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Nosemosis is one of the most devastating diseases of Apis mellifera (Honey bees) caused by the single-celled spore-forming fungi Nosema apis, N. ceranae and N. neumanii, causing a severe loss on the colony vitality and productivity. Fumagillin, a MetAP2 inhibitor, was a certified treatment for controlling nosemosis, nevertheless, due to its deleterious effects on honey bees and humans, it is prohibited. So, searching for novel biological agents with affordable selectivity to target Nosema species infecting Apis mellifera, with nil toxicity to bees and humans is the main objective of this study. Nosema species were isolated from naturally infected honey bees. The methanolic extracts of Acacia nilotica, Elaeis guineensis, and Catharanthus roseus were tested to selectively control the growth of Nosema spp of honeybees. The spores of Nosema species were molecularly and morphologically identified. Among the tested plant extracts, the methanolic extracts (0.1%) of A. nilotica had the most activity towards Nosema spp causing about 37.8 and 32.5% reduction in the spores' load at 5- and 9-days post-infection, respectively, compared to the untreated control. At 0.1%, the A. nilotica methanolic extract exhibited the highest inhibitory effect for Nosema spores, without any obvious bee mortality. Catharanthus roseus displayed a reduction of spores by 27.02%, with bee mortality rate of 27.02%. At 1% for 5 dpi, the A. nilotica extracts led to 18.18% bee mortality, while the C. roseus extracts resulted in 100% mortality, as revealed from the toxicity and quantification bioassays. So, the extracts of A. nilotica and C. roseus had a significant effect in controlling the N. apis and N. ceranae titer compared to the infected untreated control at both time points. The titer of N. apis and N. ceranae was noticeably decreased by more than 80% and 90%, in response to A. nilotica, compared to the control. From the metabolic profiling by GC–MS analysis, the most frequent active compounds of A. nilotica were 2,4,6-trihy-droxybenzoic acid, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, myristic acid, and linoleic acid. These compounds were analyzed in silico to assess their binding affinity to the ATP binding protein, methionine aminopeptidase and polar tube protein of Nosema species as target enzymes. The compound 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid had the lowest energy to bind with ATP binding protein, methionine aminopeptidase and polar tube protein of Nosema, followed by 1,2-dihydroxybenzene and myristic acid, compared to fumagilin. So, from the experimental and molecular docking analysis, the extracts of A. nilotica had the highest activity to attack the cellular growth machinery of Nosema species without an obvious effect to the honeybees, ensuring their prospective promising application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used various assays to analyse the antioxidant activity and phenolic content of Ornithogalum narbonense flowers. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was found to have an IC50 value of 1276.00 µg/mL, the iron chelating activity was 5.12 mg/mL, and the total flavonoid content was 33.14 mg QE/g extract ± 4.76. Gas chromatography analysis identified various bioactive compounds, with ethane, 1,1-diethoxy- being the most dominant at 52.87% of the total area. Molecular docking studies revealed that 3,5-Di-tert-butylphenol and 9-Octadecene exhibit significant binding affinity with human ferritin L chain (2FFX), suggesting their potential to influence iron chelation activity. Toxicity evaluations showed LD50 values of 800 mg/kg for 3,5-Di-tert-butylphenol and 2760 mg/kg for 9-Octadecene, categorising them into toxicity classes 4 and 5. Both compounds demonstrated minimal activity across various toxicity models. However, they displayed specific interaction profiles with targets such as Prostaglandin G/H Synthase 1 and Amine Oxidase A. In-silico cytotoxicity predictions highlighted the potential anticancer activity of 3,5-Di-tert-butylphenol against Hs 683 oligodendroglioma cells and 9-Octadecene against A2058 melanoma cells. These findings emphasise the anticancer potential of O. narbonense phytochemicals and the significance of molecular docking and toxicity profiling in drug discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Peanut oil is valued for its mild flavor, rich phytochemical content, therapeutic potential, and associated health benefits. This study aims to analyze the chemical composition, antioxidant properties, and anti-Alzheimer's potential of Algerian peanut oil using both experimental and computational approaches. The goal is to evaluate its suitability for pharmaceutical applications, particularly for its antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer, and anticancer properties. Methods: The chemical composition of the peanut oil was determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant activity was assessed through DPPH and CUPRAC assays, while enzyme inhibition was evaluated using butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition assays. In silico molecular docking studies were conducted to predict interactions between key compounds and BChE. Additionally, physicochemical properties were evaluated using Lipinski's rule of five, and cytotoxicity was tested against various cancer cell lines, including melanoma (A2058 and SK-MEL-1), non-small cell lung cancer (NCI-H838), and leukemia (H9). Results: GC-MS identified 20 chemical compounds in the peanut oil, with oleic acid as the predominant compound (41.98%). The antioxidant activity showed an IC50 value of 265.96 ± 14.85 μg/mL in the CUPRAC assay. BChE inhibition was moderate, with 36.47% ± 3.71% enzyme inhibition at 200 μg/mL. Molecular docking studies highlighted 6-methyl octahydro-coumarin with a docking score of −15.86 kJ/mol against BChE, although it was less potent than Galantamine (−23.4 kJ/mol). Physicochemical analysis revealed that oleic acid and palmitic acid exhibit logP values of 5.71 and 5.20, respectively, indicating drug-like potential. Cytotoxicity assessments demonstrated that oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid were effective against melanoma and lung cancer cells, while oxiraneoctanoic acid, 3-octyl, showed significant activity against leukemia cells. Discussion and conclusion: The results demonstrate that peanut oil possesses notable antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer, and anticancer properties. The high concentration of oleic acid, alongside moderate butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition and strong cytotoxic effects on various cancer cell lines, highlights its potential as a therapeutic agent. While 6-methyl octahydro-coumarin exhibited favorable docking scores, its lower effectiveness compared to Galantamine suggests that further optimization is required for enhanced efficacy. These findings underscore the potential of peanut oil in pharmaceutical development, with compounds like oleic acid and oxiraneoctanoic acid emerging as promising candidates for continued research and drug development. Peanut oil from Algeria holds significant promise for future applications in antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anticancer therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that has no cure. The drugs used to treat Alzheimer's disease are based on the inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In this sense, marine fungal metabolites represent an alternative source for the discovery of drugs based on AChE inhibition (IAChE). The present research carried out a bioprospecting study of marine fungi with acetylcholinesterase inhibition potential. Results: A total of 17 marine fungi were isolated from three stony corals from the Veracruz Reef System. The fungal genera identified were Geotrichum, Curvularia, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Daldinia. The IAChE was evaluated from the broth and biomass extracts of each fungal strain. As a result, Daldinia eschscholtzii was one of the three fungi with the greatest IAChE effect (32.7%). Subsequently, a bio-directed chromatographic purification of the methanolic extract of the biomass of D. eschscholtzii was carried out. The FRL8.1 fraction was the most active with an IAChE of 41.0%, a value close to Galantamine positive control (44.0%). Furthermore, compound analysis was carried out by GC-MS. Finally, it was determined that the metabolites responsible for the inhibitory effect are probably 4,7-dihydroxycoumarin and 5-nitro-2-naphthalenamine, which was demonstrated by their interactions with the AChE enzyme receptor through molecular docking studies. Conclusions: Coral-associated marine fungi produce secondary metabolites that inhibit acetylcholinesterase. This is the first report of D. eschscholtzii isolated from the stony coral Siderastrea siderea. Finally, we consider that more studies are needed to demonstrate the IAChE potential of marine fungi associated with corals or other marine organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils (EOs) are reported to be natural pesticides, but their use to protect crops is very limited due to EOs' high instability and great volatility. Nanovectors represent a very smart alternative, and in this study, EOs from Artemisia annua (AEO) and Salvia fruticosa (SEO) were formulated into microemulsions and tested against Fusarium verticillioides. The EOs were extracted by steam distillation and analyzed by GC–MS. The main constituents of AEO were camphor, artemisia ketone, and 1,8-cineole; the main constituents of SEO were 1,8-cineole, camphor, α-pinene, and β-pinene. Artemisia ketone and 1,8-cineole were used to calculate the recovery and chemical stability of the microemulsions. The microemulsions were loaded with 10 mg/mL of EOs, and the recoveries were 99.8% and 99.6% for AEO and SEO, respectively. The sizes of the lipid phases were 255.3 ± 0.6 nm and 323.7 ± 2.3 nm for the AEO and SEO microemulsions, respectively. Activity against F. verticillioides was tested using amphotericin B as the positive control. F. verticillioides was very susceptible to both EOs. When loaded in the microemulsions, AEO and SEO remained very active at a dose of 1.4 and 1.2 mg, with a 99.99% reduction of F. verticillioides. The findings suggest AEO and SEO microemulsions are suitable carriers for the protection of crops against F. verticillioides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Biotransformation of steroid compounds into therapeutic products using microorganisms offers an eco-friendly and economically sustainable approach to the pharmaceutical industry rather than a chemical synthesis way. The biotransformation efficiency of progesterone into the anticancer compound testololactone using Penicillium chrysogenum Ras3009 has been investigated. Besides, maximization of testololactone formation was achieved by studying the kinetic modelling and impact of some fermentation conditions on the biotransformation process. Results: The fungal strain Ras3009 was selected among twelve fungal strains as the most runner for the transformation of 81.18% of progesterone into testololactone. Ras3009 was identified phenotypically and genotypically as Penicillium chrysogenum, its 18 S rRNA nucleotide sequence was deposited in the GenBank database by the accession number OR480104. Studying the impact of fermentation conditions on biotransformation efficiency indicated a positive correlation between substrate concentration and testololactone formation until reaching the maximum velocity vmax. Kinetic studies revealed that vmax was gL− 1hr− 1 with high accuracy, giving R2 of 0.977. The progesterone transformation efficiency generally increased with time, reaching a maximum of 100% at 42 h with testololactone yield (Ypt/s) 0.8700 mg/mg. Moreover, the study indicated that the enzymatic conversion by P. chrysogenum Ras3009 showed high affinity to the substrate, intracellularly expressed, and released during cell disruption, leading to higher efficiency when using whole microbial cell extract. Conclusions: Fungi can be promising biocatalysts for steroid transformation into valuable chemicals and pharmaceutical compounds. The study revealed that the new fungal isolate P. chrysogenum Ras3009 possesses a great catalytic ability to convert progesterone into testololactone. Kinetic modelling analysis and optimization of the fermentation conditions lead to higher transformation efficiency and provide a better understanding of the transformation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lavandula dentata is recognized for its therapeutic properties and has been traditionally used in various medicinal applications. Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are critical for neurotransmitters breaking down; therefore, their inhibitors treat neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer, Parkinson and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis diseases. Methods: The current study was done to analyze the bioactive compounds present in the methanolic extract of Lavandula dentata of Taif region, Saudi Arabia using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. In addition, computational analysis using SwissADME and ProTox-II was used to predict the physicochemical and biological activities and predicted toxicity of four selected components from lavender extract. Moreover, linalool and 7-Methoxy-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylic acid were selected for the molecular docking of Monoamine Oxidase A. Result: GC-MS analysis revealed a diverse array of bioactive compounds, including but not limited to linalool, retinal, chromene-2-one and 7-Methoxy-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylic acid, which are known for their pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic effects. In silico analysis has assumed that linalool is safe with a predicted toxicity LD50 2200 mg/kg (Class: 5). The docking affinity score of linalool to Monoamine Oxidase A is -24.4 and appears more stable in the docking site box due to the presence of nine hydrophobic interactions. Collectively this study contributes to the understanding of the chemical profile of Lavandula dentata and highlights its suitability for pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications along with exploring the specific bioactivities and potential synergistic effects of these compounds. In particular, linalool emerges as a promising bioactive compound in neurodegenerative disorders therapy through Monoamine oxidase A inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The methanolic extract of Indigofera dosua leaves was subjected to GC-MS analysis, its antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. Sixteen compounds were identified having resorcinol TMS derivatives, propanoic acid, dimethyl(ethenyl)silyl ester, 4-O-methylmannose, hexadecanoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester, 9,12,15-octadecatriene-1-ol, and phytol as major components. FRAP content was 40.24 ± 0.54AAE/g, and the IC50 values were 8.25 ± 0.04 µg mL−1 and 19.05 ± 0.15 µg mL−1 when employing DPPH and ABTS, respectively. Total phenolics (50.2 ± 0.48 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (5.33 ± 0.40 mg QE/g) were estimated. Antibacterial activity was observed, showing significant inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis with MIC values 12.5 and 25 mg mL−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving a sustainable dielectric medium for Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) has now drawn the attention of researchers and industries alike. Increased awareness among the Government and NGOs paved the way for the manufacturing industries to move towards a green environment and sustainability in the production process. To search for sustainable dielectric, 5 different types of oils viz., Jatropha, coconut, groundnut, sunflower, and EDM 4 oil (conventional oil) are experimented in this paper and revealed its suitability of potential replacement for the conventional dielectric. The properties such as viscosity, density, flash point, electrical conductivity, and BDV (Break down Voltage) are tested as per the standards. Since the number of output response is more than, Multi Attribute Decision Making (MADM) algorithms namely PIV, TOPSIS, and MOORA are used for the ranking and optimization. Entropy weight method is adopted to endow criteria weight to each of the MADM techniques. Jatropha oil has been ascertained to be rank 1 followed by groundnut, coconut, sunflower, and EDM 4 oil. Subsequently, the Gas Chromatography & Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis has revealed the quantitative constituents present in Jatropha as well as remaining oils. Furthermore GC–MS analysis reports that the retention time of Jatropha (43.042 min) is relatively longer than other oils except coconut oil, to release Ricinoleic acids. Groundnut and EDM 4 oils took relatively less retention time to release the alkanes. Machining performance was also conducted with the obtained dielectric and compared with conventional type oil (EDM 4 oil). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The current study aimed to conduct a phytochemical screening of commonly known fruit red grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed methanolic extract through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify the bioactive compounds responsible for its health benefits and evaluate the pharmacological potentialities of the extract and its fractions against oxidation, inflammation, pain, and diarrhea. Methods: The in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic characteristics of methanolic extracts and various solvent fractions of V. vinifera were evaluated using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, membrane stabilizing, and brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Furthermore, the study assessed the effects of crude extracts (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of body weight) on pain relief and reduction of diarrhea in animals using methods such as tail immersion, the acetic acid-induced writhing technique, and a diarrheal mouse model induced with castor oil. Results: A total of 73 phytoconstituents were predominantly found in the seed extract based on the GC-MS analysis. Among the identified compounds, 9-octadecenamide (13.7%), and (9E,11E)-octadeca-9,11-dienoate (11.07%) are most abundant. Several notable constituents, such as gamma-sitosterol, stigmasterol, paromomycin, 4,6-cholestadienol, gamma-tocotrienol, 24-Propylidenecholest-5-en-3beta-ol, and alpha-tocopherol acetate, are also present. The methanolic extract of V. vinifera seed and its different solvent fractions showed promising antioxidant properties (IC50 = 1.19-17.42 µg/mL) compared to the standard antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (IC50 = 20.46 µg/mL). Aqueous soluble fraction exerted inhibition of nearly 50% heat-induced hemolysis compared to the standard acetylsalicylic acid (42%). Besides, all the tested doses (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg bw) of the crude extract showed significant (P <.05) analgesic and antidiarrheal effects. Conclusion: The current findings endorsed the health benefits of V. vinifera by revealing potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidiarrheal effects. Nevertheless, further in-depth analysis of the plant's chemical constituents and pharmacological effects on health is warranted for novel drug discovery from V. vinifera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the antioxidant activity and total phenolic, flavonoid, flavonol, and tannin contents of extracts obtained from the flower parts of Salvia sclarea using different extraction methods, such as maceration and rotavapor (RE). The results indicate that the maceration method yields extracts with higher antioxidant activity compared to the rotavapor method (DPPH IC50: 260.70 ± 65.41 mg/mL vs. 345.48 ± 27.91 mg/mL). Additionally, the maceration method produces higher values in terms of total phenolic (26.4 ± 7.78 mg GAE/g extract), flavonoid (10.44 ± 0.21 mg QE/g extract), flavonol (9.20 ± 0.84 mg QE/g extract), and tannin contents (8.36 ± 0.39 mg GAE/g extract), whereas the RE method shows lower values (phenolics: 19.8 ± 3.31 mg GAE/g extract, flavonoids: 10.35 ± 0.35 mg QE/g extract, flavanol's: 5.45 ± 0.01 mg QE/g extract, and tannins: 7.72 ± 0.10 mg GAE/g extract). The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of the extracts identified various bioactive compounds. Molecular docking studies revealed that Terpinen‐4‐ol obtained through maceration exhibits a strong binding affinity to a specific protein target, indicating potential biological activity. The predicted pharmacokinetic (ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion)) parameters for Terpinen‐4‐ol suggest favorable absorption and central nervous system (CNS) penetration, while Squalene obtained through maceration shows different pharmacokinetic properties. S. sclarea highlights significant antioxidant potential and provides insight into the bioactive compounds obtained through different extraction methods. To further investigate the potential biological interactions arising from these differences, molecular docking studies were conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe crude extract and the relative fractions and subfractions from the aerial parts of Anabasis articulata were isolated and analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, in order to characterize their content of alkaloids. Six alkaloids belonging to three families, the tetrahydroisoquinolines, the phenethylamines, and the indole-alkaloids, were identified for the first time in A. articulata. All the extracts were subjected to four in vitro antioxidant assays and an in vivo anti-inflammatory test. Overall, the crude extract showed the highest antioxidant activity by FRAP and TAC assays, while DPPH and ABTS tests registered this record to the expense of its alkaloidal fraction. Moreover, the alkaloid-rich extract also exhibited a significant anti-inflammatory effect on carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, reaching the highest percentage of inhibition at the concentration of 150 mg/kg of body weight overtaking diclofenac (50 mg/kg BW) used as a positive control. All these results suggest that A. articulata is a promising source of alkaloids compounds, which could be helpful in the management of oxidative stress and associated damage, including the onset of inflammatory conditions and might be used for the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed at fighting pathologies based on inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Suppression of quorum sensing (QS) that regulates many virulence factors, including antimicrobial resistance, in bacteria may subject the pathogenic microbes to the harmful consequences of the antibiotics, increasing their susceptibility to such drugs. Aim: The current study aimed to make an aqueous crude extract from the soil Proteus mirabilis isolate with the use of the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique for its analysis, and then, study the impact of the extract on clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: Preparation of crude extracts from P. mirabilis (both organic and aqueous), which were then analyzed by GC-MS to detect the bioactive ingredients. Furthermore, the extract's capability to interfere with both the expression of the QS of P. aeruginosa and its antibacterial resistance was examined. Results: The highest GC-MS peak (37.11%.) appeared for 1,3-benzodioxole, 4-methoxy-6-(2-propenyl), along with the presence of other components of antibacterial activities. When the aqueous extract was added to the culture of two multi-drug resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa, a significant reduction in the expression of the QS regulatory gene LasI occurred, indicating its interference with QS. Moreover, upon adding the extract to the culture of P. aeruginosa (MDR) and then subjecting it to Amikacin and Colistin, already not effective on the bacteria, the isolates became more susceptible to these antibiotics showing zones of inhibition of 25 and 17 mm, respectively. Conclusion: The crude aqueous extract of the soil P. mirabilis isolate might be a potential producer of QS inhibitors with antibacterial activities that render the MDR P. aeruginosa more susceptible to antibiotics to whom they already exerted resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characterization of bioactive components in the methanolic and isopropyl alcoholic plant extracts of Spermadictyon suaveolens Roxb. (Rubiaceae) was undertaken with the help of GC-MS technique, followed by the study of free-radical scavenging capabilities of the plant hydroalcoholic extracts using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) test technique with ascorbic acid as the standard. There's a constant formation of free radicals in the human body tissues originating due to the oxidation of specific chemical components, whereas the antioxidant molecules prevent or inhibit this free radical formation that may lead to lifelong or terminal diseases. The comparison of the antioxidant capacity of the plant extracts with that of the standard revealed that the leaf extracts showed maximum inhibition of DPPH, or radical scavenging activity. The EC50 values of ascorbic acid, leaves, stem, and root were found to be 18.62 μg/mL, 44.668 μg/mL, 89.125 μg/mL, and 97.723 μg/mL, respectively. The different peaks in the GC-MS analysis spectrum determined 24, 19, and 26 phytochemicals in leaves, stems, and roots, respectively. Out of all the phytoconstituents found, the major ones were n-Hexadecanoic acid or palmitic acid, squalene, 1.4-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene, and 1.3,5-Dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one in leaves. 11-Bromoundecanoic acid, Ethylhexanol, Tetratetracontane, 2-Decanol, Propanoate in Stem, and n-Hexadecanoic acid 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z), 4,6-Bis(4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy)-2-pyrimidinol, squalene in roots. Thus, the different bioactive constituents found to be present in the plant under study prove that the plant has the capacity to exhibit good antioxidant and other pharmacological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants from the Myrtaceae family are known to contain considerable quantities of volatile compounds, ranging from oxygenated monoterpenes to hydrogenated sesquiterpenes, and others, which exhibit antimicrobial activity. One such plant includes Syzygium aromaticum, which has been extensively used to treat a number of disorders, including bacterial and fungal infections. Thus, the scientific validation of the essential oil (EO) of Syzygium aromaticum vis-à-vis Candida and Cryptococcus species is valuable. To this end, the present study sought to investigate the antifungal activity of EO from S. aromaticum (clove) leaves and flower buds against Candida and Cryptococcus species. The antioxidant activity of S. aromaticum's essential oils was also elucidated. The EO was extracted from fresh leaves and floral buds of S. aromaticum using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The as-prepared essential oils were further evaluated for antifungal activity against Candida and Cryptococcus species using a microdilution method. The phytochemical analysis of the EOs was assessed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant activities of the EOs were evaluated using standard methods. As a result, the GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of volatile compounds, such as eugenol (87.08%), β-caryophyllene (6.40%) and acetyleugenol (4.45%) as the major constituents of EO from the flower buds, and eugenol (90.54%) and β-caryophyllene (8.42%) as the major components of the leaf's EO. The eugenol-rich essential oils exhibited significant antifungal effects against Candida species (common MIC value: 200 ppm) and Cryptococcus neoformans (MIC value: 50 ppm), as well as antioxidant activity. Overall, essential oils of S. aromaticum demonstrated antioxidant and antifungal effects, thus validating the ethnopharmacological use of this plant in the treatment of fungal infections. However, antifungal mechanisms of action, in-depth toxicity and in vivo experiments, and pharmacokinetics are warranted to support the use of this plant in ethnomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, and the Zika virus, pose significant global health challenges, affecting millions annually. Due to increasing insecticide resistance, there is a growing interest in natural alternatives for mosquito control. Lemongrass essential oil, derived from Cymbopogon citratus, has shown promising repellent and larvicidal properties against various mosquito species. In this study, we investigated the larvicidal effect of lemongrass oil and its major compounds on Anopheles sinensis, the primary malaria vector in China. GC–MS analysis identified the major compounds of lemongrass oil as (+)-citronellal (35.60%), geraniol (21.84%), and citronellol (13.88%). Lemongrass oil showed larvicidal activity against An. sinensis larvae, with an LC50 value of 119.20 ± 3.81 mg/L. Among the major components, citronellol had the lowest LC50 value of 42.76 ± 3.18 mg/L. Moreover, citronellol demonstrated inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in An. sinensis larvae, assessed by homogenizing larvae at different time points following treatment. Molecular docking studies further elucidated the interaction between citronellol and AChE, revealing the formation of hydrogen bonds and Pi-Sigma bonds. Aromatic amino acid residues such as Tyr71, Trp83, Tyr370, and Tyr374 played a pivotal role in these interactions. These findings may contribute to understanding lemongrass oil’s larvicidal activity against An. sinensis and the mechanisms underlying these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and phytochemical properties of banana extracts from both ripe and unripe pulp and peel, using various solvents, including ethanol, methanol, hexane, and aqueous solutions. Antimicrobial test reveals the effectiveness of unripe pulp aqueous extract against Staphylococcus aureus, while the unripe pulp ethanol extract against Bacillus subtilis among gram-positive bacteria. For gram negative bacteria, unripe pulp ethanol extract was most effective against Acinetobacter baumannii, and unripe pulp aqueous extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In antifungal tests, ethanol extract of ripe banana pulp (1.8 ± 0.081) and aqueous extract of unripe pulp (2.5 ± 0.081) show effectiveness against Fusarium oxysporum. However, for Alternaria alternata, the aqueous extract of unripe pulp (1.8 ± 0.081) and methanolic extracts showed stronger inhibition compared to other samples. Phytochemical analysis detected secondary metabolites, including saponins, terpenoids, tannins and phytosterols. The highest polyphenol content was found in the ethanol extract of unripe peel (1.35 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g), and the highest flavonoid content in unripe peel ethanol extract (1.358 ± 0.03 mg QE/g). In contrast, carotenoid levels showed variation among extracts with no direct correlation to fruit maturity. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry analysis identified 14 bioactive compounds that were found to be common among all the solvent extracts of banana samples. Furthermore, the study reveals a decrease in free radical scavenging capacity with fruit maturity and solvent choice. The study suggests that both the banana fruit pulp and peel can result in a valuable source of natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents for potential health and medicine applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Immortelle has garnered global attention for its cosmetic, medicinal, and culinary applications worldwide. Apart from neryl acetate, α-pinene and γ-curcumene as the most important components for the estimation of the essential oil quality, in recent years a group of β -diketones, known as italidiones, appear as significant quality parameters. However, it is unknown how weather conditions (temperature and precipitation) influence their accumulation in essential oil and hydrosol, nor their anti-inflammatory potential. Methods: This study investigates the chemical composition of immortelle essential oil and hydrosol over three successive years (2019/20, 2020/21, and 2021/22), by GC-FID and GC-MS analysis. In silico molecular docking model with Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 (VAP-1) was used for the simulation of the anti-inflammatory potential of italidiones, as well as other β -diketones present in immortelle essential oil and hydrosol. Results: During the three-year trial, it was established that essential oil compounds such as α -pinene, neryl acetate, and italicene were positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with precipitation, as well as β -diketones and total italidiones. Moreover, trans -caryophyllene, γ -curcumene, and ar -curcumene were in negative correlation with temperature, and a slight positive correlation with precipitation. On the other side, in the hydrosol the content of both total β -diketones and total italidiones was strongly negatively correlated with temperatures, and positively correlated with precipitation, which was the opposite of essential oil. Additionally, findings indicated that italidiones could bind the human VAP-1 protein in the vicinity of the topiquinone and block its function. Conclusion: Weather conditions affect variations in the accumulation of volatile compounds in essential oil and hydrosol, which in some cases can affect changes in olfactory characteristics, as well as criteria prescribed by standards, and even changes in biological activities. These results indicate that italidiones, as well as other β -diketones present in immortelle, may be responsible for its anti-inflammatory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Achieving a sustainable dielectric medium for Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) has now drawn the attention of researchers and industries alike. Increased awareness among the Government and NGOs paved the way for the manufacturing industries to move towards a green environment and sustainability in the production process. To search for sustainable dielectric, 5 different types of oils viz., Jatropha, coconut, groundnut, sunflower, and EDM 4 oil (conventional oil) are experimented in this paper and revealed its suitability of potential replacement for the conventional dielectric. The properties such as viscosity, density, flash point, electrical conductivity, and BDV (Break down Voltage) are tested as per the standards. Since the number of output response is more than, Multi Attribute Decision Making (MADM) algorithms namely PIV, TOPSIS, and MOORA are used for the ranking and optimization. Entropy weight method is adopted to endow criteria weight to each of the MADM techniques. Jatropha oil has been ascertained to be rank 1 followed by groundnut, coconut, sunflower, and EDM 4 oil. Subsequently, the Gas Chromatography & Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis has revealed the quantitative constituents present in Jatropha as well as remaining oils. Furthermore GC–MS analysis reports that the retention time of Jatropha (43.042 min) is relatively longer than other oils except coconut oil, to release Ricinoleic acids. Groundnut and EDM 4 oils took relatively less retention time to release the alkanes. Machining performance was also conducted with the obtained dielectric and compared with conventional type oil (EDM 4 oil).

Abstract Background Biotransformation of steroid compounds into therapeutic products using microorganisms offers an eco-friendly and economically sustainable approach to the pharmaceutical industry rather than a chemical synthesis way. The biotransformation efficiency of progesterone into the anticancer compound testololactone using Penicillium chrysogenum Ras3009 has been investigated. Besides, maximization of testololactone formation was achieved by studying the kinetic modelling and impact of some fermentation conditions on the biotransformation process. Results The fungal strain Ras3009 was selected among twelve fungal strains as the most runner for the transformation of 81.18% of progesterone into testololactone. Ras3009 was identified phenotypically and genotypically as Penicillium chrysogenum, its 18 S rRNA nucleotide sequence was deposited in the GenBank database by the accession number OR480104. Studying the impact of fermentation conditions on biotransformation efficiency indicated a positive correlation between substrate concentration and testololactone formation until reaching the maximum velocity v max . Kinetic studies revealed that v max was $$\:0.0482$$ gL− 1hr− 1 with high accuracy, giving R 2 of 0.977. The progesterone transformation efficiency generally increased with time, reaching a maximum of 100% at 42 h with testololactone yield (Y pt/s ) 0.8700 mg/mg. Moreover, the study indicated that the enzymatic conversion by P. chrysogenum Ras3009 showed high affinity to the substrate, intracellularly expressed, and released during cell disruption, leading to higher efficiency when using whole microbial cell extract. Conclusions Fungi can be promising biocatalysts for steroid transformation into valuable chemicals and pharmaceutical compounds. The study revealed that the new fungal isolate P. chrysogenum Ras3009 possesses a great catalytic ability to convert progesterone into testololactone. Kinetic modelling analysis and optimization of the fermentation conditions lead to higher transformation efficiency and provide a better understanding of the transformation processes. Graphical abstract

Background: Suppression of quorum sensing (QS) that regulates many virulence factors, including antimicrobial resistance, in bacteria may subject the pathogenic microbes to the harmful consequences of the antibiotics, increasing their susceptibility to such drugs. Aim: The current study aimed to make an aqueous crude extract from the soil Proteus mirabilis isolate with the use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique for its analysis, and then, study the impact of the extract on clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: Preparation of crude extracts from P. mirabilis (both organic and aqueous), which were then analyzed by GC-MS to detect the bioactive ingredients. Furthermore, the extract capability to interfere with both expression of the QS of P. aeruginosa and its antibacterial resistance was examined. Results: The highest GC-MS peak (37.11%.) appeared for 1,3-benzodioxole, 4-methoxy-6-(2-propenyl), along with presence of other components of antibacterial activities. When the aqueous extract was added to the culture of two MDR P. aeruginosa, a significant reduction in the expression of the QS regulatory gene LasI occurred, indicating its interference with QS. Moreover, upon adding the extract to the culture of P. aeruginosa (MDR) and then subjecting it to Amikacin and Colistin, already not effective on the bacteria, the isolates became more susceptible to these antibiotics showing zones of inhibition of 25 mm and 17 mm, respectively. Conclusion: The crude aqueous extract of the soil P. mirabilis isolate might be a potential producer of QS inhibitors with antibacterial activities that render the MDR P. aeruginosa more susceptible to antibiotics to whom they already exerted resistance. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(9.000): 2334-2347]

For a long time, fungi have been considered the richest source of bioactive metabolites with numerous applications. Hence, this study was performed to identify various bioactive compounds contained in the ethyl acetate extract of the fungus Aspergillus niger that isolates from infected garlic by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and their effect on seed germination of Zucchini. The current results showed a variety of bioactive compounds such as n-hexadecanoic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, Methyl stearate, Benzoic acid, Hexamethyl-1,3,5-trithiane, and cis-aconitic anhydride with an area percentage of 15.37, 13.93, 6.87, 5.67, 4.75 and 3.59% respectively. The results were performed using the fungus extract that protected the zucchini seed from pathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, and Rhizoctonia solani) when soaking for less than 72 h and promoted increased seed germination by high percentage ratio of seeding (66.67%, 80.00%, and 80.00%) respectively, radical length (66.67, 80.00 and 7.67), plumule length (4.67, 7.67 and 6.00) and Number of secondary roots (7.00,8.00 and 7.00) respectively compared with control treatment.

Summary: White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) has a wide nutritional benefit and a major drawback in supply chain management, due to its short shelf‐life of between 3 and 4 days. Postharvest spoilage caused by Trichoderma and Rhizopus including green‐mould and soft‐rot diseases causes an enormous impact on the shelf‐life of mushroom. Research work is designed to isolate the post‐harvest pathogens from mushroom and determine the effects of eight essential oils on the control of the major postharvest pathogens (T. lentinulae and R. arrhizus). Neroli and palmarosa exhibited 100% inhibition of the two pathogens at 3 and 4 μL/plate, respectively. In‐vivo studies showed that fumigation of neroli and palmarosa essential oils at concentrations of 46.2 and 61.6 μL L−1 exhibited a significant effect on the postharvest pathogens. Major components present in neroli and palmarosa are linalool and geraniol respectively. Findings concluded that neroli and palmarosa could be an efficient natural fungicide to reduce postharvest diseases in white button mushroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, African marigold (MG) derived essential oils (EOs) have attained an immense economic pertinence in the flavor, fragrance, food, medicinal, and floricultural industries, which necessitate boosting its production on a commercial scale. Therefore, we aimed to assess varying levels (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg L-1) of exogenously applied melatonin (MT) as a growth hormone to trigger growth, flower yield, and EOs of MG. The MT was applied as a foliar spray after thirty days of transplantation of MG plants and repeated thrice at fifteen-day intervals. The results depicted that exogenous MT (150 mg L-1) recorded the maximum plant height and leaves number along with fresh and dry weights of leaves and roots. The same treatment exhibited 66%, 64%, and 18% higher flower fresh and dry weights and flower yield respectively, than the control. Additionally, MT remained effective in reducing days taken to bud emergence and flowering, while flower retention duration increased by 11 days. Following the trend of vegetative growth traits, foliar-applied MT (150 mg L-1) remained unmatched in terms of physiological attributes (transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll a, and b contents) of MG. Moreover, for EOs extracted from fresh and dry flowers and leaves, this treatment remained effective by producing 77%, 73%, 53%, and 85% higher content, respectively than the control. Finally, the chemical profiling analyses detected eighty-seven chemical constituents (Caryophyllene oxide was the most dominant compound, and cis-Z-alpha-Bisabolene epoxide followed it) in MG flowers. In terms of the retention time of different chemical compounds in MG flowers, Calarene epoxide had the highest retention time of 19.75 minutes among major compounds. Based on these results, 150 mg L-1 dose of MT may be recommended to growers for boosting MG growth, floral yield and EOs content sustainably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants from the Myrtaceae family are known to contain considerable quantities of volatile compounds, ranging from oxygenated monoterpenes to hydrogenated sesquiterpenes, and others, which exhibit antimicrobial activity. One such plant includes Syzygium aromaticum, which has been extensively used to treat a number of disorders, including bacterial and fungal infections. Thus, the scientific validation of the essential oil (EO) of Syzygium aromaticum vis-à-vis Candida and Cryptococcus species is valuable. To this end, the present study sought to investigate the antifungal activity of EO from S. aromaticum (clove) leaves and flower buds against Candida and Cryptococcus species. The antioxidant activity of S. aromaticum’s essential oils was also elucidated. The EO was extracted from fresh leaves and floral buds of S. aromaticum using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The as-prepared essential oils were further evaluated for antifungal activity against Candida and Cryptococcus species using a microdilution method. The phytochemical analysis of the EOs was assessed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant activities of the EOs were evaluated using standard methods. As a result, the GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of volatile compounds, such as eugenol (87.08%), β-caryophyllene (6.40%) and acetyleugenol (4.45%) as the major constituents of EO from the flower buds, and eugenol (90.54%) and β-caryophyllene (8.42%) as the major components of the leaf’s EO. The eugenol-rich essential oils exhibited significant antifungal effects against Candida species (common MIC value: 200 ppm) and Cryptococcus neoformans (MIC value: 50 ppm), as well as antioxidant activity. Overall, essential oils of S. aromaticum demonstrated antioxidant and antifungal effects, thus validating the ethnopharmacological use of this plant in the treatment of fungal infections. However, antifungal mechanisms of action, in-depth toxicity and in vivo experiments, and pharmacokinetics are warranted to support the use of this plant in ethnomedicine.

Boerhavia elegans L. (Nyctaginaceae) is a tropical plant widely distributed in the eastern part of Yemen, Oman, and many other countries. B. elegans is used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation, anemia, and urinary tract disorders. The seeds, called Alhydawan, are used as food additives to prepare porridge, one of the most popular foods in Yemen. The present study aims to analyze the bioactive constituents of the methanolic extract of B. elegans seeds after fractionation on silica gel column chromatography. The methanolic extract was subjected to column chromatography and eluted with a hexane and hexane diethyl ether mixture of different compositions. The eluted fractions were tested with thin-layer chromatography. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of fractions indicated some compounds such as dodecane, 2,6,11-trimethyl, butylated hydroxytoluene, 2,6,10-trimethyltridecane, hexadecane,2,6,11,15-tetramethyl, nonadecane, 2-methyl, 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5) deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione, n-hexadecenoic acid, octadecanoic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, 13-docosenamide, (Z)-, and phenol,2,4-bis(1,1-dimethyl ethyl) phosphite (3:1). Hence, B. elegans may have antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities due to the presence of secondary metabolites in the extract.

Abstract This study on Buddleja polystachya highlights its phytochemical composition, antimicrobial activity, and cytotoxic impacts. The study emphasizes the plant’s potential to treat ocular diseases by identifying important compounds involved in the bioactivity through GC-MS analysis. This study explores the antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of Buddleja polystachya (stem and leaves) extracts, with a focus on their application in treating bacterial ocular infections and their efficacy against MCF7, HT29, and HepG2 cancer cells. Through comprehensive GC-MS analysis, a diverse array of phytochemicals was identified within Buddleja polystachya stem and leaves extracts, including carbohydrates, phenolic derivatives, fatty acids, and steroidal components. The extracts were then evaluated for their biological activities, revealing significant antimicrobial properties against a range of bacterial strains implicated in ocular infections. The research findings demonstrate that stem extracts derived from Buddleja polystachya demonstrated high to moderate cytotoxic effects on cancer cell lines MCF7, HT29, and HepG2. Notably, these effects were characterized by varying IC50 values, which suggest distinct levels of sensitivity. In contrast, leaf extracts exhibited reduced cytotoxicity when tested against all these cell lines, although they did so with a significantly higher cytotoxicity aganist HepG2 cells. The results of this investigation highlight the potential therapeutic utilization of Buddleja polystachya extracts in the management of ocular infections and cancer. These results support the need for additional research to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action of these extracts and explore their potential as drugs.

Abstract The aim of this research was to estimate the immunopotentiation effect of brown algae Padina boergesenii water extract on Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus through resistance to Pseudomonas putida infection. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry was utilized to characterize the seaweed phytoconstituents. One hundred and twenty-six fish were divided in triplicates into two equal groups corresponding to two diet variants that used to feed Nile tilapia for 20 successive days: a basal (control), and P. boergesenii water extract supplemented group. Fish samples were collected at 10-days intervals throughout the experiment. Serum biochemical constituents, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and some immune related genes expression of the spleen and intestinal tissues of experimental fish were studied, as well as histological examination of fish immune tissues. Moreover, following 20 days of feeding, the susceptibility of Nile tilapia to P. putida infection was evaluated to assess the protective effect of the used extract. The findings indicated that the studied parameters were significantly increased, and the best immune response profiles were observed in fish fed P. boergesenii water extract for 20 successive days. A bacterial challenge experiment using P. putida resulted in higher survival within the supplemented fish group than the control. Thus, the lowered post-challenge mortality of the fish may be related to the protection provided by the stimulation of the innate immune system, reduced oxidative stress by higher activity of TAC, and elevated levels of expression of iterleukin-1beta (IL-1β), beta-defensin (β-defensin), and natural killer-lysin (NKl). Moreover, the constituents of the extract used showed potential protective activity for histological features of the supplemented fish group when compared to the control. Collectively, this study presents a great insight on the protective role of P. boergesenii water extract as an additive in Nile tilapia feed which suggests its potential for improving the immune response against P. putida infection.

Abstract One of Egypt’s most notable and historically significant vegetable crops is the Liliaceae plant, Allium cepa L. In this study, the effectiveness of methanolic extracts of Artemisia absinthium leaves, Calotropis procera latex, Moringa oleifera seeds, and Syzygium aromaticum clove was investigated in vitro and, in a greenhouse, setting against Fusarium oxysporum, the pathogen that causes onion basal rot in Assiut Governorate, Egypt. The S. aromaticum extract exhibited the inhibition peak (63.3%), whereas the A. absinthium extract had the lowest inhibition impact against F. oxysporum growth (41.1%). The gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) analysis revealed that 82 important compounds, with abundances ranging from low to high, were present in the tested S. aromaticum’s methanolic extract. The primary components were acetaldehyde, hydroxy- and 2-propanone, 1,1,3,3-tetrachloro-(42.71%), 1,2-ethanediol, and methyl alcohol (34.01%). In comparison to the infected control, the disease severity was significantly reduced by 20% with the use of a plant extracts mixture and Dovex 50% and increased by 62.22% with the use of an extract from A. absinthium. When compared to the infected control, onion plant fresh weight and dry weight were considerably higher under the clove extract therapy. The plant extracts used in this study’s testing contain a number of active ingredients, including amino acids, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and enzymes, which is probably why they have such positive impacts. The application of a combination of plant extracts was suggested as a feasible strategy for improving the growth and productivity of onion plants by the study’s findings. More research is needed to comprehend the mechanisms by which plant extracts promote plant development and to optimize the concentration and timing of administration.

The passion fruit, Passiflora edulis, recognized for its rich nutritional properties, has long been used for its varied ethnobotanical applications. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of P. edulis var. Tainung No. 1 rind extracts by examining their polyphenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), anti-skin aging activities against key enzymes such as elastase, tyrosinase, and hyaluronidase, and their ability to inhibit bacterial growth, single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB), and their cytotoxic effects on oral carcinoma cells. The acetone extract from the rind exhibited the highest levels of TPC, TFC, anti-SSB, and antibacterial activities. The antibacterial effectiveness of the acetone-extracted rind was ranked as follows: Escherichia coli > Pseudomonas aeruginosa > Staphylococcus aureus. A titration curve for SSB inhibition showed an IC50 value of 313.2 μg/mL, indicating the potency of the acetone extract in inhibiting SSB. It also significantly reduced the activity of enzymes associated with skin aging, particularly tyrosinase, with a 54.5% inhibition at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis tentatively identified several major bioactive compounds in the acetone extract, including stigmast-5-en-3-ol, vitamin E, palmitic acid, stigmasterol, linoleic acid, campesterol, and octadecanoic acid. Molecular docking studies suggested some of these compounds as potential inhibitors of tyrosinase and SSB. Furthermore, the extract demonstrated anticancer potential against Ca9-22 oral carcinoma cells by inhibiting cell survival, migration, and proliferation and inducing apoptosis. These results underscore the potential of P. edulis (Tainung No. 1) rind as a promising candidate for anti-skin aging, antibacterial, and anticancer applications, meriting further therapeutic investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achillea cucullata is a perennial herbaceous plant that has a long history of medical use in many cultures. The present research focuses on the biological activity and therapeutic potential of A. cucullata, namely its antibacterial and anticancer properties. While previous studies have shed light on the cytotoxic and antibacterial capabilities of Achillea cucullata aerial parts, there is still a considerable gap in knowledge concerning the anticancer potential of leaf and flower extracts. A. cucullata's leaves and flowers were extracted using methanol. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were evaluated. The antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antibacterial properties were evaluated against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of A. cucullata leaf and flower extracts showed numerous amounts of bioactive components, including carvacrol, a TBDMS derivative; 2-Myristynoyl-glycinamide, acetylaminobenzothiazol-2-yl)-2-(adamantan-1-yl); Isolongifolol; (3E,10Z)-Oxacyclotrideca-3,10-diene-2,7-dione; and 3-Heptanone, 5-hydroxy-1,7-diphenyl. The extract has a high level of phenols and flavonoids. Cytotoxicity studies found that A. cucullata leaves and flowers had dose-dependent toxicity against MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cell lines, with flowers being more effective. Apoptotic genes (caspase-3, 8, 9, and Bax) were upregulated in treated MCF-7 and HepG2 cells, whereas anti-apoptotic genes (Bcl-xL and Bcl-2) were reduced. Antibacterial screening revealed significant activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Overall, the research highlights the varied therapeutic potentials of A. cucullata, adding to the knowledge of plant-derived extracts in lowering disease risks. Future research should concentrate on in vivo studies to assess the effectiveness and safety of these substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This in vitro and in silico study was designed to validate acclaimed anti-inflammatory or pain-relieving properties of fermented ethnic beverages prepared from Rhododendron or Guras flowers in the Singalila ridge- the famous Rhododendron growing region of the Himalayas. Traditional beverages Guras wine and its distilled version Guras Raksi were considered in this study which were collected from Gairibas, a village situated in Indo-Nepal Singalila Ridge of the Himalayas. In vitro protein (albumin) denaturation inhibition assay was conducted to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of the samples and later GC-MS analysis was carried out to identify anti-inflammatory compounds present in those beverages. From GC-MS results, eleven major metabolites such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural; quinic acid; clionasterol; l-(+)-ascorbic acid, 2,6-dihexadecanoate; d-sorbitol; cis-cinnamic acid; tyrosol; lupeol; methyl commate A; 2-hydroxy-gamma-butyrolactone; and 1,3-propanediol, 2-(hydroxymethyl)- 2-nitro- were chosen for molecular docking with human cyclooxygenase-1 (hCOX-1), an important targets in the drug-design for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Among all query compounds, phytosterol- clionasterol and triterpenoid- lupeol and methyl commate A exhibited considerably high binding energy scores (<-8 kcal/mol) even compared to anti-inflammatory drugs- acetaminophen and ibuprofen. Outcome of this research affirmed the potential of Gurasbased traditional drinks in the healing of different forms of high-altitudinal stress induced pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of fossil fuels leads to environmental contamination during their extraction, processing and distribution. Microbial biodegradation provides a sustainable method for cleaning contaminated areas which follows the principles of sustainability. This paper presents the dynamics of biodegradation of hydrocarbon fractions of diesel oil, using Planomicrobium sp. and Rhodococcus sp. isolated from petroleum-contaminated sites. GC–MS analysis was employed to analyse abundances of the specific compounds such as n-alkanes, isoprenoids, sesquitepranes, hopanes, steranes and aromatic compounds (naphthalene and its methylated homologues, phenanthrene and anthracene and their methylated homologues, and dibenzothiophene and its methylated homologues). The obtained results showed that after 30 days of biodegradation of diesel, a significant degradation was achieved, with almost complete degradation of n-alkanes and a decrease in the amount of sesquiterapanes. Rhodococcus sp. had a higher efficiency in degradation of n-alkanes, while Planomicrobium sp. had a higher efficiency in the degradation of branched hydrocarbons. Both strains showed high activity in the biodegradation of sesquitepranes and demonstrate ability to degrade methylated phenanthrenes. Additionally, dimethyl-dibenzothiophenes were almost completely degraded and removed from the system. This study presents the first comprehensive report on the GC–MS analysis of the diesel biodegradation pattern of the Planomicrobium sp., compared with the well-established Rhodococcus sp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article explores the antibacterial properties of the alcoholic and methanolic extract and bioactive compounds from the medicinal plant Michelia champaca (Magnoliaceae) in polar solvents using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The study evaluates the antibacterial activity against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and against gram-negative Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis.

This study investigated the potential of endophytic microorganisms in fermentative processes using agro-industrial residues as substrates. The aim was to explore sustainable biotechnological methods for producing valuable compounds from waste. Endophytic microorganisms were isolated from strawberry, lychee, and tangerine and used in fermentative processes with passion fruit, guava, and pineapple residues. Key methods included isolating and screening potent aroma-producing microorganisms, identifying them using MALDI-TOF MS, and analyzing volatile compounds by GC-MS. The results identified 37 endophytic microorganisms, with Kloeckera apiculata presenting the greatest aromatic potential. Fermentation with agro-industrial residues produced significant volatile compounds, identifying 27, 23, and 22 compounds from passion fruit, pineapple, and guava residues, respectively. The main conclusions highlighted the high production of ethyl acetate and 2-phenylethyl acetate, which contributed to fruity and floral aromas. The novelty of this study lies in the use of endophytic microorganisms isolated from tropical fruits to biotransform agro-industrial waste into high-value aromatic compounds, offering economic and environmental benefits. This research is significant, as it proposes a sustainable approach to valorize waste and produce natural aroma compounds through biotechnological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terfezia boudieri Chatin (T. boudieri), which belongs to the Terfeziaceae family, is a desert truffle growing naturally from mycorrhizal relationships with plants that inhabit the slightly moist sandy soils of some desert or semi-desert regions. The chemical examination of the methanolic extract of T. boudieri led to the isolation of a new ketone and the known compound mannitol. The structures of the 2 isolated compounds were resolved using spectroscopic analysis including 1D and 2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Infrared (IR) spectroscopy and were supported by literature data. The GC-MS analysis of the Fatty Acids (FAs) of T. boudieri oils showed high Unsaturated FA (UFA) profile (78.72%). The major FAs were linoleic acid (62.36%) and oleic acid (14.7%). Comparing the extracts obtained, the methanolic extract revealed the highest levels of Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of 185.56 mg GAE/100 g of truffle, thus the same extract showed the best results for antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study identified the main bioactive constituents extracted from a mixture containing four plant extracts. Four Saudi Traditional Medicinal plant extracts containing Psiadia arabica Jaub, Tamarix articulata, Terminalia arjuna and Rhazya stricta were identified using GC-Mass. Materials and Methods: The samples Psiadia arabica Jaub, Tamarix articulata, Terminalia arjuna and Rhazya stricta were collected from various regions of Saudi Arabia. The air-dried parts of each plant were powdered and soaked in methanol for 24 hr, except Psiadia arabica Jaub in chloroform. After that, it was obtaining the concentration plant extract through a rotary evaporator. The mixture of plant extracts was analyzed by GC-MS spectrometry. Results: The most abundant compounds identified including heneicosane (7.3%), tetradecane 4,11-dimethyl-(7.11%), Phytol (1.5%), dodecane, 2,6,10-trimethyl-(1.9%) and hexadecane (1.1%), while the lowest concentrations were observed for 10-methylnonadecane, n-hexadecane, tridecane, 2-methyl-, Naphthalene, 1,2,4a,5,6,8a-hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)- and Dodecane, 2,6,11-trimethyl-. One of the main constituents noticed in the combination of four plants was heneicosane, which exhibits a strong antimicrobial effect. In addition, phytol showed multiple effects, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, ant nociceptive, anxiolytic, metabolism-modulating and immune-modulating. Conclusion: These functional molecules identified are known to have different biological activities as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-proliferative and antidiabetic. Further studies needed to investigate the mechanism of action through signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to analyze the biochemical composition and antioxidant activity of Leucojum aestivum seed coats. In the crude extract the total phenolic content was determined to be 129.55 ± 1.94 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, while the total flavonoid content was found to be 210.21 ± 7.91 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g. Additionally, the total flavonol, tannin, and proanthocyanidin contents were determined to be 9.63 ± 5.16 mg QE/g, 3.32 ± 0.14 mg GAE/g, and 129.89 ± 6.10 mg catechin equivalent (CAE)/g, respectively. Furthermore, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity showed a significant antioxidant potential with a concentration that results in 50% decrease in the initial DPPH concentration IC50 value of 214.97 ± 50.44 mg QE/g in the crude extract. GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of various biologically active compounds, including hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid, and stigmasterol. Moreover, galantamine and galathan were identified in the seed coat extracts. Fatty acid analysis indicated the presence of compounds such as linoleic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid. This comprehensive study provides a detailed examination of seed coats and highlights the presence of biologically active compounds such as galantamine. This finding represents a study conducted for the first time in the literature, as no similar research focusing on L. aestivum seed coats has been conducted previously. Therefore, the results of the study provide new insights into the potential biological and pharmacological effects of seed coats and offer significant findings that could serve as a basis for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary metabolites produced by Bacillus species from marine sources encompass a variety of compounds such as lipopeptides, isocoumarins, polyketides, macrolactones, polypeptides and fatty acids. These bioactive substances exhibit various biological activities, including antibiotic, antifungal, antiviral, and antitumor properties. This study aimed to isolate and identify a particular species of Bacillus from marine water and organisms that can produce bioactive secondary metabolites. Among the 73 Bacillus isolates collected, only 5 exhibited antagonistic activity against various viral and bacterial pathogens. The active isolates were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing to determine their taxonomical affiliation. Among them, Bacillus tequilensis CCASU-2024-66 strain no. 42, with the accession number ON 054302 in GenBank, exhibited the highest inhibitory potential. It displayed an inhibition zone of 21 mm against Bacillus cereus while showing a minimum zone of inhibition of 9 mm against Escherichia coli and gave different inhibition against pathogenic fungi, the highest inhibition zone 15 mm against Candida albicans but the lowest inhibition zone 10 mm was against Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum. Furthermore, it demonstrated the highest percentage of virucidal effect against the Newcastle virus and influenza virus, with rates of 98.6% and 98.1%, respectively. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis was employed to examine the bioactive substance components, specifically focusing on volatile and polysaccharide compounds. Based on these results, Bacillus tequilensis strain 42 may have the potential to be employed as an antiviral agent in poultry cultures to combat Newcastle and influenza, two extremely destructive viruses, thus reducing economic losses in the poultry production sector. Bacteria can be harnessed for the purpose of preserving food and controlling pathogenic fungi in both human and plant environments. Molecular docking for the three highly active derivatives 2,3-Butanediol, 2TMS, D-Xylopyranose, 4TMS, and Glucofuranoside, methyl 2,3,5,6-tetrakis-O-(trimethylsilyl) was carried out against the active sites of Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Candida albicans, Newcastle virus and influenza virus. The data obtained from molecular docking is highly correlated with that obtained from biology. Moreover, these highly active compounds exhibited excellent proposed ADMET profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaves of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) are the source of several medicinally important bioactive compounds, including steviol glycosides (SGs), primarily accountable for the sweetness of the plant, and phenolic compounds, which offer a wide variety of therapeutic potential against various diseases. Two separate pot experiments were conducted simultaneously in order to investigate the influence of foliar-spray treatments at different concentrations (40, 80, 120, and 160 mg L−1) of irradiated chitosan (ICH) and irradiated sodium alginate (ISA) on the performance of S. rebaudiana with regard to its growth, physiological activities, and production of steviol glycosides measured at 90 days after planting. The growth and physiological attributes of Stevia were significantly improved as a result of foliar sprays of ICH and ISA. Of the treatments, 80 mg L−1 of ICH and 120 mg L−1 of ISA performed the best and resulted in the highest values of all studied parameters compared to the water-spray control. On area-percentage basis, the respective treatments of ICH and ISA also led to an increase in the leaf contents of steviol glycosides, viz., Stevioside by 57.14% and 51.13% and (Rebaudioside A) by 43.28% and 36.64% respectively, as well as other bioactive compounds of S. rebaudiana leaf such as D-Allose sugar (by 33.17% and 29.98%), Neophytadiene (by 57.40% and 53.21%), and β-amyrin (by 16.31% and 13.81%), respectively, compared to the control treatment. Findings of the present study demonstrated that foliar-sprays of γ-irradiated chitosan and sodium alginate improved growth as well as physiological performance of S. rebaudiana, triggering the production of important steviol glycosides and other bioactive constituents of Stevia through up-regulating the secondary metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to estimate the immunopotentiation effect of brown algae Padina boergesenii water extract on Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus through resistance to Pseudomonas putida infection. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry was utilized to characterize the seaweed phytoconstituents. One hundred and twenty-six fish were divided in triplicates into two equal groups corresponding to two diet variants that used to feed Nile tilapia for 20 successive days: a basal (control), and P. boergesenii water extract supplemented group. Fish samples were collected at 10-days intervals throughout the experiment. Serum biochemical constituents, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and some immune related genes expression of the spleen and intestinal tissues of experimental fish were studied, as well as histological examination of fish immune tissues. Moreover, following 20 days of feeding, the susceptibility of Nile tilapia to P. putida infection was evaluated to assess the protective effect of the used extract. The findings indicated that the studied parameters were significantly increased, and the best immune response profiles were observed in fish fed P. boergesenii water extract for 20 successive days. A bacterial challenge experiment using P. putida resulted in higher survival within the supplemented fish group than the control. Thus, the lowered post-challenge mortality of the fish may be related to the protection provided by the stimulation of the innate immune system, reduced oxidative stress by higher activity of TAC, and elevated levels of expression of iterleukin-1beta (IL-1β), beta-defensin (β-defensin), and natural killer-lysin (NKl). Moreover, the constituents of the extract used showed potential protective activity for histological features of the supplemented fish group when compared to the control. Collectively, this study presents a great insight on the protective role of P. boergesenii water extract as an additive in Nile tilapia feed which suggests its potential for improving the immune response against P. putida infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of Egypt's most notable and historically significant vegetable crops is the Liliaceae plant, Allium cepa L. In this study, the effectiveness of methanolic extracts of Artemisia absinthium leaves, Calotropis procera latex, Moringa oleifera seeds, and Syzygium aromaticum clove was investigated in vitro and, in a greenhouse, setting against Fusarium oxysporum, the pathogen that causes onion basal rot in Assiut Governorate, Egypt. The S. aromaticum extract exhibited the inhibition peak (63.3%), whereas the A. absinthium extract had the lowest inhibition impact against F. oxysporum growth (41.1%). The gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) analysis revealed that 82 important compounds, with abundances ranging from low to high, were present in the tested S. aromaticum's methanolic extract. The primary components were acetaldehyde, hydroxy- and 2-propanone, 1,1,3,3-tetrachloro-(42.71%), 1,2-ethanediol, and methyl alcohol (34.01%). In comparison to the infected control, the disease severity was significantly reduced by 20% with the use of a plant extracts mixture and Dovex 50% and increased by 62.22% with the use of an extract from A. absinthium. When compared to the infected control, onion plant fresh weight and dry weight were considerably higher under the clove extract therapy. The plant extracts used in this study's testing contain a number of active ingredients, including amino acids, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and enzymes, which is probably why they have such positive impacts. The application of a combination of plant extracts was suggested as a feasible strategy for improving the growth and productivity of onion plants by the study's findings. More research is needed to comprehend the mechanisms by which plant extracts promote plant development and to optimize the concentration and timing of administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pomegranate processing industry generates worldwide enormous amounts of by-products, such as pomegranate peels (PPs), which constitute a rich source of phenolic compounds. In this view, PPs could be exploited as a sustainable source of ellagic acid, which is a compound that possesses various biological actions. The present study aimed at the liberation of ellagic acid from its bound forms via ultrasound-assisted alkaline hydrolysis, which was optimized using response surface methodology. The effects of duration of sonication, solvent:solid ratio, and NaOH concentration on total phenol content (TPC), antioxidant activity, and punicalagin and ellagic acid content were investigated. Using the optimum hydrolysis conditions (i.e., 32 min, 1:48 v/w, 1.5 mol/L NaOH), the experimental responses were found to be TCP: 4230 ± 190 mg GAE/100 g dry PPs; AABTS: 32,398 ± 1817 µmol Trolox/100 g dry PPs; ACUPRAC: 29,816 ± 1955 µmol Trolox/100 g dry PPs; 59 ± 3 mg punicalagin/100 g dry PPs; and 1457 ± 71 mg ellagic acid/100 g dry PPs. LC-QTOF-MS and GC-MS analysis of the obtained PP extract revealed the presence of various phenolic compounds (e.g., ellagic acid), organic acids (e.g., citric acid), sugars (e.g., fructose) and amino acids (e.g., glycine). The proposed methodology could be of use for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics applications, thus reinforcing local economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics play a crucial role in preserving and improving public health, saving millions of lives every year. However, their effectiveness is currently under threat due to the ability of bacteria to adapt and develop resistance to these treatments. Therefore, this study was carried out on two soil samples collected in two areas of Arba Aounate, Sidi Bennour province, Morocco, to identify natural antibiotic-producing Actinobacteria capable of combating multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. A primary screening revealed that of the 50 isolates, 16 exhibited antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27,853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25,923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25,922, and Candida albicans ATTC 60193. A secondary screening showed that of the 16 isolates, only EIZ1 and EIZ2 isolates displayed outstanding antimicrobial and antifungal activity against 6 MDR bacteria, including Escherichia coli 19L2418, Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus sp. 19K1313, Klebsiella pneumoniae 19K 929, Proteus vulgaris 16C1737, and Klebsiella pneumoniae 20B1572. These two isolates were also characterized culturally, morphologically, physiologically, and biochemically. Afterward, the amplification of 16S rRNA revealed that isolate EIZ2 was 99.06% strongly related to the genus Streptomyces. Furthermore, this extract exhibits strong antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS free radicals and elevated ferric-reducing antioxidant power. A significant (p < 0.0001) positive correlation was observed between antioxidant activities and total phenolic and flavonoid contents. A GC–MS analysis of the ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of 10 compounds, mainly diethyl phthalate (97%) and benzeneacetic acid (94%). This research demonstrates that Streptomyces sp. strain EIZ2 represents a potential source of antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds. These compounds could offer considerable potential as therapeutic agents, paving the way for future developments in medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrullus colocynthis L. Schard (bitter melon) is a drought-resistant medicinal plant growing in Egypt and many other countries in the arid environments of the World. In Egypt, it is abundant in several locations in Egypt's Eastern Desert, extending from the Nile River eastward to the Red Sea, particularly in the Kosseir region on the Red Sea coast. It has a wide range of applications in traditional medicine due to its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anesthetic features. In this study, the genetic diversity was explored using chemical analysis of the secondary metabolites in seed extract in 15 populations from different sites in the Eastern Desert of Egypt to correlate the chemical variation with genetic differences among populations as revealed by DNA fingerprinting using the Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers. A total of 81 chemical compounds were identified from the 15 populations. Retention time, peak area percentage, molecular weight, and chemical formula were determined for each compound. Ten SCoT primers produced 137 bands in the 15 populations of these; 85 bands were polymorphic, 50 were monomorphic, and two bands were unique to a single population. Populations located in the southern part of the Eastern Desert have similar levels of phytochemical and genetic diversity and are differentiated from populations in the northern part. On the other hand, populations in the middle part show a small resemblance to other populations in the north and south, indicating an impact of the ecology on the genetic differentiation and the chemical composition of the secondary metabolites in C. colocynthis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants are hosts to an infinite number of microorganisms, commonly referred to as endophytes which are rich in bioactive metabolites yielding favorable biological activities. The endophytes are known to have a profound impact on their host plant by promoting the accumulation of secondary metabolites which are beneficial to humankind. In the present study, the fungal endophyte, Fusarium solani (ABR4) from the medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia, was assessed for its bioactive secondary metabolites employing fermentation on a solid rice medium. The crude ABR4 fungal extract was sequentially purified using the solvent extraction method and characterized using different spectroscopic and analytical techniques namely TLC, UV spectroscopic analysis, HRESI-MS, FTIR, and GC-MS analysis. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of pyridine, benzoic acid, 4-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-trimethylsilyl ester, hexadecanoic acid trimethylsilyl ester, and oleic acid trimethylsilyl ester. The cytotoxic ability of ABR4 was evaluated by MTT assay against lung cancer (A549) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. The compounds did not exhibit significant cytotoxicity against the tested cell lines. The endophytic ABR4 extract was evaluated for its antimicrobial potential against human pathogens (S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans) by recording 47 to 54% inhibition. Taken together, the endophytic fungal strain ABR4 demonstrated a remarkable antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogens. Furthermore, the functional metabolites isolated from the endophytic strain ABR4 reveal its broader usage as antimicrobial agents for newer drug development in the pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this study was to analyze the fatty acid content, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of Argemone mexicana seed oil growing wild in north East Ethiopia. Materials and Methods: Oils of A mexicana L. were obtained by means of Screw press from seeds. Methyl esters were derived from the oily mixtures by trans-esterification process and were analyzed by GC/ FID and GC/MS systems. This oil was investigated for antioxidant activity using a DPPH radical-scavenging assay and was also tested against a panel of microorganisms. Results: Linolenic acid (49.00%) and oleic acid (28.91%) were the most abundant fatty acids in leaves and stems, respectively. The oil showed moderate to highest antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Shigella dysentery, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and Escherichia coli. The oil also demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity with the percentage of inhibition of 92.5% at a concentration of 1.5 mg/mL, and its IC50 and AAI were 22.4 µg/mL and 4.93 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The results obtained from the present study indicated that the oil of A mexicana seed oil contained a high source of polyunsaturated fatty acids. These results also showed that the extracted oil from this plant has significant antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey bees are crucial for ecosystem pollination and honey production, yet the Varroa destructor mite hinders their productivity and health. Efforts to manage Varroa mites with synthetic pesticides have had limited success, highlighting the need for naturally derived acaricides as a primary option. However, the acaricidal efficacy of essential oils from Salvia officinalis L. (sage), Cannabis sativa (hemp), and Laurus nobilis (laurel) remains to be fully understood. This study aims to investigate the acaricidal efficacy of these three essential oils at varying concentrations and their impact on honey production, focusing on the efficient reduction in Varroa mites. The sugar roll method was employed to assess Varroa mite infestation levels, while GC-MS analysis was utilized to verify the composition of the essential oils. Honey production measurements were also performed. The efficacy rates (%) at concentrations of 15%, 10%, and 5% for hemp oil were 95.4% ± 0.30%, 85.71% ± 0.85%, and 64.48% ± 0.26%, respectively; for sage oil, they were 81.08% ± 0.57%, 69.42% ± 1.72%, and 50.35% ± 0.70%; and for laurel oil, they were 68.96% ± 0.34%, 54.66% ± 0.37%, and 33.58% ± 0.30%, respectively. Key compounds identified include trans-caryophyllene, α-pinene, and viridiflorol in hemp oil; myrcene, limonene, and β-caryophyllene in sage oil; and phytol, β-myrcene, and n-heneicosane in laurel oil. The overall findings indicate that hemp oil is highly effective in controlling Varroa mites. However, further research is needed to evaluate its potential side effects on bees to ensure its sustainability and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]