352,833 results on '"GENDER"'
Search Results
2. Lotta Lara: A Promising Biliterate Reading Strategy
- Author
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Butvilofsky, Sandra A., Sparrow, Wendy, Roberson, Nathan D., and Hopewell, Susan
- Abstract
This quasi-experimental study tested the efficacy of a research based biliterate reading strategy, Lotta Lara, that is part of a larger paired literacy instructional program. Its purpose was to investigate whether the biliterate reading strategy, which focuses on reading fluency, comprehension, and oracy through whole group instruction, impacted first grade emerging bilingual learners' biliterate reading development. We utilized an Ordinary Least Squares regression model to compare students' biliterate reading outcomes in the treatment group (n = 23) to those of the control group (n = 21). Despite the small sample size, positive and statistically significant effects were found on students' Spanish reading outcomes. While students made growth in their English reading, significant effects were not detected on English reading outcomes. Our findings support the need to provide emerging bilingual learners with explicit and interactive biliterate reading instruction to promote biliterate reading development.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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3. Tick Off the Gender Diversity Box: Examining the Cross-Level Effects of Women's Representation in Senior Management.
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Dwivedi, Priyanka and Paolella, Lionel
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WOMEN executives ,SENIOR leadership teams ,DIVERSITY in the workplace ,GENDER ,EXECUTIVE recruiting ,LAW firm personnel ,EMPLOYEE selection ,DECISION making in business - Abstract
In male-dominated industries, organizations face considerable pressure to enhance women's representation in top leadership roles. Firms respond to this pressure by increasing gender diversity in senior positions, but often fail to achieve a critical mass of senior women at the top. This raises a key question: What impact does greater gender diversity at the top have on junior women's career opportunities? We develop an attention-based perspective on gender diversity and theorize that firms with relatively more women in senior management compared to their industry peers are likely to allocate fewer attentional resources, time, and effort toward internal diversity practices. This inadvertently hurts the recruitment of women at lower levels. We propose that one way to mitigate these adverse cross-level spillover effects is to ensure women's substantive representation on committees responsible for overseeing and monitoring the firm's diversity and hiring-related decision-making processes. We test our contentions and find support for our model using a panel dataset on the largest U.S. law firms. We conduct several supplemental analyses to provide insights into our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Estimating the Wage Premia of Refugee Immigrants: Lessons from Sweden.
- Author
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Baum, Christopher F., Lööf, Hans, Stephan, Andreas, and Zimmermann, Klaus F.
- Subjects
INCOME inequality ,WAGES ,QUANTILE regression ,CROSS-cultural differences ,IMMIGRANTS - Abstract
This article examines the wage earnings of refugee immigrants in Sweden. Using administrative employer–employee data from 1990 onward, approximately 100,000 refugee immigrants who arrived between 1980 and 1996 and were granted asylum are compared to a matched sample of native-born workers. Employing recentered influence function (RIF) quantile regressions to wage earnings for the period 2011–2015, the occupational-task-based Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition approach shows that refugees perform better than natives at the median wage, controlling for individual and firm characteristics. This overperformance is attributable to female refugee immigrants. Given their characteristics, refugee immigrant females perform better than native females across all occupational tasks studied, including non-routine cognitive tasks. A notable similarity of the wage premium exists among various refugee groups, suggesting that cultural differences and the length of time spent in the host country do not have a major impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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5. Between adventure and delicacy: sailing as a powerful experience for women.
- Author
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Hackerott, Maria Altimira, Zimmermann, A. C., and Saura, S. C.
- Subjects
- *
IMAGINATION , *SAILING , *AESTHETIC experience , *ADVENTURE & adventurers , *PHENOMENOLOGY , *SAILORS - Abstract
The nautical environment has been challenging for women. However, interviewing experienced female sailors, we noticed that despite the adversity they face, they consider the experience of sailing as something profoundly impactful and powerful in their lives. This research discusses the power of the aesthetic experience of sailing for women, thus adding to the gender discussion. In order to do so, we make use of a theoretical framework that addresses the relationship between being and the materiality of the world. In describing these aesthetic experiences lived in the body, Bachelard's phenomenology of the image stands out. By productive imagination and poetic images found in the field research and characterized as powerful by the sailors, the social construction of gender and the images between adventure and delicacy appears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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6. (Re)conceptualizing Sex and Gender in Physical Education Through Social Role Theory.
- Author
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Moss, Alexander C. and Chen, Ang
- Subjects
GENDER ,ROLE theory ,SOCIAL role ,SOCIALIZATION ,PHYSICAL education - Abstract
The line between gender and sex has become increasingly muddled in literature. Tensions surrounding this topic are ever-increasing and definitions of the two are rarely consistent. For improving conceptual clarity, we adopted the Social Role Theory to explore how these two terms differ and relate by laying out a cyclical framework of biological, sociological, and psychological components. Herein, we discuss the origins of the binary sex construct, anatomical brain/cognition differences, and sex/gender role implications for education and physical education. We confront the topic in a content area that continues to be masculine-oriented with the purpose to conceptualize sex/gender in physical education research through clarifying the evolutionary biosocial spectrum. Offering a reconceptualization of gender as a multidimensional construct could inspire further curricular reform for the content to be more inclusive of all participants, learnable by all students regardless of sex and gender, and beneficial both mentally and physically to all learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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7. Barriers to Participation in Organized Physical Activity Among LGBTQ+ Youth: Differences by Sexual, Gender, and Racial Identities.
- Author
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Parchem, Benjamin, Poquiz, Jonathan, Rahm-Knigge, Ryan L., Panetta, Elizabeth, Watson, Ryan J., and Nic Rider, G.
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LGBTQ+ youth ,PHYSICAL activity ,RACE identity ,LGBTQ+ students ,GENDER - Abstract
Background: LGBTQ+ youth engage in organized physical activity to a lesser degree than their cisgender and heterosexual counterparts. Existing literature on this organized physical activity disparity is limited, particularly with LGBTQ+ youth samples. The current analysis examined individual and systemic barriers to organized physical activity for LGBTQ+ youth across sexual, gender, and racial identities. Methods: A subsample of LGBTQ+ students (N = 4566) from the 2021 Dane County Youth Assessment completed items that measured barriers to organized physical activity and systemic factors (ie, family money problems and bias-based bullying) associated with access to organized physical activity. Latent class analysis discerned patterns of individual and systemic barriers to organized physical activity. Latent class regression modeling tested gender, sexual, and racial identities as correlates of latent class membership. Results: More than half of the sample did not participate in organized physical activity. Four profiles of LGBTQ+ youth were discerned based on self-reported barriers: high barrier (8%), bullied (16%), low interest or perceived skills (28%), and low barrier (48%). The low-barrier class included a greater proportion of LGBTQ+ youth who identified as White, or cisgender, or heterosexual as well as youth self-reporting higher organized physical activity. The high-barrier and bullied classes comprised more marginalized gender and sexual identities. Conclusions: LGBTQ+ youth experience individual and systemic barriers to organized physical activity, including inequitable access and bullying, and barriers are uniquely experienced across sexual, gender, and racial identities. Physical activity promotion among LGBTQ+ youth would be strengthened by policies that address inequitable access to opportunities and bias-based bullying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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8. License to Broker: How Mobility Eliminates Gender Gaps in Network Advantage.
- Author
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Zhang, Evelyn Y., Aven, Brandy L., and Kleinbaum, Adam M.
- Subjects
LABOR mobility ,LABOR productivity ,GENDER ,GENDER inequality ,SOCIAL networks ,BUSINESS networks ,COMMUNICATION ,JOB performance ,ORGANIZATIONAL behavior - Abstract
Brokerage in intra-organizational networks is critical to performance, but women exhibit less brokerage in their social networks and receive lower performance returns to the brokerage they exhibit than men do. We uncover a condition under which the gender gaps in network advantage are entirely negated: mobility. When women move between units of the organization, they increase their brokerage more than mobile men do. Further, such mobility eliminates the gender gap in returns to brokerage. Using a rich dataset including the personnel records, monthly performance, and email communications of thousands of employees in a large financial institution, we find support for our arguments by comparing the networks and objective performance of those who changed jobs with matched non-movers prior to and following each job change. In probing why this might be the case, we find that women movers are more likely to maintain communication ties to colleagues from their previous roles and that these persistent ties give them a discernible and gender-role-congruent explanation for connecting otherwise disconnected units and benefiting from network brokerage. Our results illuminate important mechanisms by which social network dynamics and mobility affect gender inequality and performance in organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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9. Words of a Leader: The Importance of Intersectionality for Understanding Women Leaders' Use of Dominant Language and How Others Receive It.
- Author
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Dupree, Cydney Hurston
- Subjects
WOMEN leaders ,LEADERS ,LEADERSHIP ,GENDER inequality ,STEREOTYPES ,GENDER stereotypes ,SELF-presentation ,INTERSECTIONALITY - Abstract
Management scholars have long examined gender disparities in leaders' communication and followers' reactions. There is, however, a paucity of research that takes an intersectional perspective. This article takes that step, using an intersectional lens to examine women leaders' use of dominant language and how others receive it. Leveraging advances in natural-language processing, I analyzed the stereotype content of more than 250,000 Congressional remarks (Study 1) and almost one million tweets (Study 2) by leaders. Women leaders referenced dominance more than men did (using more words like "powerful"), violating stereotypes that depict women as submissive. However, as theory on racialized gender stereotypes suggests, this effect was unique to White leaders. Two additional studies revealed backlash to women leaders' use of dominant language. Analyzing almost 18,000 editorials revealed the more that women leaders referenced dominance, the more they were portrayed as dominant but also cold. Effects were strongest for Black and Latina women (Study 3). Finally, an experiment using simulated social media profiles found the more that Black women (but not men) leaders referenced dominance, the more voters rated them as less likeable, a result that was unique to Black leaders (Study 4). The article demonstrates the critical importance of intersectionality for understanding gender inequality in leaders' communication and its reception by the media and the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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10. An Analysis of Agenda Setting and Framing of American Marathon Television Coverage.
- Author
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Clemons, Michael and Bogina, Austin C.
- Subjects
WOMEN athletes ,MALE athletes - Abstract
This study examined nationally televised marathon coverage of three major U.S. marathons (the Boston Marathon, the Bank of America Chicago Marathon, and the Tata Consultancy Services New York City Marathon) to understand how able-bodied men and women, and men and women using wheelchairs were represented. Just under 8 hr of coverage was analyzed for clock time and the descriptions of athletes divided by divisions of able-bodied men and women and wheelchair athlete men and women. Able-bodied women received the majority of clock time in Boston and Chicago, while able-bodied men received the majority of clock time in New York City. Athletes using wheelchairs, both men and women, received much smaller amounts of coverage, especially in New York City. Women received more announcer mentions in all three races, with a heavier focus on their background, coaching, and emotion, although the only statistically significant category was emotion. Experience and race strategy/training were heavily emphasized for all divisions. Through this analysis, race producers have more guidance on how to cover future marathons in a more equitable and appropriate manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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11. Carving Out Spaces of Resistance: Remembering Women's Ski Jumping, Gendered Spaces, and Built Environments at Canada Olympic Park, 1987–2019.
- Author
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Mitchell, Charlotte
- Subjects
- *
SKI jumping , *OLYMPIC Winter Games , *ARCHIVES , *DISCRIMINATION (Sociology) , *GENDER inequality - Abstract
This article examines the history of Canada Olympic Park (COP) as it transitioned from the Paskapoo Slopes to a venue for the Calgary 1988 Winter Olympic Games and how the site framed the fight for gender equality in the sport by women ski jumpers in Canada. Ski jumping is a sport that can be considered a "nature sport" as it is practiced in the open air while simultaneously relying on built environments. Understanding the COP ski jumping venue as a "sportscape" and a gendered landscape provides a unique opportunity to explore the tensions between land, air, and the body in this nature sport. Historical analysis of the XV Winter Olympic Games inventories held at the City of Calgary Archives is combined with autoethnographic reflections of my past experiences as a ski jumping athlete who trained at the COP ski jumping venue and plaintiff in the court case to get a women's ski jumping event added to the 2010 Winter Olympic Games to frame my analysis. This paper argues that women ski jumpers at COP carved out spaces of resistance for themselves, shifted the gendered landscape of the ski jumps, and effected change across generations of women ski jumpers on and off the hill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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12. Sequential Mapping of Game Patterns in Men and Women Professional Padel Players.
- Author
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Conde-Ripoll, Rafael, Muñoz, Diego, Escudero-Tena, Adrián, and Courel-Ibáñez, Javier
- Subjects
PROBABILITY theory ,SEX distribution ,RACKET games ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,MEMORY ,ATHLETIC ability - Abstract
Purpose: This study analyzed the sequences of actions in professional men and women padel players to identify common game patterns. Methods: The sample comprised 17,557 stroke-by-stroke actions (N = 1640 rallies) of the championship World Padel Tour. Multistep Markov chains were used to calculate the conditional probabilities of occurrence of actions during the rally. Results: Results revealed that men's and women's padel is mainly defined by 36 patterns constituting 55% and 63% of all actions in the game, respectively, with the 10 most common sequences accounting for 42% to 45% of the game. There were recurrent technical–tactical actions with specific offensive and defensive functions that were constantly reiterated during the rallies. In men, the use of smash, volley, bandeja, direct, back wall, back-wall lobs, and direct lobs followed a foreseeable pattern up to 8 lags, whereas women described predictable interactions for volley, bandeja, direct, lobs, and direct lobs up to 5 lags and for smash and back wall up to 4 lags. Conclusions: The ability of padel players to recall these patterns and enhance their anticipation skills may potentially improve their performance. These findings contribute to a better knowledge of professional padel game dynamics while providing coaches and players with useful information to optimize training and decision-making strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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13. The Feminization of Archive and Library Leadership in the Spanish Context.
- Author
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Martínez-Cardama, Sara and Pacios, Ana R.
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ARCHIVES , *LIBRARY science , *PROFESSIONAL associations , *LEADERSHIP , *LIBRARIES - Abstract
For the first time, data are used to explore the current degree of management feminization in Spain's leading archives and libraries. By examining male directors' perception of the possible implications of the profession's feminization on their work, this study contributes to research into the feminization of the archival profession and librarianship. The various results were cross-checked, revealing that both current data and 40-year-old data show a prevalence of female leadership and therefore feminized management in Spain's main archives and libraries. Pertinent contributions on the historical process of these professions' feminization in Spain are offered, together with surprising data on the low number of female directors in international professional organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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14. Socializing Influences in the Careers of South Korean Female Physical Educators.
- Author
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Lee, Okseon, Richards, Kevin Andrew, Hong, Yeri, and Kim, Youngjoon
- Subjects
PHYSICAL education teachers ,PROFESSIONAL socialization ,WOMEN teachers ,FEMALES ,CORPORATE culture ,GENDER role - Abstract
Purpose: Grounded in the occupational socialization theory, this study explored how gender interacted with and influenced socialization experiences in the careers of South Korean female physical educators. Specific attention was directed toward the gendered experiences that female teachers experienced and the coping strategies to navigate them. Methods: The study adopted a qualitative case study design, and the participants were 15 female secondary school physical educators. Data were collected through life story timelines, critical incident writings, and individual interviews. Results: Four themes emerged: (a) unwelcomed and invisible; (b) experiencing a physicality-driven hierarchy; (c) dual marginalization as female physical educators; and (d) retreating, masking, redefining, or leaving to cope with challenges. Discussion/Conclusions: The findings indicated that female physical educators experienced being dual-marginalized due to the interplay between gender and subject matter. In response to the challenges, some conformed to their gender role to be safe; however, other teachers employed various strategies to overcome the status quo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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15. Alienation, Othering and Reconstituting: An Alternative Future for Women's Coach Education.
- Author
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Harris, Kerry, Jones, Robyn, and Santos, Sofia
- Subjects
WOMEN'S education ,EDUCATION of athletic coaches ,OTHER (Philosophy) ,SEX discrimination ,SOCIAL influence - Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to critique current women-only coach education initiatives, before suggesting an alternative approach to dealing with gender discrimination in coaching provision. Having increased in popularity over recent years, primarily through justifications as being "safe spaces" for participants, such initiatives have nevertheless become contested terrain. Whilst seeing some value in the initial "safe space" position, we argue that their substance should be focussed not so much on duplicating mainstream content (e.g., particular coaching pedagogies), but on developing a critical sociological consciousness, including both a deconstruction and reconstruction of (minority) coaching selves. Such a consciousness comprises (1) a judicious awareness of influencing social structures and why things are as they are and (2) a recourse to micropolitical agency in terms of a stance-related identity to develop a more secure coaching self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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16. Women’s Safety on AC Transit: How Environment Affects Women’s Daily Commutes
- Author
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Phillips, Leila
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women ,gender ,safety ,harassment ,AC Transit ,public transportation - Published
- 2024
17. Interpersonal relationships, PNI, and health: Seeds in the 1980s, fruiting trees today.
- Author
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Robles, Theodore
- Subjects
Close relationships ,Gender ,Health ,Loneliness ,Marriage ,Psychoneuroimmunology - Abstract
In this contribution to the Special Issue, I highlight how Janice Kiecolt-Glasers research in the 1980s planted the seeds for two areas of social relationships and health research: loneliness and intimate/marital relationships. I review the foundational seed studies from the mid-to late-1980s, the research saplings that sprouted and grew during the subsequent twenty years, and the mature trees that have gone on to fruit and grow their respective areas of inquiry over the past twenty years. In addition to highlighting the mature trees that have borne rich empirical fruit, my other goal for this contribution is to draw attention to ideas and concepts from Kiecolt-Glasers work and writing that merit further conceptual and empirical examination in the next generation of research on social relationships, psychoneuroendocrinology, psychoneuroimmunology, and health.
- Published
- 2024
18. Free to represent you and me: Gender attitudes and women's share of parliament, 1995–2021
- Author
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Clark, Rob and Kroska, Amy
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Gender Studies ,Human Society ,Gender Equality ,Cross-national ,Gender ,Inequality ,Political representation ,Sociology - Published
- 2024
19. An xG of Their Own: Using Expected Goals to Explore the Analytical Shortcomings of Misapplied Gender Schemas in Football.
- Author
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Narayanan, Sachin and Pifer, N. David
- Subjects
- *
WOMEN'S sports , *PERCEPTION (Philosophy) , *BUSINESSWOMEN , *GENDER , *MODELS (Persons) , *SPORTS marketing - Abstract
Although professional women's football has benefitted from recent surges in popularity, challenges to progress and distinguish the sport persist. The gender-schema theory explains the tendency for individuals to hold female sports to male standards, a phenomenon that leads to negative outcomes in areas such as media representation and consumer perception. One area in which schemas have a more discreet effect is player and team performance, where the assumption that technical metrics developed in men's football are transferable to women's football remains unfounded. Using expected goals, a metric synonymous with the probability of a shot being scored, we highlight how variables important to shot quality and shot execution differ across gender, and how attempts to evaluate female footballers with models built on men's data increase estimation errors. These results have theoretical and practical implications for the role they play in reframing schemas and improving the methods used to evaluate performance in women's sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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20. The scholarly impact of diversity research.
- Author
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Ng, Thomas W. H.
- Subjects
EXPERIMENTAL design ,AUTHORS ,ANALYSIS of variance ,MINORITIES ,SCHOLARLY communication ,AGE distribution ,BIBLIOMETRICS ,CULTURAL pluralism ,RACE ,SOCIAL stigma ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SEX distribution ,CITATION analysis ,STEREOTYPES ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,THEORY ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,FACTOR analysis ,DATA analysis software ,MEDICAL research - Abstract
This study contributes to the diversity literature by probing whether diversity papers are cited as frequently as nondiversity papers in management and industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology journals. Based on the stigma‐by‐association theory, I argue that as a result of their association with minority groups, diversity papers may be devalued and thus "othered" by scholars. Using a citation analysis of 46,930 papers published in 29 peer‐reviewed management and I/O psychology journals, I present empirical evidence in Study 1 that diversity papers were cited significantly less frequently than nondiversity papers. The authors' gender and institutional prestige, journal tier and domain, and year of publication were not moderators. In Study 2, I used a scenario experiment to demonstrate the stigma‐by‐association effect. The authors' gender demonstrated a significant moderating effect in this experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. An Integrative Review and Critical Analysis of the State of Research on Gender and Women and Girls' Sport Participation (2000–2020).
- Author
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Trussell, Dawn E., Kerwin, Shannon, Lyn, Amanda, and Harris, Laura
- Subjects
SPORTS participation ,WOMEN'S sports ,GENDER ,FEMININITY ,CRITICAL analysis ,GENDER inequality - Abstract
In this integrative review we analyze research from multiple fields of study in regards to gender equality, gender equity, and sport participation over the past twenty years (2000–2020). Key findings highlight a) women and girls' socialization into sport and the performance of femininity and heteronormativity, b) the psychological benefits, negative effects, and participant retention, c) a lack of transformative critique of sport structures and barriers to access, and d) critique of sport policy that enhances equity and equality. Embedded throughout the presentation of these four interrelated areas of interest, we offer a critique about the state of research so that others might draw insight for future research directions. We conclude by outlining potential intersectional and transformational frameworks that connect research to social and political action. We also provide commentary on knowledge creation, databases, and the politicization of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Unseen Work, Unmet Needs: Exploring the intersections of gender, race and ethnicity in unpaid care labor and paid labor in the U.S.
- Author
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Jacoby, Annette, Sen, Anamika, Kelley, Gina, and Montoya-Boyer, Alejandra
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Economics ,Gender ,Inequality - Abstract
Oxfam America and Prosperity Now have embarked on a comprehensive joint research project to explore the dynamics of women’s paid and unpaid labor in the US, particularly for women of color, who are disproportionately affected by the dual impact of paid work and unpaid care responsibilities. This report adopts an intersectional lens to delve into the disparities in unpaid care and the inequities in the paid labor force. The relationship between paid and unpaid labor reveals significant challenges, with many facing systemic barriers in accessing essential support such as workplace flexibility, equitable pay, and affordable care services. Particularly, the interplay of gender and race/ethnicity in this context spotlights the unique and disproportionate challenges women of color encounter in both paid and unpaid labor., The research focuses on both paid and unpaid labor, shedding light on the often invisible or underappreciated roles women play in the economy. Paid labor is commonly understood and recognized, but unpaid labor, including care work for children and adults, remains largely unseen and unvalued, despite its critical role in the economic and social fabric of our society. This study is rooted in the principles of intersectional feminism and labor economics, recognizing that gender, race, ethnicity, and class are not isolated factors but intersect and interact, influencing the experiences of women in the US labor market., The study seeks to bring visibility to this work and underscore its significance in economic policy. The urgency of the project is highlighted by the recent social and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has significantly affected unpaid care work, altering its distribution among men and women as well as across racial and ethnic groups. The paper also brings in the voices of the people who are holding crucial caregiving roles in their communities so readers can hear from individuals directly. The research team collected testimonials from nurse practitioners, nonprofit workers, public school workers, and psychologists, some of whom have had to leave their jobs to keep up with care responsibilities to highlight the lived experience that exists within the data.
- Published
- 2024
23. Substance Use Over Time Among Sexual and Gender Minority People: Differences at the Intersection of Sex and Gender
- Author
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Flentje, Annesa, Sunder, Gowri, Ceja, Alexis, Lisha, Nadra E, Neilands, Torsten B, Aouizerat, Bradley E, Lubensky, Micah E, Capriotti, Matthew R, Dastur, Zubin, Lunn, Mitchell R, and Obedin-Maliver, Juno
- Subjects
Gender Studies ,Human Society ,Social Determinants of Health ,Substance Misuse ,Sexual and Gender Minorities (SGM/LGBT*) ,Minority Health ,Health Disparities ,Tobacco ,Women's Health ,Tobacco Smoke and Health ,Prevention ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Alcoholism ,Alcohol Use and Health ,Drug Abuse (NIDA only) ,Clinical Research ,Basic Behavioral and Social Science ,Cannabinoid Research ,Aetiology ,2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment ,2.3 Psychological ,social and economic factors ,Mental health ,Good Health and Well Being ,Humans ,Male ,Sexual and Gender Minorities ,Female ,Adult ,Substance-Related Disorders ,Young Adult ,Adolescent ,Middle Aged ,Sex Factors ,alcohol use ,gender ,polysubstance use ,population health ,tobacco use ,Health services and systems ,Policy and administration - Abstract
Purpose: Sexual and gender minority (SGM) people are at greater risk for substance use than heterosexual and cisgender people, but most prior work is limited by cross-sectional analyses or the examination of single substance use. This study examined substance use over time among SGM people to identify patterns of polysubstance use at the intersection of sex and gender. Methods: Data were collected annually over 4 years from SGM respondents (n = 11,822) in The Population Research in Identity and Disparities for Equality (PRIDE) Study. Differences in substance use patterns (any prior 30-day use of 15 substances) by gender subgroup were examined with latent class analysis, and multinomial regression models tested relationships between gender subgroup and substance use. Results: Eight classes of substance use were observed. The three most common patterns were low substance use (49%), heavy episodic alcohol use (≥5 alcoholic drinks on one occasion) with some cannabis and tobacco use (14%), and cannabis use with some tobacco and declining heavy episodic alcohol use (13%). Differences observed included lower odds of patterns defined by heavy episodic alcohol use with some cannabis and tobacco use in all gender subgroups relative to cisgender men and persons with low substance use (odds ratios [ORs] 0.26-0.60). Gender expansive people assigned female at birth, gender expansive people assigned male at birth, and transgender men had greater odds of reporting cannabis use with small percentages of heavy episodic alcohol and tobacco use (ORs: 1.41-1.60). Conclusion: This study suggests that there are unique patterns of polysubstance use over time among gender subgroups of SGM people.
- Published
- 2024
24. Power To Pedal: A Gendered Analysis of the Barriers and Joys of Cycling in Oakland
- Author
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Gupta, Mallika
- Subjects
Transportation equity ,bicycling ,gender ,people of color ,low income groups ,bicycle travel ,advocacy groups - Abstract
Amidst increasing investments in cycling infrastructure in California, trends continue to demonstrate that women from low-income communities of color are underrepresented as cyclists. I argue that prevailing bicycle justice movements have neglected the intersectional needs of women from Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) communities by centering the ‘white, lycra-clad male’ and his commute needs within organized bicycling advocacy. Further, contemporary bicycle planning does little to investigate the barriers and joys related to cycling, as they are experienced by these women. This article draws from nine in-depth interviews with women of color in Oakland, California, to identify the racial and gendered barriers that influence the decision to cycle and whether only the construction of cycling infrastructure is enough to overcome these social barriers. Findings suggest that the fear of traffic injuries, coupled with the perceived and actual risk of victimization, sexual harassment, and racial violence discourage women of color from cycling. The concerns are further exacerbated by systemic failures of the city, including housing unaffordability, increasing income inequality, and the politics of gentrification. This suggests that bicycling planning must address more complex social factors besides infrastructural ones, create more opportunities for women of color to be included in bicycle planning and advocacy spaces, and help destigmatize cycling by increasing the visibility of BIPOC women as cyclists. I conclude this article by offering suggestions for practitioners and policymakers that might help reduce social barriers to cycling for women of color.
- Published
- 2024
25. Locally Led Emergency Response Fund (LL-ERF) Project: Experiences from Bangladesh, Puerto Rico, and Uganda
- Author
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Manlutac, Janice Ian and Kasumba, Joseph Mary
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Aid ,Approach and methodology ,Climate change ,Conflict and disasters ,Food and livelihoods ,Gender ,Governance and citizenship ,Humanitarian ,Inequality ,Resilience ,Rights - Abstract
This report contains learning from a pilot implementation of the Locally Led Emergency Response Fund (LL-ERF) Project in three countries. The LL-ERF is a funding innovation that provides flexible, quick humanitarian funding to local actors in order to save lives during emergencies, advocate for the rights of people affected, and advance the shifting of power to local actors in the humanitarian sector. In the pilot, the LL-ERF was designed and managed by a consortium of local actors in each of the three pilot sites. Feedback from communities showed that this funding facility helped reduce suffering caused by low-attention disasters. This learning report identifies good practices and challenges and documents the experience of local actors in managing funds and designing response options., The learning in this report presents opportunities to explore how best to increase and direct funding to local actors. At the same time, it identifies barriers encountered during the LL-ERF Project that stakeholders in this sector must continue to overcome together.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Effect of Gender and Celebrity Status of Models in Printed Advertisements Promoting Physical Activity.
- Author
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Leng, Ho Keat, Yap, Denise, Thangavelu, Lishanth, and Phua, Yi Xian Philip
- Subjects
PHYSICAL activity ,MALE models ,ADVERTISING ,TEAM sports ,GENDER - Abstract
Public health organizations have embarked on various campaigns to increase the level of physical activity in the population. The aim of this study is to examine whether printed advertisements promoting physical activity can be made more effective by manipulating the model used in advertisements. Two experiments were conducted. The aim of the first experiment was to examine whether the gender of the model affects the effectiveness of the advertisement. Seventy-five respondents were randomly split into a control group featuring no model, experimental group 1 featuring a female model, and experimental group 2 featuring a male model. The study found that while respondents spend more time looking at advertisements with models, male respondents in the male model group reported an intent to participate in higher levels of physical activity compared with the other 2 groups. The aim of the second experiment was to examine whether the celebrity status of the model affects the effectiveness of the advertisement. Fifty-nine respondents were randomly split either into a group featuring a sports celebrity or an unknown athlete. The results show that while the sports celebrity was more attractive, it was respondents in the noncelebrity group that reported an intent to participate in higher levels of physical activity. The findings from this study suggest that noncelebrity male models in printed advertisements promoting physical activity are more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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27. Does gender and ethnic diversity among audit partners influence office‐level audit personnel retention and audit quality?
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Condie, Eric R., Lisic, Ling Lei, Seidel, Timothy A., Truelson, Jonathan Michael, and Zimmerman, Aleksandra B.
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GENDER nonconformity ,CULTURAL pluralism ,AUDITING ,ORGANIZATIONAL identification ,OFFICES - Abstract
Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2023
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28. Gender‐ethnicity intersectional variation in work–family dynamics: Family interference with work, guilt, and job satisfaction.
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Hwang, Seonyoung and Hoque, Kim
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STRUCTURAL equation modeling ,SOCIAL groups ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,ANALYSIS of variance ,WORK-life balance ,FAMILY conflict ,GUILT (Psychology) ,POPULATION geography ,SEX distribution ,EXPERIENCE ,CRONBACH'S alpha ,MULTITRAIT multimethod techniques ,PSYCHOSOCIAL factors ,JOB satisfaction ,HYPOTHESIS ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,FACTOR analysis ,CHI-squared test ,INTERSECTIONALITY ,ETHNIC groups ,FAMILY relations - Abstract
Although guilt is often considered the most prevalent emotional outcome of work–family conflict (WFC), most work–family research focuses on family‐related guilt stemming from work interference with family, rather than job‐related guilt stemming from family interference with work (FIW). In addition, there is little understanding of how different employee social groups experience the implications of FIW in their daily lives. To address these research gaps, this study explores the relationship between daily FIW and job‐related guilt, and its subsequent impact on job satisfaction. It also investigates variation in these relationships by (1) gender and (2) the intersection of gender and ethnicity. Bayesian multilevel structural equation modeling using data from 5‐day diary surveys from 210 solicitors in Britain shows daily FIW is associated with higher job‐related guilt and subsequently lower job satisfaction. The relationship is stronger for women than men in general, but is also stronger for South Asian women than white British women (and men), and for South Asian men than white British men. This suggests that studies focusing on single social group characteristics (e.g., gender) are likely to obscure intersectional effects that might produce significant within‐group variation. The findings also highlight the importance of integrating workplace inequality arguments into theorization of WFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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29. Backlashes or boosts? The role of warmth and gender in relational uncertainty reductions.
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Mitchell, Rebecca L., Matusik, James G., and Johnson, Russell E.
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IMPLICIT bias ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,ONE-way analysis of variance ,INTERVIEWING ,SEX distribution ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,EMPLOYMENT ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,CHI-squared test ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,STATISTICAL sampling - Abstract
Both men and women who violate gender stereotypes incur backlashes, or penalties, for these transgressions. However, men who engage in warm, communal behaviors occasionally receive a boost (or benefit) for this female‐stereotyped behavior. To understand how and why warmth and gender interact to predict backlashes or boosts, we integrate uncertainty reduction theory with the stereotype content model and examine warmth by gender interactions. In our first study (a field examination of job seekers), we find that men receive a boost in hireability (i.e., an increased likelihood of obtaining a job offer) for exhibiting gender incongruent (i.e., high) levels of warmth, but women do not receive a backlash in hireability for exhibiting gender incongruent (i.e., low) levels of warmth. In our second study (a laboratory experiment), we replicate and extend these findings by elucidating why they occur: warmth reduces relational uncertainty for male, but not female, applicants. In our third study (another laboratory experiment), we again replicate and extend our findings by identifying when these effects are stronger: in male‐dominated roles. Our investigation suggests that the valence of the gender stereotype violation matters when it comes to hiring decisions. Indeed, we find that displaying warmth appears to promote, rather than impede, career outcomes for men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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30. The Past and Future of Gender Research in Marketing: Paradigms, Stances, and Value-Based Commitments.
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Peñaloza, Lisa, Prothero, Andrea, McDonagh, Pierre, and Pounders, Kathrynn
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GENDER ,MARKETING research ,RESEARCH ethics ,MARKETING strategy ,MARKETING periodicals - Abstract
This systematic literature review enhances paradigmatic/metaphysic analyses by examining how value-based commitments, intellectual personae, and stances impact the diversity, relevance, and consideration of ethics in gender research published by the top-tier marketing journals in the past 30 years. Theoretical contributions (1) explain how commitments to research values and practices constitute personae and particular stances toward research, (2) attribute value commitments to quantitative/positivist as well as qualitative/neohumanist research, and (3) implicate stances that favor particular theories and procedures and in turn enable the hierarchical development of gender research and its marginalization in the field. Recommendations elaborate the analytic, reflexive, and administrative training and research activities that will foster and reward more relevant, accurate, and ethical research on gender in the marketing academy and in industry. This work is of interest to persons dealing with gender identities, communities, and social issues, those working for greater gender representation and participation in firms and civic organizations, and those concerned with leveraging better marketing research for a better world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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31. Teachers' Verbal and Nonverbal Communication, Students' Psychological Needs, and Positive and Negative Outcomes in Physical Education.
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Moreno-Casado, Héctor, Leo, Francisco M., López-Gajardo, Miguel A., García-Calvo, Tomás, and Pulido, Juan J.
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- *
NONVERBAL communication , *PHYSICAL education teachers , *EDUCATIONAL outcomes , *ORAL communication , *PHYSICAL education , *TEACHERS - Abstract
Focused on physical education (PE), this study examined the association between teachers' communication and students' psychological needs, enjoyment/boredom, PE usefulness, and students' grade perception. Participants were 1,000 students (572 girls; Mage = 14.58 ± 0.65) from 29 Spanish secondary schools. A path model including variables measured at three times was tested: teachers' verbal/nonverbal communication (Time 1), needs satisfaction/frustration (Time 2), and PE outcomes (Time 3). Verbal communication positively predicted needs satisfaction, which, in turn, positively predicted enjoyment, PE usefulness, and students' grade perception and negatively predicted boredom. Verbal communication negatively predicted needs frustration, which was a positive predictor of boredom. Multigroup analysis showed that gender did not moderate the associations in the path model, whereas mediating effects were found between teachers' communication and consequences via students' psychological needs. Teachers should improve their communicative capacities to satisfy students' psychological needs and promote positive PE outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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32. Reaching for the Stars: How Gender Influences the Formation of High-Status Collaboration Ties.
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Rua-Gomez, Carla, Carnabuci, Gianluca, and Goossen, Martin C.
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GENDER ,COWORKER relationships ,COOPERATIVE research ,SCIENTISTS ,OCCUPATIONAL prestige ,WORK environment ,PHARMACEUTICAL industry - Abstract
Extant research has shown that it is harder for women than for men to form high-status connections in the workplace. Extending this line of research, we examine how two structural factors—geographic and network proximity—affect men's and women's chances of forming high-status connections. Using data on the formation of collaboration ties with star scientists within the research and development laboratories of the 42 largest pharmaceutical companies between 1985 and 2010, we show that women who are geographically colocated with a "star" colleague are less likely to form a tie with that colleague compared to male peers who are similarly colocated, and that this difference persists irrespective of the star's gender. Conversely, women benefit more than men do from network proximity, as indicated by the presence of common third-party ties, and this difference widens if the star colleague is also a woman. By illuminating how geographic and network proximity affect the chances of forming high-status connections differently for women than for men, our study goes beyond the notion that women have reduced access to workplace social capital and expands consideration to the structural factors that underpin—that is, amplify or reduce—that disadvantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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33. "Older, Faster, Stronger": The Multiple Benefits of Masters Sport Participation.
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Deck, Sarah, Doherty, Alison, Hall, Craig, Schneider, Angela, Patil, Swarali, and Belfry, Glen
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WELL-being ,SPORTS participation ,CONFIDENCE ,AGE distribution ,PHYSICAL training & conditioning ,EXERCISE physiology ,COGNITION ,INTERVIEWING ,OLDER athletes ,SEX distribution ,EXPERIENCE ,PHYSICAL activity ,SOCIAL skills ,THEMATIC analysis - Abstract
While masters sport aligns with the holistic concept of active aging, related research has focused predominantly on the physical domain, and less is known about the psychological, cognitive, and social benefits of older adults' participation. This study examined, in combination, the perceived psychological, social, cognitive, and physical benefits of training and competing as a masters athlete, while considering age and gender differences. Forty masters athletes residing in Canada were interviewed (21 men and 19 women; 15 who were 50–64 years and 25 who were 65–79 years), representing 15 different sports. Interviews were coded both deductively and inductively, revealing several subthemes of benefits for the broader perceived psychological, social, cognitive, and physical benefits, with few but notable differences between women and men, and those younger than 65 years and those 65+ years. Our findings provide new insights into the positive experiences of active aging associated with high levels of physical activity among older adults, such as greater self-confidence, especially for women, comradery, and feeling mentally sharper, especially for the older age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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34. Female Gender in Construction
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Arthur-Aidoo, Bernard, author, Quartey, Princess Naa Kwarkai, author, Nunoo, Perry Ransgreg, author, and Adzinku, Alex Kwaku, author
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- 2024
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35. Women Empowerment and Equality
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Arthur-Aidoo, Bernard, author, Quartey, Princess Naa Kwarkai, author, Nunoo, Perry Ransgreg, author, and Adzinku, Alex Kwaku, author
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- 2024
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36. Care as Essential Infrastructure: Definitions of and debates on care infrastructure from Kenya, Mexico, Peru, the Philippines, the United States, and Zimbabwe
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Duvisac, Sara and Castro Bernardini, María del Rosario
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Gender ,Governance and citizenship ,Inequality ,Rights - Abstract
Drawing on six case studies (Kenya, Mexico, Peru, the Philippines, the United States, and Zimbabwe), this paper explores the definitions, debates, and demands related to the concept of care infrastructure., The paper finds the following components of care infrastructure across the case studies: care-supporting physical infrastructure, knowledge production, community networks, national care frameworks and public financing, social protection, and public care services, programs, and regulations. These components of care infrastructure can look different from country to country, based on country-specific factors, including time use related to care, national laws and legal frameworks, and civil society and community mobilization. The existence of different approaches to care infrastructure, even between different stakeholders within countries, highlights the need to consider the local context of any intervention related to care., The paper also examines the responsibilities of different social actors (communities, civil society, the state, and the private sector) to support care infrastructure, with a focus on the role of the state. Across regions there are significant ongoing debates about the responsibilities of the state supporting and investing in care infrastructure and in advancing care as a right or care as a public good.
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- 2024
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37. Gender Differences in Robotic Surgery for Rectal Cancer: a Retrospective Study
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Daorong Wang, Professor
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- 2024
38. Impact of Progestin-only Contraception on Bleeding Patterns in Individuals Initiating GATT
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Sarah Averbach, MD MAS, Associate Professor
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- 2024
39. 2023 Problems Faced by Women Earthquake Survivors in Kahramanmaraş
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Özen İnam, Asst.Prof.Dr
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- 2024
40. Gender-based Impact on Safety and Efficacy of Lenvatinib in Patients With Differentiated Thyroid Cancer (Gisel)
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University of Turin, Italy, University of Roma La Sapienza, University of Siena, University of Pisa, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, University of Catania, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, and Marialuisa Appetecchia, Professor
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- 2024
41. GAGE Act With Her-Ethiopia Evaluation
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Overseas Development Institute, Addis Ababa University, University of Oklahoma, Pathfinder International, Care International, UK Department for International Development on behalf of UK Aid, Gates Foundation, and Sarah Baird, Associate Professor
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- 2024
42. Heart-brain-axis and Psychosocial Stress
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- 2024
43. Transgender Youth and PrEP: PK, Safety, Uptake & Adherence - Demonstration Project
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
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- 2024
44. Transgender Youth and PrEP: PK, Safety, Uptake & Adherence - Intervention Development
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
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- 2024
45. Transgender Youth and PrEP: PK, Safety, Uptake & Adherence - PK Study
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
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- 2024
46. Wildfires as legacies of agropastoral abandonment: Gendered litter raking and managed burning as historic fire prevention practices in the Monte Pisano of Italy
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Mathews, Andrew S and Malfatti, Fabio
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Agricultural ,Veterinary and Food Sciences ,Environmental Sciences ,Forestry Sciences ,Prevention ,Agropastoral management ,Gender ,Litter raking ,Peasants ,Traditional ecological knowledge ,Wildfires ,Ecology - Abstract
Agropastoral practices that historically reduced the flammability of Mediterranean landscapes are poorly understood due to state prohibitions and lack of scientific interest. Oral histories, analysis of agronomical writings, transect walks, and ethnographic study of fire managers and community members in the Monte Pisano of Italy, find legacies of traditional agropastoral practices in present-day landscapes. Forest leaf litter raking, largely carried out by women, combined with fire wood cutting and burning to greatly reduce fire risk. Historic stigmatization of traditional burning and ignoring gendered peasant labor have reduced contemporary scientists' and fire managers' understandings of ecological processes and of options for reducing fire risk. Fire managers in the Mediterranean, and in areas around the world affected by rural depopulation, would benefit from a better understanding of traditional agropastoral and fire management practices. Litter raking has been understudied outside Central Europe, is often gendered, and may have important ecological consequences around the world.
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- 2024
47. Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination at the intersection of race and gender: An intersectional theory primer
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Hudson, Sa‐kiera Tiarra Jolynn, Myer, Annalisa, and Berney, Elyssa Christine
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Clinical and Health Psychology ,Social and Personality Psychology ,Psychology ,Behavioral and Social Science ,discrimination ,gender ,intersectionality ,prejudice ,race ,theory ,Cognitive Sciences ,Clinical and health psychology ,Social and personality psychology - Abstract
The incorporation of intersectionality within social psychology is becoming an increasingly common practice. From the hypotheses we generate to the methods we employ, as well as the analyses we run and the theories we use, researchers are moving away from studying social identities in isolation. By studying the interactional and emergent properties of multiple identities that go beyond the sum of identities, as well as understanding the complex nature of power and privilege, social psychologists can better understand processes such as stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. Yet it can be difficult for researchers to know exactly where to begin. This review serves as a primer for conducting intersectionally-informed research within social psychology, using the intersection of race and gender within the United States as a case study. We first describe the history of intersectional research in psychology, noting its barriers to implementation. Next, we review three classes of intersectionally-informed models — intersectional perception, experience, and treatment — and offer suggestions for future research as well as ways researchers can incorporate the model within their work.
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- 2024
48. Does Sponsorship Promote Equity in Career Advancement in Academic Medicine? A Scoping Review.
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Williams, Mia, Feldman, Mitchell, and Schwartz, Rachel
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gender ,leadership ,mentoring ,sponsorship. ,underrepresented ,Male ,Humans ,Female ,Career Mobility ,Leadership ,Physicians ,Women ,Faculty ,Medical ,Academic Medical Centers - Abstract
Sponsorship describes a set of actions wherein an influential champion (sponsor) uses their position to actively support a colleagues career by helping them gain visibility, recognition, and/or positions. There is growing awareness of the importance of sponsorship for career advancement in academic medicine, particularly for women and those who are historically underrepresented and excluded in medicine (UIM). This scoping review examines the current landscape of evidence, and knowledge gaps, on sponsorship as it relates to career advancement in academic medicine for women and UIM faculty. We searched peer-reviewed literature in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science (WoS) over the past 50 years (from 1973 through July 2023). Sixteen studies were included in the final review. We found relative consensus on sponsorship definition and value to career advancement. Heterogeneity in study design limited our ability to directly compare study outcomes. All included studies focused on gender differences in sponsorship: two of four quantitative studies found men were more likely to receive sponsorship, one reported no gender differences, and one was insufficiently powered. All but one of the qualitative studies reported gender differences, with women less likely to access or be identified for sponsorship. The mixed-methods studies suggested sponsorship may vary by career stage. Only two studies analyzed sponsorship for UIM populations. The existing data are inconclusive regarding best ways to measure and assess sponsorship, what institutional support (e.g., structured programs, formal recognition, or incentives for sponsorship) should look like, and at what career stage sponsorship is most important. Addressing this knowledge gap will be critically important for understanding what sponsorship best practices, if any, should be used to promote equity in career advancement in academic medicine. We advocate for commitment at the institutional and national levels to develop new infrastructure for transparently and equitably supporting women and UIM in career advancement.
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- 2024
49. Household air pollution and risk of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-Infected adults.
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Katoto, Patrick, Bihehe, Dieudonné, Brand, Amanda, Mushi, Raymond, Kusinza, Aline, Alwood, Brian, van Zyl-Smit, Richard, Tamuzi, Jacques, Sam-Agudu, Nadia, Yotebieng, Marcel, Metcalfe, John, Theron, Grant, Godri Pollitt, Krystal, Lesosky, Maia, Vanoirbeek, Jeroen, Mortimer, Kevin, Nawrot, Tim, Nemery, Benoit, and Nachega, Jean
- Subjects
Africa ,Charcoal ,Gender ,Health equity ,Indoor pollution ,Adult ,Humans ,Male ,Female ,Case-Control Studies ,HIV Infections ,Tuberculosis ,Pulmonary ,Air Pollution ,Air Pollution ,Indoor - Abstract
BACKGROUND: In low- and middle-income countries countries, millions of deaths occur annually from household air pollution (HAP), pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), and HIV-infection. However, it is unknown whether HAP influences PTB risk among people living with HIV-infection. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study among 1,277 HIV-infected adults in Bukavu, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (February 2018 - March 2019). Cases had current or recent (3h/day and ≥2 times/day and ≥5 days/week were more likely to have PTB (aOR 1·36; 95%CI 1·06-1·75) than those spending less time in the kitchen. Time-weighted average 24h personal CO exposure was related dose-dependently with the likelihood of having PTB, with aOR 4·64 (95%CI 1·1-20·7) for the highest quintile [12·3-76·2 ppm] compared to the lowest quintile [0·1-1·9 ppm]. CONCLUSION: Time spent cooking and personal CO exposure were independently associated with increased risk of PTB among people living with HIV. Considering the high burden of TB-HIV coinfection in the region, effective interventions are required to decrease HAP exposure caused by cooking with biomass among people living with HIV, especially women.
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- 2024
50. Analysis of narrative assessments of internal medicine resident performance: are there differences associated with gender or race and ethnicity?
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Klein, Robin, Snyder, Erin, Koch, Jennifer, Volerman, Anna, Alba-Nguyen, Sarah, Julian, Katherine, Thompson, Vanessa, Ufere, Nneka, Burnett-Bowie, Sherri-Ann, Kumar, Anshul, White, Bobbie, Park, Yoon, and Palamara, Kerri
- Subjects
Assessment ,Bias ,Equity ,Ethnicity ,Gender ,Graduate medical education ,Medical education ,Race ,Male ,Humans ,Female ,Internship and Residency ,Ethnicity ,Clinical Competence ,Faculty ,Medical ,Internal Medicine - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Equitable assessment is critical in competency-based medical education. This study explores differences in key characteristics of qualitative assessments (i.e., narrative comments or assessment feedback) of internal medicine postgraduate resident performance associated with gender and race and ethnicity. METHODS: Analysis of narrative comments included in faculty assessments of resident performance from six internal medicine residency programs was conducted. Content analysis was used to assess two key characteristics of comments- valence (overall positive or negative orientation) and specificity (detailed nature and actionability of comment) - via a blinded, multi-analyst approach. Differences in comment valence and specificity with gender and race and ethnicity were assessed using multilevel regression, controlling for multiple covariates including quantitative competency ratings. RESULTS: Data included 3,383 evaluations with narrative comments by 597 faculty of 698 residents, including 45% of comments about women residents and 13.2% about residents who identified with race and ethnicities underrepresented in medicine. Most comments were moderately specific and positive. Comments about women residents were more positive (estimate 0.06, p 0.045) but less specific (estimate - 0.07, p 0.002) compared to men. Women residents were more likely to receive non-specific, weakly specific or no comments (adjusted OR 1.29, p 0.012) and less likely to receive highly specific comments (adjusted OR 0.71, p 0.003) or comments with specific examples of things done well or areas for growth (adjusted OR 0.74, p 0.003) than men. Gendered differences in comment specificity and valence were most notable early in training. Comment specificity and valence did not differ with resident race and ethnicity (specificity: estimate 0.03, p 0.32; valence: estimate - 0.05, p 0.26) or faculty gender (specificity: estimate 0.06, p 0.15; valence: estimate 0.02 p 0.54). CONCLUSION: There were significant differences in the specificity and valence of qualitative assessments associated with resident gender with women receiving more praising but less specific and actionable comments. This suggests a lost opportunity for well-rounded assessment feedback to the disadvantage of women.
- Published
- 2024
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