summarized the material structure design and specific applications in wearable device power supply, energy collection, environmental pollutant sensing, air quality detection, air pollution particle filtration, and environmental pollutant degradation. We aim to review the latest developments in electrospinning applications to inspire new energy collection, detection, and pollutant treatment equipment, and achieve the commercial promotion of polymer fibers in the fields of energy and environment. Finally, we have identified some unresolved issues in the detection and treatment of environmental issues with electrospun polymer fibers and proposed some suggestions and new ideas for these issues.

Many hosts utilize the ubiquitin system to defend against viral infection. As a key subunit of the ubiquitin system, the role of polyubiquitin in the viral infection of insects is unclear. Here, we identified the full-length cDNA of the polyubiquitin-C (UBC) gene in Laodelphax striatellus, the small brown planthopper (SBPH). LsUBC was expressed in various tissues and was highly expressed in salivary glands, midgut, and reproductive systems. Furthermore, the LsUBC expression profiles in the developmental stages showed that LsUBC was ubiquitously expressed in seven developmental stages and was highest expressed in female adults with SBPH. qRT-PCR analyses indicated that rice stripe virus (RSV) infection promoted the LsUBC expression. Knockdown of LsUBC mRNA via RNA interference increased RSV accumulation. These findings suggest that LsUBC inhibits RSV accumulation in L. striatellus.

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) is a crucial species among the 500 varieties of bamboo found in China and plays an important role in providing ecosystem services. However, remote sensing studies on the invasion of Moso bamboo, especially its impact on forest biodiversity, are limited. Therefore, we explored the feasibility of using Sentinel-2 multispectral data and digital elevation data from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission and random forest (RF) algorithms to monitor changes in forest diversity due to the spread of Moso bamboo. From October to November 2019, researchers conducted field surveys on 100 subtropical forest plots in Zhejiang Province, China. Four biodiversity indices (Margalef, Shannon, Simpson, and Pielou) were calculated from the survey data. Subsequently, after completing 100 epochs of training and testing, we developed the RF prediction model and assessed its performance using three key metrics: coefficient of determination, root mean squared error, and mean absolute error. Our results showed that the RF model has a strong predictive ability for all indices except for the Pilou index, which has an average predictive ability. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using remote sensing to monitor forest diversity changes caused by the spreading of Moso bamboo.

The Beibu Gulf (Gulf of Tonkin, Vinh Bac Bo in Vietnamese), located midway along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway (EAAF), is a critical stopover and wintering region for migratory waterbirds. This transboundary coastal region, spanning between China and Vietnam, harbors diverse wetland habitats that provide refuge to waterbird species, including highly threatened species such as the spoon-billed sandpiper (CR) and the black-faced spoonbill (EN). However, the scarcity of comprehensive assessments regarding waterbird abundances, distribution, key wetland habitats, and regional threats hinders our understanding of its conservation significance at the flyway level. Further research is needed to address these knowledge gaps and facilitate effective conservation efforts in the Beibu Gulf. By synthesizing accessible citizen science datasets and published records from wetland sites in south China and northeast Vietnam, we concluded that at least 97 waterbird species used the Gulf’s wetlands during their annual cycle. Among surveys conducted from 2014 to 2022, 5 and 11 waterbird species were considered as first and second class protected species under the National Key Protected Wild Animal List in China; 2 species were listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, 4 as Endangered and 2 as Vulnerable, underlying the critical importance of the Beibu Gulf for the survival of these species. Our study identified 25 sites in the Beibu Gulf that met the criteria for designation as internationally important wetlands. Alarmingly, less than a quarter (n = 5, or 20%) of these sites benefit from national or international protection. Localized threats, including aquatic resource harvesting, hunting, and aquaculture/fisheries, were widespread in the region. This study provides a crucial scientific baseline for continued waterbird monitoring, site prioritization, and the development of effective habitat management plans to conserve vital coastal wetland habitats in the Beibu Gulf in China and Vietnam.

High-resolution and timely global land cover (GLC) products provide valuable information to understand the status of ecosystems and associated trends, pressures on biodiversity, climate change, as well as natural and $\backslash $ or anthropogenic processes. The 10-m resolution GLC products known as FROM GLC, ESA WC, and ESRI LC have not been comprehensively assessed yet, as they have been only recently released. In this study, a spatial consistency analysis and accuracy assessment for these products was conducted in an arid region of northwestern China. Constituent similarity and the spatial consistency were analyzed using the spatial overlay method. In addition, the quantitative accuracy was evaluated based on an error matrix. The results revealed that: 1) based on the comparison of spatial consistencies, the consistent area of the three GLC products accounted for 46.44%, FROM GLC and ESA WC were relatively consistent, and the consistency ratio reached 81.84%; 2) the inconsistency mainly occurred in heterogenous regions, such as transitional zones with mixed land cover types and the edges of small land cover patches; and 3) based on the accuracy measures, FROM GLC had the highest overall accuracy of 77.83%, followed by ESA WC (69.64%) and ESRI LC (62.54%). The ESRI product had the lowest overall accuracy in the arid region examined, which was primarily due to misclassification between shrubland and bare land. Overall, FROM GLC and ESA WC showed the highest consistency and had a good classification accuracy, while ESRI LC had a good performance in the identification of built-up and wetland areas in the arid region examined. The GLC users and producers who are interested in these regions should pay particular attention for improvement of classification and selection of optimal maps.

Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) include a wide range of pathological conditions that are associated with intracranial vessel abnormalities. While some types of DAVFs present with typical neuroimaging characteristics, others share overlapping pathological and neuroimaging features that can hinder accurate differentiation. Hence, misclassification of the various types of DAVFs is common. Thorough knowledge of DAVF imaging findings is essential to avoid such misinterpretations. Traditional digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is considered the gold standard for diagnosing and evaluating DAVFs. However, angiography cannot detect changes in a patient's brain structure. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences, including MR angiography (MRA), allow the evaluation of DAVFs without ionizing radiation or invasiveness. Advanced MRI techniques, such as susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRA, provide added value to real-time physio-pathological data regarding the hemodynamics of DAVFs. Beyond these techniques, new insights using high-resolution vascular wall MRI are incorporated for the noninvasive evaluation of DAVFs. This article reviews the pathophysiology of DAVFs, focusing on the specifics of MRI findings that facilitate their classification. The role of conventional and advanced MRI sequences for DAVFs was assessed using insights derived from the data provided by structured reports of multimodal MRIs to evaluate DAVFs.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) containing open metal sites are important materials for acetylene (C2H2) adsorption. However, it is inefficient or even impossible to search suitable MOFs by molecular simulation method in nearly infinite MOFs space. Therefore, machine learning (ML) methods are adopted in the material screening and prediction of high-performance MOFs. In this paper, architecture, chemical and structural features are used to analyze the C2H2 adsorption performance of the MOFs. Different ML algorithms are applied to perform classification and regression analysis to the factors affecting material adsorption. By decision tree (DT) algorithm, it is found that only PV, GSA, and Cu-OMS are sufficient to determine the high adsorption of the MOFs. Furthermore, the influence of topology on the performance of MOFs is obtained. Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN), are introduced to analyze the quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) between C2H2 adsorption and the features of MOFs. The prediction of the GBDT model is found to have the highest accuracy, with R2 as 0.93 and RMSE as 11.58. In addition, the GBDT model is used for feature analysis, and the contribution of each feature to the performance is obtained, which is of great significance for the design and analysis of MOFs. The successful application of ML to MOFs screening greatly reduce the calculation time and provides important reference for the design and synthesis of new MOFs.

Altered expression of splicing factors can contribute to tumour progression. Here the authors show that splicing factor BUD31 enhances ovarian cancer progression by promoting exon inclusion in the anti-apoptotic BCL2 family member, BCL2L12.

Unilateral cross incompatibility (UCI) is a type of prezygotic reproductive isolation, which is associated with multiple loci in maize. Here, the authors use genetic analysis to separate the Ga1 locus into two functional components and identify seven linked genes encoding three types of proteins.

IntroductionPapillomaviruses (PVs) can cause hyperplasia in the skin and mucous membranes of humans, mammals, and non-mammalian animals, and are a significant risk factor for cervical and genital cancers.MethodsUsing next-generation sequencing (NGS), we identified two novel strains of papillomavirus, PV-HMU-1 and PV-HMU-2, in swabs taken from belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) at Polar Ocean Parks in Qingdao and Dalian.ResultsWe amplified the complete genomes of both strains and screened ten belugas and one false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) for the late gene (L1) to determine the infection rate. In Qingdao, 50% of the two sampled belugas were infected with PV-HMU-1, while the false killer whale was negative. In Dalian, 71% of the eight sampled belugas were infected with PV-HMU-2. In their L1 genes, PV-HMU-1 and PV-HMU-2 showed 64.99 and 68.12% amino acid identity, respectively, with other members of Papillomaviridae. Phylogenetic analysis of combinatorial amino acid sequences revealed that PV-HMU-1 and PV-HMU-2 clustered with other known dolphin PVs but formed distinct branches. PVs carried by belugas were proposed as novel species under Firstpapillomavirinae.ConclusionThe discovery of these two novel PVs enhances our understanding of the genetic diversity of papillomaviruses and their impact on the beluga population.

Abstract The thermospheric neutral density response to the 7–9 September 2017 storms is investigated based on the Swarm satellite observations and the thermosphere‐ionosphere‐electrodynamic general circulation model (TIEGCM) simulation. The Swarm data depicted a prominent interhemispheric asymmetry (IHA) in the afternoon sector during the second storm, a feature that was yet explained. Driven by realistic high‐latitude electric potential and electron precipitation patterns, the TIEGCM is able to reproduce the observed storm‐time neutral density response. The TIEGCM simulation reveals that the differences in the traveling atmospheric disturbances (TADs) is largely responsible for the observed IHA in the neutral mass density response at low and middle latitudes, whereas the difference in mean molecular mass between the two hemispheres may contribute to the IHA in neutral density at higher latitudes. The IHAs in TADs and mean molecular mass are attributed to the IHA in Joule heating dissipation on the night and dawn sides.

ObjectiveTo analyze how wall enhancement affects hemodynamics and cerebral ischemic risk factors in vertebrobasilar non-saccular intracranial aneurysms (VBNIAs).Materials and methodsTen consecutive non-saccular aneurysms were collected, including three transitional vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia (TVBD). A wall enhancement model was quantitatively constructed to analyze how wall enhancement interacts with hemodynamics and cerebral ischemic factors.ResultsEnhanced area revealed low wall shear stress (WSS) and wall shear stress gradient (WSSG), with high oscillatory shear index (OSI), relative residence time (RRT), and gradient oscillatory number (GON) while the vortex and slow flow region in fusiform aneurysms are similar to TVBD fusiform aneurysms. With low OSI, high RRT and similar GON in the dilated segment, the enhanced area still manifests low WSS and WSSG in the slow flow area with no vortex. In fusiform aneurysms, wall enhancement was negatively correlated with WSS (except for case 71, all p values

Abstract On behalf of the journal, AGU, and the scientific community, the editors of Geophysical Research Letters would like to sincerely thank those who reviewed manuscripts for us in 2022. The hours reading and commenting on manuscripts not only improve the manuscripts, but also increase the scientific rigor of future research in the field. With the advent of AGU's data policy, many reviewers have also helped immensely to evaluate the accessibility and availability of data, and many have provided insightful comments that helped to improve the data presentation and quality. We greatly appreciate the assistance of the reviewers in advancing open science, which is a key objective of AGU's data policy. We particularly appreciate the timely reviews in light of the demands imposed by the rapid review process at Geophysical Research Letters. We received 6,687 submissions in 2022 and 5,247 reviewers contributed to their evaluation by providing 8,720 reviews in total. We deeply appreciate their contributions in these challenging times.