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The book review of "LNG – After the Pandemic" by Michael D. Tusiani and Gordon Shearer provides a comprehensive overview of the global liquefied natural gas (LNG) industry, focusing on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the invasion of Ukraine. The authors detail the evolution of LNG from its inception to its current global prominence, highlighting key events and market dynamics. The book offers insights into pricing structures, market reactions, and future trends, presenting a well-researched and informative analysis of the industry's past, present, and future. [Extracted from the article]

Mixed organic and mineral deposits clogging perforations in the near wellbore area is a significant problem in the oil and gas industry. Matrix acidizing is widely applied to relieve this damage in the Haoud Berkaoui region using three different acid systems proposed by company services to restore the initial properties. This work aims to understand and interpret the history to investigate the efficient acid system adapted to the reservoir of two candidate wells. Different data are collected and analyzed. However, laboratory tests were conducted to verify the performance of each acid. Matching laboratory results, Acid Response Curves (ARC) interpretation, and microscopic photos with field data analysis show that only one mud acid system (6% HCl-1.5% HF) among the three is adequately used in the field to minimize the skin factor. It also increases the relative permeability in the wellbore region (7 for well N1 and 3.7 for well N2) and a flow rate gain (0.25 m3/h for the well N2). This study allows the best acid selection and suitable additives for maximum oil recovery of wells, solving problems associated with the production of wells and decreasing the cost of the operation in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding why maintenance professionals deviate from OEM maintenance recommendations is essential. These recommendations are crucial for ensuring equipment reliability, safety, and performance over its operational lifecycle. However, deviations from these guidelines are common and can occur for various reasons. This study seeks to enhance maintenance practices by analyzing the reasons for deviations (RFD) from OEM maintenance recommendations, identifying the barriers to adherence (BTA), and exploring the potential benefits (PB) of such deviations. To achieve this objective, a survey was conducted in Port Harcourt, Southern Nigeria, involving 105 maintenance personnel from three maintenance-intensive sectors: Oil and Gas, Energy, and Petrochemicals, the study achieved response rates of, 78%, 82%, and 92% respectively. Through qualitative evaluation of the response data, the research identified cost considerations and operational constraints as primary reasons for non-adherence to OEM guidelines. Respondents highlighted benefits such as cost savings and enhanced equipment availability, citing limited budgets and operational demands as significant barriers to compliance. Comparative analysis across the three deviant factors (RFD, BTA, and PB) underscores the dominance of cost-related factors and operational constraints in driving deviations, alongside technological influences, that both facilitate and impede adherence. Environmental and organizational factors, though influential, exhibit comparatively lesser impact. These findings highlight the significance of aligning maintenance practices with OEM recommendations. This alignment not only enhances equipment reliability and reduces operational risks but also has the potential to improve maintenance practices, foster innovation in the industry, and ultimately optimize equipment performance and reliability in industrial settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Hydrogenated nitrile butyl rubber (HNBR) elastomers are widely used in high‐temperature and high‐pressure (HTHP) corrosive environments, especially in the oil and gas sector. However, fatigue failure, which is often encountered in rubber components, remains a critical issue. In this paper, the effect of HTHP aging on the fatigue damage characteristics of HNBR in an oil‐based mud environment is investigated through experiments and numerical simulations. The experimental results showed that the elongation at break of the specimens decreased by 260% and the compressive stiffness increased with strain after high‐temperature and high‐pressure exposure in the oil‐based mud. Furthermore, tear tests showed that the rate at which the aged HNBR produced unit crack surfaces was significantly accelerated. Finally, the fracture and fatigue crack extension simulation results show the similarity between the damage evolution law of HNBR materials and the stress–strain curve of typical rubber materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has had a profound impact on the European and thus Hungarian natural gas market, though substantial changes had begun to occur in Europe from 2021, as evidenced by the wholesale price surges for natural gas that year. This paper examines (1) the demand- and supply-side developments in the Hungarian natural gas market before and after the outbreak of Russia's war on Ukraine; (2) how the Hungarian government has intervened in the natural gas sector from February 2022 onwards; and (3) how these measures fit in with pre-war Hungarian energy strategy documents and the energy policies carried out. Secondary analysis of related statistics is combined with documentary analysis of relevant materials. We find that Hungary did not believe it could wean itself off Russian gas, and thus enhanced cooperation with Russia and bought even more Russian gas. There have been only small steps towards gas import source diversification, and quite late, with priority given to affordability. Demand-side measures, prompted by supply and financial constraints, proved to be relatively successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Escuela de Ingenieros Industriales de Barcelona (School of Industrial Engineers of Barcelona) (EIIB) was founded in 1851 within the context of a reorganisation of technical education in Spain. From 1867 to 1899 it was the only Industrial Engineering school in the country, which emphasises its relevance in the development and training of human capital for industry in this period. This article analyses the development of higher education in Industrial Engineering in Europe and Spain with a special focus on the EIIB. Furthermore, it analyses those teachers and students of the EIIB who played a relevant role in the gas industry in Spain in the second half of the nineteenth century. In order to conduct this research, we have consulted the bibliography on them and also their records in this institution’s archive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital transformation in energy sector organizations has huge benefits but also exposes them to cybersecurity challenges. In this paper, we carried out a systematic literature review on cybersecurity challenges and issues in the energy domain. Energy-associated assets are very critical for any nation and cyber-attacks on these critical infrastructures can result in strategic, financial, and human losses. We investigated research papers published between 2019 and 2024 and categorized our work into three domains: oil and gas sector, the electricity sector, and the nuclear energy sector. Our study highlights that there is a need for more research in this important area to improve the security of critical infrastructures in the energy sector. We have outlined research directions for the scientific community to further strengthen the body of knowledge. This work is important for researchers to identify key areas to explore as well as for policymakers in energy sector organizations to improve their security operations by understanding the associated implications of cybersecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion inhibitors (CIs) are extensively employed in the oil and gas industry, yet their analysis remains a challenge. To develop a suitable liquid chromatography method for a wide array of CIs, a column screening was conducted. Nine different chromatographic conditions were tested across eight RPLC and mixed‐mode columns (Accucore C18, CORTECS Shield RP18, Acquity HSS T3, Acquity Premier HSS T3, Accucore 150‐C4, Accucore PFP, Synergi Polar RP, and Acclaim WCX‐1). Seven model mixtures representative of CIs, which included quaternary ammoniums, imidazolines, and phosphoric esters, were considered to probe the columns. Each column exhibited unique analytical performances, peak shape, and separation profiles. To find a compromise to analyze all the mixtures with one method, Derringer desirability functions were used. Shielding of residual silanols proved to be a critical factor. The trifunctional grafting of the Acquity HSS T3 columns appeared to be a promising strategy to minimize residual silanol effects. However, it was the Premier technology, which protects the column's inner walls and frits against parasitic adsorption, which delivered the best overall results. Based on the desirability study, the Acquity Premier HSS T3 column was selected and the gradient was optimized, which enabled the separation of the molecules present in the model mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we explore the adoption of circular economy within the oil and gas sector, particularly focusing on the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and Middle East/North Africa (MENA) regions. Through semi‐structured interviews with senior managers from various backgrounds, we gain insights into the skills and challenges of the larger industry and explore the managerial ramifications. Broadly, our findings underscore the importance and criticality of circular economic capabilities (i.e. transparency reporting and resource efficiency, among others) in realizing 'net‐zero' goals and for building climate‐resilient businesses. We also emphasize the challenging trajectory towards sustainability and advocate for greater innovation, stakeholder engagement and strategic foresight. Based on the same, we develop conceptual frameworks that offer tangible representations of the evolving industrial landscape. Future research directions that have been suggested include stakeholder dynamics, technology integrations, policy implications and worldwide comparisons. Comprehensive case studies, longitudinal evaluations and multidisciplinary partnerships are required to further our understanding of the subtleties of circularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throttle valves often experience erosion wear failures in the offshore oil and gas industry. This phenomenon arises due to the rapid fluid flow carrying solid particles in the pipelines, resulting in repeated impacts on the valve. Erosive damage to valves may lead to system malfunctions and significant economic losses. Therefore, comprehending the erosion mechanisms and influencing factors is of paramount significance. The work reviews common erosion equations, delineates the primary factors influencing throttle valve erosion, and analyses the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, the numerical simulation method of throttle valve erosion is discussed, and the experimental research methods are summarized. Finally, possible limitations and gaps regarding throttle valve erosion are proposed. The current work can benefit petroleum and natural gas companies and research institutions by providing a comprehensive review of the erosion mechanisms and methodologies for throttle valves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfur-containing compounds are naturally found in crude oil, and they can be partially removed during the refining process. The wide use of fossil fuels has a significant contribution to sulfur emissions into the atmosphere, and Governments are striving to reduce the amount of the fuels by environmental regulations. The reduction of sulfur levels in diesel and other transportation fuels is beneficial from economic and environmental points, but meeting this standard represents a major operational and economic challenge for the oil and gas industry. Quantitative measurement of the sulfur amount must be taken along the oil refining chains guided by standards of measurement and recommended analytical methods such as various American Society for Testing and Materials methods (ASTM D2622, ASTM D5453, ASTM D7039, and ASTM D7220). Advancement in the refining processes and environmental regulations also require reliable measurements and well-defined criteria for compliance assessment. This work presented a brief review of the ASTM Standards used in the laboratories of the Brazilian oil and gas industry to determine the total sulfur content in fuels. We also presented an approach based on the reproducibility of the measurement methods and the guard band concept to evaluate the conformity statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural gas industry has developed rapidly in recent years, with gas storage playing an important role in regulating winter and summer gas consumption and ensuring energy security. The Ke7010 sand body is a typical edge water condensate gas reservoir with an oil ring, and the construction of gas storage has been started. In order to clarify the feasibility of synergistic storage building for gas injection and production, the fluid characteristics during the synergistic reservoir building process were investigated through several rounds of drive-by experiments. The results show that the oil-phase flow capacity is improved by increasing the number of oil–water interdrives, and the injection and recovery capacity is improved by increasing the number of oil–gas interdrives; the reservoir capacities of the high-permeability and low-permeability rock samples increase by about 4.84% and 7.26%, respectively, after multiple rounds of driving. Meanwhile, a numerical model of the study area was established to simulate the synergistic storage construction scheme of gas injection and extraction, and the reservoir capacity was increased by 7.02% at the end of the simulation period, which was in line with the experimental results. This study may provide a reference for gas storage construction in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a future where a large portion of power will be supplied by highly intermittent sources such as solar- and wind-power, energy storage will form a crucial part of the power mix ensuring that there is enough flexibility in the system to cope with the intermittency. With further development of pumped storage hydro constrained by the lack of remaining suitable topography, a novel Subsea Pumped Hydro Storage concept has emerged as a promising solution to utilize the ocean space for large-scale energy storage. While previous publications address thermodynamic efficiency limits, there is a notable lack of research on turbine selection, design, and cost estimation based on best practices. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of current state-of-the-art subsea engineering and its significant achievements pioneered by the oil and gas industry. This paper introduces a robust methodological framework for calculating the costs of concrete SPHS tanks, factoring in longevity and best installation practices for structures designed to endure for half a century. The results indicate that with an optimized design, the cost of an SPSH concrete storage tank is approximately $0.15/Wh. This work lays the groundwork for future advancements in SPHS, building on the substantial progress within subsea engineering over recent decades, and marks a significant step towards realizing the potential of this concept in the renewable energy landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global freshwater shortage presents a modern challenge, prompting water management strategies in various sectors, notably the oil and gas industry. Addressing the escalating water cut from petroleum wells is paramount. This review delves into complexities surrounding water production in oil and gas, with a focus on membrane processes. The study analyses membrane technology types, materials, and modules, highlighting the achievements and gaps for future developments. It aims to elucidate challenges and advancements in membrane-based water treatment within this industry. Advancements should prioritise novel materials, module configurations, and manufacturing techniques to enhance performance and mitigate fouling. Considering the complexity of produced water, ongoing projects are vital to maintain membrane performance resilience. Environmental concerns emphasise the need for greener alternatives, urging research into hybrid processes and environmentally friendly energy sources for sustainable water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flow assurance in the petroleum business of the oil and gas industry ensures the efficient and continuous flow of hydrocarbons from production facilities to consumers. Impurities in oil and gas can cause corrosion and erosion, hydrate formation, scaling, and fouling, resulting in flow limits and reduced operating efficiency. The significant flow assurance issues must be managed through systematic exploration of effective mitigation and management approaches. The objective of this paper is to highlight the latest research in the field of flow assurance, including the application of superhydrophobic or omniphobic coatings to prevent scale growth, asphaltene precipitation, wax deposition, and hydrate formation. This review will provide new perspectives into the basic mechanistic mechanisms of deposition and blockage in oil and gas production systems, assisting in the development of novel methods compared to the employment of commercial chemical or mechanical techniques. Overall, the flow assurance engineers will gain new perspectives from this study regarding how to deal with the risk of pipeline blockage caused by the problems mentioned earlier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil and gas industry's reliance on well cementing practices to ensure well integrity and productivity is a pressing concern, particularly in exploratory wells where unpredictable conditions can lead to subpar cement bonding efficiency. This study addresses the pressing issue of optimizing cementing practices in Iran's exploratory wells, ensuring better well integrity and productivity. The preliminary objective is to investigate the impact of hole size and bottom hole temperature variations on cement bonding efficiency in these wells. We analyzed cement quality logs from 21 exploratory wells in reservoir zones between 2012 and 2022 to achieve this. The study employed a systematic approach, using CBL/VDL and cement formulation to assess the quality of each wellbore section separately. We designed a cement formulation based on changes in bottom hole temperature and gas migration control and implemented it using three different contractors, each with unique additives. It allowed us to compare the quality of cement resulting from different phases and additives. Our results show that cement designed with dominant liquid additions in the 5-inch liner phase exhibits better bonding than formulations with increased powder form additives, specifically those containing a liquid dispersant, liquid fluid loss controller, liquid anti-gas migration, and liquid H.T. retarder for LNR 5 inch. Additionally, smaller hole sizes demonstrate better cement bonding quality due to reduced fluid flow and less turbulence. These findings have significant implications for optimizing cementing practices in the petroleum industry, particularly in Iran's exploratory wells. Overall, this investigation provides valuable insights for improving wellbore integrity and productivity by optimizing cementing practices, which can be applied to future drilling operations in Iran's exploratory wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil and gas industries are facing a special dilemma when it comes to high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) drilling as the accurate forecasting of the drilling fluid density (DFD) is a vital factor for safe and efficient operations. Complicated relationships and inconsistencies in HPHT situations are rarely mapped by current forecasting models, while their buggy performance and safety risks during drilling can be underestimated. In this research, we propose a novel machine learning (ML) approach to enhance the accuracy of DFD anticipation under HPHT conditions: central force search-adaptive extreme gradient boosting (CFS-XGB). This paper uses a dataset that has drilling variables together with the DFD for HPHT situations to examine the accuracy of the CFS-XGB model. Excluding the abnormalities of data or mistakes, the reliability of the original data is maintained by applying min–max normalization. After that, finding the important features with the help of the boosted principal component analysis (BPCA) approach to the normalized data will ensure a major improvement in the CFS-XGB methodology's prediction efficacy. This research is experimented in the Python platform, and the performance of the proposed CFS-XGB method is analyzed in terms of MSE, R2, and AAPRE metrics. The suggested approach performs better than the current methods in forecasting the drilling fluid concentration in HPHT settings, according to the experimental data. This development in predictive modeling helps increase the productivity and safety of drilling operations, which will eventually help the oil and gas sector manage the challenges posed by HPHT drilling settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing chemical reactivity is crucial for sustainable chemistry and industry, fostering efficiency, reducing chemical waste, saving energy, and protecting the environment. Emulsification is used for different purposes, among them controlling the reactivity of highly reactive chemicals. Thermochemical fluids (TCFs), such as NH4Cl and NaNO2 salts, have been utilized in various applications, including the oil and gas industry. However, the excessive reactivity of TCFs limits their applications and consequently negatively impacts the potential success rates. In this study, an emulsification technique was employed to control the high reactivity of TCFs explored at 50% and 70% in diesel, using three distinct emulsifier systems at concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5% to form water-in-oil emulsions. The reactivity of 4M neat TCFs and emulsified solutions was examined in an autoclave reactor as a function of triggering temperatures of 65–95 °C, volume fraction, and emulsifier type and concentration. Additionally, this study explores an alternative method for controlling TCF reactivity through pH adjustment. It investigates the impact of TCFs at pH values ranging from 6 to 10 and the initial pressure on the resulting pressure, temperature, and time needed to initiate the TCF's reaction. The results revealed that both emulsification and pH adjustment have the potential to promote sustainability by controlling the reactivity of TCF reactions. The findings from this study can be utilized to optimize various downhole applications of TCFs, enhancing the efficiency of TCF reactions and success rates. This paper presents in detail the results obtained, and discusses the potential contributions of the examined TCFs' reactivity control techniques to sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil and natural gas industry is one of the largest producers of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) worldwide. The scale and sludge are NORM wastes with the highest activity concentration levels, reaching 3500 Bq per g of 226Ra (scale). As wastes (sludge, scale, and produced water) are constantly produced in routine activities, a specific regulation for these wastes is necessary. Therefore, this study presents the regulatory requirements that may serve as a basis for the responsible regulatory body to prepare a specific regulation for the NORM waste generated by the oil industry. As a study published showing that the disposal of bulk NORM waste (not packaged wastes) is viable in Brazil, requirements for the management of these wastes and the characteristics of the landfill for disposal were included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The oil and gas production industry requires rapid changing. As oil and gas companies around the world are called upon to decarbonize, several sectors within the industry are attempting to find new ways of working to achieve decarbonization. One of those sectors is spare parts warehousing. During the past decades of oil and gas production, spare parts warehousing has not been prioritized in optimization measures. Warehouses have been filled with material, all activities have been performed manually, and financial expenditure has been high. Now, a large oil and gas production company in Norway is looking to optimize its spare parts warehousing to streamline its logistics activities and increase sustainability. Method: This study addresses the optimization ambitions of the company and proposes key design elements of a smart warehouse management system using Industry 4.0 technology implementation. The study is conducted by performing a review of relevant literature and company ambitions, before embarking on a qualitative design measure to contribute to the company's innovative success. Results: The study proposes optimization of the warehouse activities goods receipt, issuing of stocked goods, and inventory count. Additionally, the digital supply chain of tomorrow and the technical architecture of a track and trace system in the warehouse is suggested. Discussion: The study's results can be used in practical implications and provide a foundation for future research. Future research is suggested to include extensive visual simulations, practical implementation studies, and studies on long-term effects of implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fractured carbonate reservoirs are significantly developed in the eastern area of the Amu Darya Right Bank. However, their types, distributions, and fracture characteristics remain unclear. This uncertainty complicates reservoir prediction and hampers exploration and development processes. Given the strong correlation between fracture development and productivity, analyzing fractures is crucial. Comprehensive evaluation and prediction methods for fractured reservoirs are essential for advancing the oil and gas industry. Based on core and geological data analyses, it finds that these reservoirs exhibit low porosity and low to ultra-low permeability. By employing conventional logging alongside specialized methods, such as electrical imaging, nuclear magnetic resonance, and far detection logging, fractures and their effectiveness can be identified and evaluated, clarifying the characteristics of reservoir spaces. Constrained by the results from core and logging analyses, seismic single attribute analysis techniques is applied to predict fractures in the HX block of Amu Darya. To mitigate the limitations of single-attribute analysis, utilize a well-supervised BP neural network method for comprehensive fracture prediction. This multi-attribute approach increases the fracture prediction probability from less than 70%–72.7%. By integrating geological understanding and well logging, and considering the influence of lithology and structure on the reservoir, synthesize the fracture prediction results to optimally select favorable areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an innovative multi-scale method for determining gas pressure parameters of superplastic forming, which is based on the quantitative relationship between the grain growth mechanism and fracture mechanism of Tie6Ale4V alloy. The high-temperature tensile tests were conducted on the material at temperatures ranging from 700, 800, 840, 890, 920, and 950 °C, strain rates were selected as 10-2~10-4/s. The grain size measurements were observed using electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD). Particularly, the relation between grain size changes and fracture behaviour is specifically discovered using a physically-based dynamic material model (DMM), and the grain size thresholds for each forming limit are proposed. The physical fracture mechanism is named the "Grain growth based fracture (GGBF)" mechanism. Furthermore, an innovative method based on the GGBF mechanism is proposed to design the superplastic forming loading, and practical four-layer hollow structures experiments are applied to validate the fracture mechanism in superplastic forming. In total, A superplastic forming GGBF mechanism has been verified, and it is expected to be helpful for shape and property control in the forming process of complex structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, coal, natural gas, and oil stand as primary contributors to carbon emissions. The transition toward carbon-free energy sources has significantly reduced the demand for conventional fossil fuels while also significantly altering its labor market environment. This concurrently opens a good number of job prospects in low-carbon energy production sectors. Consequently, navigating this labor force transition requires informed decisions. This research aims to explore the economic impacts of this transition using the state of Wyoming as a case study, a state at the forefront of moving from fossil fuel reliance to embracing low-carbon energy sources. Through an in-depth analysis, including autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) modeling, this paper explored the retraining needs of workers in each sector, the associated costs, and the current state of Wyoming's workforce. The results of the analysis showed that the coal mine sector and oil and gas industries face significant workforce migration pressures with a relatively higher number of workers who need to be migrated, whereas coal power plants are less affected. With Wyoming found to be at the "take-off" phase, ready to accelerate into a new energy paradigm, a relatively modest investment ranging from $3,060 to $7,201, per worker, can facilitate this transition. This research provides critical insights into managing workforce transitions, informing strategic decisions for a sustainable shift from fossil fuels energy production to low-carbon energy production. This research could assist government agencies in the establishment of workforce transition initiatives in the energy production industries and beyond. This research potentially offers a practical framework for understanding the intricacies of workforce transitioning that could be utilized for other sectors such as the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Ekonomi Manajemen Sistem Informasi (JEMSI) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This study investigates the advancements in real-time monitoring technologies aimed at reducing Non-Productive Time (NPT) in oil exploration in Nigeria, employing systematic content analysis as the research design. Methodology: The study uses systematic content analysis to evaluate recent literature on emerging digital technologies, including Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT), and their impact on operational efficiency in oil exploration. Results: The findings indicate that AI and IoT in real-time monitoring can enhance predictive maintenance, optimize drilling parameters, and facilitate immediate responses to operational anomalies, reducing NPT by up to 30%. Theoretical Contribution: This study contributes to the discourse on technological innovations in the oil and gas industry, providing actionable insights for stakeholders aiming to enhance operational efficiency in Nigeria's exploration activities. Practical Implications: The study highlights the necessity for investment in digital infrastructure and training, advocating for a strategic approach to modernize Nigeria's oil exploration practices in alignment with global best practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal decarbonization likely requires changes to building standards encouraging electrification, partly through restricting connections to legacy utilities such as natural gas. Yet while some municipalities have taken action, an important parallel shift undermines it: more than half of U.S. states (covering 47% of the population) have, since 2020, passed state-level laws preempting municipalities from restricting utilities. We investigate the timing, content, and partisan support of these bills, examining similarity in text use across them using a plagiarism-detection tool. States passing preemption were not only more Republican but more ideologically conservative, typically featuring less professionalized state legislatures. We also examine qualitative evidence of the natural gas industry's lobbying, showing that industry groups claimed influence over key bills (supported largely by Republican legislators). We consider the broader implications of these findings for supply-side decarbonization in a context of climate federalism under significant influence by fossil fuel industries and allied policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb is the property of Fachmedien Otto Schmidt KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Petroleum Geology & Recovery Efficiency is the property of Petroleum Geology & Recovery Efficiency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cybercrimes have been on the rise in the oil and gas sectors of the Middle East and Africa. Confidential data preserved at enormous cost have been lost due to the disruption of operational technologies and critical infrastructure. Countries in the Middle East and Africa such as Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Tanzania, and Nigeria have not effectively addressed cybercrime in the oil and gas industry, leading to a halt in operations, enormous financial loss, and threat to international energy security. Apart from addressing cybercrimes in the sector, oil and gas contracts will need to be revisited to address cybercrimes in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating shale gas reservoir economic viability remains challenging due to different factors such as long transient flow period and liquid loading resulting in successful shut-ins. Such factors cause fluctuations in production data, with inherent noise impacting analysis methods like decline curve analysis (DCA). In this research, we investigated data smoothing techniques as an alternative to noise removal methods. By applying these techniques, the essential characteristics of the periodic events and signals are retained while reducing the influence of noise making identifying and analyzing patterns easier. Applying seven smoothing techniques to three shale gas datasets with different noise levels to investigate their performance, then, utilizing the cluster-based local outlier factor (CBLOF) algorithm to remove noise from the production data, then, applying seven different DCA models to the original, smoothed, and processed data with CBLOF, the study found that smoothing the data facilitated the extraction of the well's signals. Different smoothing techniques exhibited varying spike levels. The goodness of fit was superior using LOWESS and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) methods compared to Binomial Smoothing. Moreover, each smoothing technique yielded variations in prediction using the same DCA model. Applying the DCA models that commonly underestimate the reserve to the smoothed data led to further underestimations; however, the DCA models that commonly reserve overestimating reserves also leaned towards underestimations. The Duong's DCA model achieved the highest correlation coefficient (R2), whereas the Wang's DCA model recorded the lowest. In conclusion, this research highlights the benefits of smoothing shale gas production data for better analysis.

The natural fracture system plays a key role in the formation of hydrocarbon reservoirs in the carbonate buried hill of the Nanpu Sag in the Bohai Bay Basin, affecting the distribution of high-quality reservoirs and the migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons. Using data from outcrops, cores, thin sections, and image logs, a quantitative analysis was conducted on the development patterns of fractures both in vertical and horizontal directions, and the main controlling factors for fracture development were identified. On this basis, numerical simulation techniques were applied to quantitatively predict the development patterns of fractures in the carbonate reservoirs of the ancient buried hills in Nanpu Sag. Four types of fractures were identified in the study area: structural fractures, diagenetic fractures, weathering fractures, and dissolution fractures, with structural fractures being the most predominant. The fractures show a low degree of filling, with 59% being effective, indicating good fracture effectiveness. The linear density of structural fractures ranges from 3 to 10 m−1, with an average of 5.6 m−1. The height of structural fractures is generally less than 30 cm, mainly distributed between 5 and 20 cm. The microscopic fracture areal density ranges from 25 to 50 cm/cm2, with an average of 32.3 cm/cm2, and the porosity of micro-fractures ranges from 0.24% to 0.69%, averaging at 0.55%. These micro-fractures provide essential storage space in tight reservoirs and enhance pore connectivity, facilitating hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. Three primary fracture groups were identified in the study area: nearly E–W trending fractures, NE–SW trending fractures, and NW–SE trending fractures, with the first two groups being the most developed. The degree of fracture development in the study area is mainly affected by lithology, rock mechanical layers, and faults. Fractures are most abundant in dolomite and dolomitic limestone, but less developed in mudstone. Different rock mechanical interfaces affect the geometry, scale, and intensity of fracture development. Stratigraphy-bound fractures are generally vertical and terminate at rock mechanical interfaces, while throughgoing fractures usually span multiple mechanical layers and are controlled by more extensive mechanical interfaces. Faults are important factor in fracture heterogeneity, with fracture intensity being highest near fault cores, especially at fault tips, overlaps, intersections, and the hinges of fault-associated folds. The number of fractures decreases as the distance from the fault zone increases.

With advancements in deep exploration, the deep tight sandstone gas reservoir has become a significant exploration field. However, it remains challenging to develop on a large scale due to the unclear distribution of relatively high-quality reservoirs. In this paper, the petrology, reservoir properties, diagenesis, and structural fracturing of deep tight sandstone reservoirs are systematically studied, focusing on the second member of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation (T3x2) in the Xinchang area, and the types of relatively high-quality reservoirs and their differential controlling are further clarified. According to the matching relationship between pores and fractures, tight sandstone reservoirs can be classified into four types: extremely tight, fractured, porous, and pore-fractured types. Among these, the porous and pore-fractured types are considered effective reservoirs. The formation of tight sandstone reservoirs is closely related to sedimentary microfacies, grain size, diagenesis and tectonic fracturing, with distinct controlling differences across reservoir types. Overall, sedimentary microfacies provide the foundation, while differential diagenesis and tectonic fracturing are the key factors influencing reservoir quality. Among them, the extremely tight sandstone reservoirs can form in various sedimentary microfacies, particularly in medium to fine, lithic-rich sandstones, where strong compaction and cementation are the main factors for the underdevelopment of reservoir space. In contrast, fractured reservoirs mainly form based on porous reservoirs through the superimposition of tectonic fracturing. The porous reservoirs are typically found in relatively high-energy environments such as distributary channels and mouth bars, with medium to coarse feldspar-rich sandstone. Dissolution and chlorite-liner cementation are the key factors for their pore formation. Similarly, pore-fractured reservoirs originate from porous reservoirs that have been further altered by superimposing tectonic fracturing.

Shale gas migration is a critical geological process in the enrichment of shale gas deposits. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods were employed to investigate this migration process. Utilizing CFD principles, an abstract physical model incorporating stratum dip angles and physical properties was developed. The control variable method was utilized to ascertain the impact of these factors on gas migration. By employing a typical shale gas reservoir profile from the Changning area as the case study, mathematical equations were formulated to describe the evolution of ancient pressures and gas contents under real geological conditions. These equations served as initial conditions for simulating the macroscopic dynamic evolution of the shale gas reservoir through fluid dynamics techniques. The findings indicate that the stratum dip angle dictates the normal stress on bedding planes and the gas pressure gradient along these planes. A larger dip angle corresponds to lesser compaction on the stratum surface, resulting in a steeper pressure gradient and improved gas migration efficiency. Gas predominantly migrates through channels with superior physical properties, and the larger the disparity between these channels and the surrounding rock, the more pronounced the influence on hydrocarbon migration. In the Changning anticline, shale gas migration is predominantly governed by strata uplift, which reduces vertical diffusion and encourages lateral migration from lower to higher regions within the reservoir. In Tiangongtang, on the other hand, early-phase normal fault activity during the last tectonic stage led to significant seepage losses. Although subsequent reverse faulting mitigated these losses, the overall gas content in the reservoir remains relatively low.

With the continuous increase in exploration efforts in new zones and new strata, significant breakthroughs have been made in the natural gas exploration of the O1m56 to O1m4 formations in the Ordos Basin. Thus, the origin and exploration potential of subsalt natural gas have attracted much attention and urgently need to be addressed. On the basis of certain geochemical characteristics, genetic types, and sources of natural gas, a comprehensive study on the sedimentary environment, organic geochemical characteristics, and spatial distribution scale of source rocks are conducted in this paper by using geological and geochemical methods. The study shows that: (1) The Ordovician subsalt natural gas is mainly “pyrolysis dry gas,” among which the δ13C1 of Ordovician subsalt low sulfur (sulfur-free) natural gas is lighter, with an average value of −39.6‰; the δ13C2 ranges more largely from −35.6‰ to −25.8‰. In contrast, both δ13C1 and δ13C2 values are heavier in high-sulfur natural gas, revealing that different Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction (TSR) reaction stages have different degrees of influence on natural gas components and carbon isotope composition. (2) Subsalt natural gas is classified as “oil-type gas,” which is self-generated and self-accumulated, whose source rocks are mainly Ordovician subsalt marine deposits. (3) Three types of marine source rocks are developed in Ordovician subsalt, including black argillaceous rock, dark argillaceous dolomite (dolomitic mudstone), and dark micrite (bioclastic) limestone. In addition to micrite limestone, these rocks were mainly formed in a confined lagoon sedimentary environment with high salinity and anoxia. Sedimentary water was significantly stratified and the environment was highly reduced. The organic matter content of the source rocks is relatively high, with an average TOC value of 0.45%. The hydrocarbon-generating parent materials are mainly composed of bacteria and algae, and the organic matter evolution reaches high-over maturity stage. The total gas generation amount of the marine source rocks in Ordovician subsalt is approximately 43.8 × 1012 m3, which can provide hydrocarbons and accumulate for the subsalt favorable reservoir facies located far from Upper Paleozoic gas sources.