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Canine osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by degenerative changes in the joints resulting in pain and lameness. The study objective was to compare treatment of OA with a novel peri-articular injection (aqua-acupuncture/aqua-AP) technique using platelet-rich plasma (PRP), with standard intra-articular (IA) injection. Sixteen dogs diagnosed with OA in appendicular skeletal joints were enrolled and assigned to Test (n=8) or Control (n=8) treatment groups. Each subject received an injection at Week 0 and again at Week 4. Treatment outcomes assessed included goniometry (flexion and extension), infrared thermal imaging (IRTI), lameness grading scores and Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) questionnaire. The flexion and extension assessments had no statistically significant changes at 4 or 8-week assessment. Significant score reductions (improvement) were observed in both groups (p<0.001) for pain severity (2, 4, 8 weeks) and activity interference (2, 4, 8 weeks) for CBPI data with no significant difference between study groups concluded (p>0.05). Infrared thermal imaging demonstrated statistically significant (p<0.001), decreased temperature in the inflamed joints for both injection techniques, however, aqua-AP treatment was statistically significant at both 4 and 8 weeks while IA technique didn't reach significance until 8 weeks post-treatment. Lameness scores had significant improvements at 4 and 8 weeks with no significant difference between groups. The findings suggest that PurePRP® treatment delivered with either the proposed aqua-AP or the standard IA injection may improve pain and thermal outcomes (decrease joint inflammation) with more rapid thermal improvement for aqua-AP. There were no clear effects on goniometry measurements. Further investigations with larger scale trials are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and aim. The whole-body vibration has become known for optimizing the production of muscle power due to mechanical oscillations that are dependent on vibration frequency. However, the effects of varying the vibration frequency on flexibility have still been little explored. Compare the effects of two frequencies of whole-body vibration on flexibility and extensibility of the lower limbs. Material and methods. Randomized clinical trial with a sample of 42 young adult volunteers of both sexes, who performed squatting sessions with individualized load on a platform and distributed into three groups of vibration frequency: control group (CG), with the platform off; low frequency group (LF), with a frequency of 30 Hz; high frequency group (HF), with a frequency of 45 Hz. In total, the intervention was carried out in 12 sessions and lasted 6 weeks, with 2 sessions per week. Flexibility, evaluated before and after the intervention by the sit and reach test (Wells bench) and by evaluating the extensibility of the ischiotibials by goniometry. Results. No statistical differences were observed for any of the outcomes evaluated. Conclusion. None of the proposed frequencies produced gains in flexibility and extensibility of the lower extremities and there was no superiority of one frequency over another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chronic neck pain (CNP) is of the most common symptoms of musculoskeletal disorder. Diaphragmatic exercises can reduce pain, and disability, improve proprioception, and correct forward head posture (FHP) in patients with CNP. The present study aims to determine the effect of combining diaphragmatic exercises with physiotherapy on pain, disability, and active range of motions of cervical and FHP in individuals with CNP. Materials and Methods: Thirty women with CNP were randomly divided into two combined groups of diaphragmatic exercises and physiotherapy (DEPT) and PHYSIOTHERAPY ALONE (PT). Each person received ten sessions of treatment over two weeks. The results were assessed in the first and tenth sessions as well as two weeks later. Pain intensity was measured by visual analogue scale (VAS), disability by neck disability index (NDI), cervical active range of motions (CAROMs) by goniometry, and FHP by a lateral photograph. Results: The VAS, neck disability index (NDI), CAROMs, and FHP were improved after the tenth session and in a two-week follow-up (P<0.001). A significant difference was observed between the groups for average changes of VAS (P=0.04) and active extension (P<0.001) after the tenth session, while the average changes between the two groups of cervical active left lateral flexion (P=0.82) and left rotation (P=0.11) in the next two weeks was not significant. Conclusion: Both groups showed improvement in neck pain, disability, CAROMs, and FHP. However, diaphragmatic exercises and physiotherapy (DEPT) seem to have more lasting effects. Therefore, it is recommended to evaluate and modify the breathing patterns in the first line of treatment programs for patients with CNP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The study aimed to investigate the impact of body mass index (BMI) on the active range of motion (AROM) of the lower extremity joints in healthy sedentary young adults. Methods. Overall, 300 subjects of both genders (aged 18-30 years) were recruited in a way ensuring that the 4 BMI categories (underweight, normal, overweight, and obese) were well represented within the study sample. AROM of hip (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, external and internal rotation), knee (flexion and extension), and ankle (dorsiflexion and plantar flexion) were measured by using standard manual goniometry. The average of 3 repetitions for each joint movement was recorded. Results. Hip and knee sagittal movement and ankle dorsiflexion were significantly different between the BMI categories. The underweight and normal participants had statistically significantly highest AROM measures when compared with the overweight and obese individuals. Sagittal hip (flexion: r = -0.344, p < 0.001; extension: r = -0.291, p < 0.001) and knee (r = -0.544, p < 0.001), as well as hip abduction (r = -0.127, p = 0.027) movements exhibited a significant negative correlation with BMI. Rotational hip and ankle joint movements were not correlated with BMI. Conclusions. Increasing BMI limits the sagittal AROM of the hip and knee joints in sedentary healthy young adults. Obesity and overweight could be listed among the factors affecting sagittal hip and knee AROM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To develop and prove experimentally a rational integrated approach for using physical therapy for 30-50-year-old men suffering from pain in the thoracic spine at the training stage to achieve sustainable remission. Materials and Methods: The research was conducted in the clinical sanatorium ”Resort Berezovsky Mineral Waters”. We observed 40 men aged 30-50 years with complaints of the thoracic spine, a stable form, which was divided into the control group (20 persons) - CG and the main group (20 persons) – MG. All patients were at the training stage of rehabilitation in the conditions of sanatorium treatment. Medical and biological methods were used: pulsometry; arterial tonometry; hand dynamometry; linear measurement method; goniometry; measurement of thoracic spine mobility; spirometry. The results of the research were processed by the method of variation statistics with the calculation of mean values, mean quadratic deviation, error of mean value, probability criterion, and reliability of difference of indicators. Results: Reliable positive dynamics of the musculoskeletal system and cardiorespiratory system are established Conclusions: The effectiveness of a multidisciplinary approach is proved, namely application of therapeutic exercises with resistance, elements of traction action in the water in combination with physiotherapeutic procedures, psychotherapy, and therapeutic massage for 30-50-year-old men suffering from pains in the thoracic spine at the training stage of sanatorium treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Pedaling therapy is defined as a plan of physical activity prescribed to facilitate rehabilitation from immobilizing diseases and any conditions that disrupt the movement and activity of daily life or maintain well-being through neuroreeducation, gait training, and therapeutic activities. Material and method. It was addressed in a case study of a 40 years female patient who presented with a physiotherapy indication for gait rehabilitation from the specialist physician after immobilization in plasterboard for four weeks, the postfracture status of the lateral malleolus of the left lower limb fibula. A personalized cycling program was applied for five weeks, period March-April 2022 using a pedaling system designed and built with plantar pressure sensors attached to the pedals to monitor outputs. There was performed gait analysis, joint and muscular testing using goniometry, Borg Cycling Scale for the perception of effort and rehabilitation zone correlations, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain. The patient's risk chart is based on the bioimpedance parameters for determining the body composition using Zepp Analyzer. Heart rate reserve, as well as heart rate training, was calculated according to Karvonen's formula supervised with Smartwatch Huawei Watch GT 2 during the cycling rehabilitation program. The sensor signals attached to the pedals are converted to analog values for both feet and the force in Newton is measured according to the values transmitted. Results and Conclusions Rehabilitation treatment consisted of applying to the therapeutic program according to the rehabilitation phases for 5 weeks maintaining a perceptual level of 4/10 Borg (maintaining the resistance zone 2) with progressive intensity from level 3 to 5. After the rehabilitation program, average analog values between the two members were 219/240 - left / right respectively 0.89 / 0.98 N showing an insignificant force difference of 0.09 N in absolute value. The final evaluation of the joint balance by goniometry enhances exceeding the values of the functional-coefficient. Muscle balance registered an optimal value of 5/5 for the left foot. The pulse corresponding to the target range not exceeded 130. The kinetic chain deficit has improved, the muscle testing indicating a range of motion of 53 degrees in the ankle left joint versus 11 degrees after immobilization. Remission of edema after phase I (first week) proved an anti-inflammatory effect. Left foot support on the ground became possible without pain (VAS = 0). The application of the proposed pedaling program using the built horizontal device led to the achievement of the objectives regarding the facilitation of the ambulance, the system is reliable and technically functional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most severe and slowly recovering injuries of the musculoskeletal system is the "O'Donoghue Triad" or the so-called "Unhappy Triad". It mainly affects athletes, excluding them for a long time from their sports activities. O’Donoghue’s triad includes rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament, rupture of the medial meniscus and rupture of the medial collateral ligament of the knee joint. Immediately after the injury there is static and dynamic instability of the knee joint, which hides a high risk of dislocation of the knee and damage to other tissues: rupture of the joint capsule, rupture of the chondral tissue, rupture of the lateral collateral ligament, damage to the lateral meniscus and others. The treatment is surgical and solves the problem of static instability immediately after surgery. Dynamic instability of the knee joint is restored over a long period of time by applying an analytically designed kinesitherapy program to patients after surgical treatment of the O’Donoghue Triad. For functional assessment and monitoring of the dynamics of recovery and correction of kinesitherapy, it is necessary to make an analytical selection of a test battery from functional indicators and tests corresponding to the dysfunctions of the operated knee. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop a diagnostic system for functional assessment of patients after surgical treatment of the O’Donoghue Triad. Research methodology: To realize the purpose of the research the following methods are applied: Analysis of literature sources (deductive method); Expert evaluation. Results: To establish the condition of various aspects of the knee recovery process, after analysis of literature sources and expert assessment in the diagnostic system for functional assessment include: for pain testing: quantitative measurement of pain on a visual-analog scale (VAS - from 0 to 10); goniometry, a method for measuring the range of motion in the knee joint, taking into account the results of the standard SFTR methodology; centimeter - a method for measuring the circumference of the lower limbs in centimeters; manual-muscular testing of the main muscles in the area of the knee complex, examination for the establishment of hypertensive and shortened muscles; test to study changes in the stability of the support; test for static muscular endurance of the sciatic muscles; static muscle endurance test of m. quadriceps femoris; test for assessment of the dynamic strength of the lower limbs (author's test); test for diagnosis of the explosive force of the lower extremities; scale for functional assessment of the condition of the knee joint; study of the locomotor abilities of patients. Conclusion: For functional assessment of the condition of the knee joint, a selection of functional tests has been made, prepared as a diagnostic system for functional assessment and for monitoring the dynamics of recovery of the knee complex in patients with "O'Donoghue's Triad" treated surgically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Range of motion (ROM) is a measure often reported as an indicator of joint functionality. Both the angle of extension and that of flexion were measured in 234 stifle joints of dogs with cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture. The aims of this study were to investigate the correlation between CCL rupture and alterations in the range of stifle joint motion and to determine whether there was a prevalence modification of one of the two angles. All the extension and flexion angles were obtained from clinical records and were analysed in various combinations. A significant relationship was found between normal angles and abnormal angles; concerning the reduction in the ROM, a significant prevalence in the alteration extension angle was found. Of the 234 stifles, 33 (13.7%) were normal in both angles. These results could offer important insights regarding the influence of CCL rupture on compromising the ROM. This awareness could be a baseline for understanding the ability of surgical treatment to restore one angle rather than another angle, to address the choice of treatment and to help physiotherapists in their rehabilitation program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Body-weight (BW) support during running can be accomplished using deep-water running (DWR; 100% BW support) and a lower-body positive-pressure (LBPP) treadmill. PURPOSE: To compare lower-extremity muscle activity during DWR and running on an LBPP treadmill at matched stride frequency. METHODS: Eight subjects (40 ± 6.5 y, 173 ± 7.2 cm, 66.9 ± 11.7 kg) completed 4 running conditions all at a preferred stride frequency that was determined while running with no support. Two conditions were running on the LBPP treadmill at 60% and 80% of BW, and the other 2 conditions were different DWR styles: high knee (DWR-HK) and cross-country (DWR-CC). Average (AVG) and root-mean-square (RMS) electromyography (rectus femoris, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior) were each compared among conditions (repeated-measures analysis of variance). RESULTS: Results for AVG and RMS variables were identical for statistical tests for each muscle. Rectus femoris electromyography during DWR-HK was lower than that of DWR-CC (P < .05) but not different than either 60% BW or 80% BW (P > .05). Biceps femoris electromyography was less during DWR-HK than DWR-CC (P < .05) but greater during DWR-HK than either BW 60% or BW 80% (P < .05). Neither gastrocnemius nor tibialis anterior electromyography differed between conditions (P > .05). CONCLUSION: Neither the mechanism of BW support nor style of DWR influenced gastrocnemius or tibialis anterior muscle activity during running at the same stride frequency. However, rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscle activity were influenced by not only the mechanism of BW support but also the style of DWR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to develop a three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis based anatomical wrist joint coordinate system for measurement of in-vivo wrist kinematics. The convergent validity and reliability of the 3D motion analysis implementation was quantified and compared with manual and electrogoniometry techniques on 10 cadaveric specimens. Fluoroscopic measurements were used as the reference. The 3D motion analysis measurements (mean absolute difference [MAD] = 3.6°) were significantly less different (P < .005) than manual goniometry (MAD = 5.7°) but not (P = .066, power = 0.45) electrogoniometry (MAD = 5.0°) compared with fluoroscopy. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC[2,1]) was highest for 3D motion analysis compared with manual and electrogoniometry, suggesting better reliability for this technique. To demonstrate the utility of this new wrist joint coordinate system, normative data from 10 healthy subjects was obtained while throwing a dart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding joint stiffness and stability is beneficial for assessing injury risk. The purpose of this study was to examine joint rotational stiffness for individual muscles contributing to elbow joint stability. Fifteen male participants maintained combinations of three body orientations (standing, supine, sitting) and three hand preloads (no load, solid tube, fluid filled tube) while a device imposed a sudden elbow extension. Elbow angle and activity from nine muscles were inputs to a biomechanical model to determine relative contributions to elbow joint rotational stiffness, reported as percent of total stiffness. A body orientation by preload interaction was evident for most muscles (P < .001). Brachioradialis had the largest change in contribution while standing (no load, 18.5%; solid, 23.8%; fluid, 26.3%). Across trials, the greatest contributions were brachialis (30.4 ± 1.9%) and brachioradialis (21.7 ± 2.2%). Contributions from the forearm muscles and triceps were 5.5 ± 0.6% and 9.2 ± 1.9%, respectively. Contributions increased at time points closer to the perturbation (baseline to anticipatory), indicating increased neuromuscular response to resist rotation. This study quantified muscle contributions that resist elbow perturbations, found that forearm muscles contribute marginally and showed that orientation and preload should be considered when evaluating elbow joint stiffness and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Context: Decreased flexibility in muscles and joints of lower extremities is commonly observed in runners. Understanding the effect of decreased flexibility on knee walking kinematics in runners is important because, over time, altered gait patterns can make runners vulnerable to overuse injuries or degenerative pathologies. Objectives: To compare hamstring and iliotibial-band (ITB) flexibility and knee kinematics in runners and nonrunners. Design: A descriptive, comparative laboratory study. Setting: Hamstring and ITB flexibility were measured with the active knee-extension test and the modified Ober test, respectively, in both groups of participants. Three-dimensional (3D) walking kinematic data were then recorded at the knee using a motion-tracking system. Participants: 18 runners and 16 nonrunners. Main Outcome Measures: Knee-extension angle (hamstring flexibility) and hip-adduction angle (ITB flexibility). Knee kinematic parameters of interest included knee angle at initial contact, peak knee angles, and knee-angle range in all planes of movement. Results: The runners had a significantly less flexible ITB than the nonrunners (hip adduction [-] and adduction [+] angles, 3.1° ± 5.6° vs -6.4° ± 4.5°; P < .001). The runners demonstrated a greater mean tibial external-rotation angle at initial contact (7.3° ± 5.8° vs 2.0° ± 4.0°; P = .01) and a smaller mean peak tibial internal-rotation angle (-1.6° ± 3.0° vs -4.2° ± 3.2°; P = .04) than the nonrunners. Conclusion: This study provides new insight into the relationship between muscle flexibility and 3D knee kinematics in runners. This supports the premise that there is an association between muscle flexibility and transverse-plane knee kinematics in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proper execution of the sprint start is crucial in determining the performance during a sprint race. In this respect, when moving from the crouch to the upright position, trunk kinematics is a key element. The purpose of this study was to validate the use of a trunk-mounted inertial measurement unit (IMU) in estimating the trunk inclination and angular velocity in the sagittal plane during the sprint start. In-laboratory sprint starts were performed by five sprinters. The local acceleration and angular velocity components provided by the IMU were processed using an adaptive Kalman filter. The accuracy of the IMU inclination estimate and its consistency with trunk inclination were assessed using reference stereophotogrammetric measurements. A Bland-Altman analysis, carried out using parameters (minimum, maximum, and mean values) extracted from the time histories of the estimated variables, and curve similarity analysis (correlation coefficient > 0.99, root mean square difference < 7 deg) indicated the agreement between reference and IMU estimates, opening a promising scenario for an accurate in-field use of IMUs for sprint start performance assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of our study was to establish criterion-related validity and repeatability of a shoulder biomechanics testing protocol involving an electromagnetic tracking system (Flock of Birds [FoB]). Eleven subjects completed humeral elevation tasks in the sagittal, scapular, and frontal planes on two occasions. Shoulder kinematics were assessed with a digital inclinometer and the FoB. Intrasession and intersession repeatability for orthopedic angles, and humeral and scapular kinematics ranged from moderate to excellent. Correlation analyses revealed strong relationships between inclinometer and FoB measures of humeral motion, yet considerable mean differences were noted between the measurement devices. Our results validate use of the FoB for measuring humeral kinematics and establish our testing protocol as reliable. We must continue to consider factors that can impact system accuracy and the effects they may have on kinematic descriptions and how data are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: A valgus position of the knee on functional loading tasks has been reported to be associated with patellofemoral-joint pain. Training programs to reduce knee valgus have been shown to be effective but take time. It would appear logical to use a brace or strap to help control this knee motion to reduce symptoms. Objective: To assess the impact of the SERF strap on knee valgus and patellofemoral-joint pain. Design: Repeated measures. Setting: University human performance laboratory. Participants: 12 women with patellofemoral pain (mean age 24 ± 3.2 y). Intervention: Application of SERF strap. Main Outcome Measures: Knee-valgus angle on single-leg squat and step landing and visual analog scale pain score. Results: The application of the SERF brace significantly reduced the pain (P < .04) and knee valgus (P < .034) during both tasks. Conclusion: The SERF brace brings about a significant reduction in pain during functional tasks. Although the brace brought about a significant reduction in knee valgus, this failed to exceed the smallest-detectable-difference value, so the difference is likely to be related to measurement error. The mechanism as to why this the reduction in pain occurs therefore remains unclear, as this study in line with many others failed to demonstrate meaningful changes in kinematics that could provide an obvious explanation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sprints combined with changes in direction and repeated lunges are the most frequent movements during a squash game. These motions overload the iliopsoas muscle which may cause a lot of microinjuries. Accumulating microinjuries combined with a lack of stretching exercises may lead to iliopsoas contracture. Aim of the study: Assessment of the frequency and degree of iliopsoas contracture in regular squash players. Material and methods: The experimental group comprised 25 regular squash players (minimum 2 years of playing at least twice a week) and 21 non-players (control group). A modified Thomas Test was used to assess iliopsoas contracture using goniometric and linear measurements. Results: Iliopsoas contracture was observed in 96% of the squash players and 66.7% of the n on-players (p = 0 .0089). The degree of muscle contracture in the goniometric measurement was greater in squash players than in the non-players in both the left (p = 0.0303) and right (p = 0.0007) iliopsoas muscles. There were no statistically significant differences in the linear measurement. Conclusions: There is a positive relationship between regularly playing squash and the frequency of iliopsoas contracture occurrence being significantly greater in squash players than in non-players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare shoulder muscle force and moment production during external rotation performed in the transverse and sagittal planes. An optimization model was used for estimating shoulder muscle force production of infraspinatus, teres minor, supraspinatus, anterior deltoid, middle deltoid and posterior deltoid muscles. The model uses as input data the external rotation moment, muscle moment arm magnitude,muscle physiologic cross-sectional area and muscle specific tension. The external rotation moment data were gathered from eight subjects in transverse and six subjects in sagittal plane using an isokinetic dynamometer.In the sagittal plane, all studied muscles presented larger estimated force in comparison with the transverse plane. The infraspinatus, teres minor, supraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles presented larger moment insagittal when compared with transverse plane. When prescribing shoulder rehabilitation exercises, therapists should bear in mind the described changes in muscle force production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: A dynamic-balance-training (DBT) program supplemented with the Graston instrument-assisted soft-tissue mobilization (GISTM) technique has not been evaluated collectively as a treatment in subjects with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Objective: To examine the effects of GISTM in conjunction with a DBT program on outcomes associated with CAI, including pain and disability, range of motion (ROM), and dynamic postural control. Design: Pretest/posttest, repeated measures. Setting: High school and a Division I mid-Atlantic university. Participants: Thirty-six healthy, physically active individuals (5 female, 31 male; age 17.7 ± 1.9 y; height 175.3 ± 14.6 cm) with a history of CAI as determined by an ankle-instability questionnaire volunteered to be in this study. Interventions: Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 intervention groups: both treatments (DBT/GISTM, n = 13), DBT and a sham GISTM treatment (DBT/GISTM-S, n = 12), or DBT and control-no GISTM (DBT/C, n = 11). All groups participated in a 4-wk DBT program consisting of low-impact and dynamic activities that was progressed from week to week. The DBT/GISTM and DBT/ GISTM-S groups received the GISTM treatment or sham treatment twice a week for 8 min before performing the DBT program. Pretest and posttest measurements included the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM), FAAM Sport, the visual analog scale (VAS), ankle ROM in 4 directions, and the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) in 3 directions. Main Outcome Measures: FAAM and FAAM-Sport scores, VAS, goniometric ROM (plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, inversion, eversion), and SEBT (anterior, posteromedial, posterolateral). Results: Subjects in all groups posttest demonstrated an increase in FAAM, FAAM Sport, ROM, and SEBT in all directions but not in VAS, which decreased. No other results were significant. Conclusion: For subjects with CAI, dynamic postural control, ROM, pain and disability improved pretest to posttest regardless of group membership, with the largest effects found in most measures in the DBT/GISTM group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, there has not been a direct examination of the effect that tissue composition (lean mass/muscle, fat mass, bone mineral content) differences between males and females has on how the tibia responds to impacts similar to those seen during running. To evaluate this, controlled heel impacts were imparted to 36 participants (6 M and 6 F in each of low, medium and high percent body fat [BF] groups) using a human pendulum. A skin-mounted accelerometer medial to the tibial tuberosity was used to determine the tibial response parameters (peak acceleration, acceleration slope and time to peak acceleration). There were no consistent effects of BF or specific tissue masses on the un-normalized tibial response parameters. However, females experienced 25% greater peak acceleration than males. When normalized to lean mass, wobbling mass, and bone mineral content, females experienced 50%, 62% and 70% greater peak acceleration, respectively, per gram of tissue than males. Higher magnitudes of lean mass and bone mass significantly contributed to decreased acceleration responses in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Limited ankle DF (DF) range of motion (ROM) resulting from restricted gastrocnemius and soleus mobility is associated with a variety of lower extremity pathologies. Several techniques are used clinically to measure ankle DF. Objectives: To evaluate the reliability and minimal detectable change of DF ROM measurement, determine whether there is a difference in measured DF between techniques, and quantify the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the soleus and tibialis anterior muscles associated with the techniques. Design: Repeated measures. Setting: Controlled laboratory setting. Participants: 39 healthy subjects, age 22-33. Main Outcome Measures: DF measurements using 5 different techniques including active and passive DF with the knee extended and flexed to 90° and a modified lunge. EMG activity of the soleus and anterior tibialis muscles. Results: Intrarater reliability values (ICC3,1) ranged from .68 to .89. Interrater reliability (ICC2,1) ranged from .55 to .82. ICCs were the greatest with the modified lunge. The minimal detectable change (MDC95) ranged from 6° to 8° among the different techniques. A significant difference in DF ROM was found between all methods. Measurements taken with active DF were greater than the same measures taken passively. The lunge position resulted in greater DF ROM than both active and passive techniques. EMG activity of the soleus was greater with active DF and the lunge than with passive DF. Conclusions: The modified lunge, which demonstrated excellent intrarater and interrater reliability, may best represent maximal DF. Active end-range DF was significantly greater than passive end-range DF when measured at either 0° or 90° knee flexion. Greater active DF was not explained by inhibition of the soleus. Finally, using the modified lunge, a difference between 2 measurements over time of 6° or more suggests that a meaningful change has occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ramp isometric contractions determine peak torque (PT) and neuromuscular activation (NA), and ballistic contractions can be used to evaluate rate of torque development (RTD) and electrical mechanical delay (EMD). The purposes of this study were to assess the number of sessions required to stabilize ramp and ballistic PT and to compare PT and NA between contractions in older adults. Thirty-five older men and women (age 63.7 ± 3.7 yr, body mass 64.3 ± 10.7 kg, height 159.2 ± 6.6 cm) performed 4 sessions of unilateral ramp and ballistic isometric knee extension, 48 hr apart. PT significantly increased (main time effect p < .05) from the first to the third session, with no further improvements thereafter. There was a trend toward higher PT in ballistic than in ramp contractions. No difference between contraction types on EMG values was observed. Therefore, the authors suggest that 3 familiarization sessions be performed to correctly assess PT. In addition, PT, NA, RTD, and EMD can be assessed with ballistic contraction in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of wrist guards and modifying elbow posture for reducing impact-induced accelerations at the wrist and elbow, for the purpose of decreasing upper extremity injury risk during forward fall arrest, has not yet been documented in living people. A seated human pendulum was used to simulate the impact conditions consistent with landing on outstretched arms during a forward fall. Accelerometers measured the wrist and elbow response characteristics of 28 subjects following impacts with and without a wrist guard, and with elbows straight or slightly bent. Overall, the wrist guard was very effective, with significant reductions in peak accelerations at the elbow in the axial and off-axis directions, and in the off-axis direction at the wrist by almost 50%. The effect of elbow posture as an intervention strategy was mixed; a change in magnitude and direction of the acceleration response was documented at the elbow, while there was little effect at the wrist. Unique evidence was presented in support of wrist guard use in activities like in-line skating where impacts to the hands are common. The elbow response clearly shows that more proximal anatomical structures also need to be monitored when assessing the effectiveness of injury prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we outline a method for computing Achilles tendon moment arm. The moment arm is computed from data collected using two reliable measurement instruments: ultrasound and video-based motion capture. Ultrasound is used to measure the perpendicular distance from the surface of the skin to the midline of the tendon. Motion capture is used to determine the perpendicular distance from the bottom of the probe to the ankle joint center. The difference between these two measures is the Achilles tendon moment arm. Unlike other methods, which require an angular change in joint position to approximate the moment arm, the hybrid method can be used to compute the moment arm directly at a specific joint angle. As a result, the hybrid method involves fewer error-prone measurements and the moment arm can be computed at the limits of the joint range of motion. The method is easy to implement and uses modalities that are less costly and more accessible than MRI. Preliminary testing using a lamb shank as a surrogate for a human ankle revealed good accuracy (3.3% error). We believe the hybrid method outlined here can be used to measure subject-specific moment arms in vivo and thus will potentially benefit research projects investigating ankle mechanics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The athlete's inrun position affects the outcome for take-off in ski jumping. The purpose of this study was to examine the kinematic parameters between skiers' adjacent body segments during their first straight path of the inrun. Elite ski jumpers participated in the study at the World Cup events in Innsbruck, Austria, during the years 1992 through 2001. A video image was taken at a right angle to the tracks of the K-110 (meter) jumping hill. Kinematic data were collected from the lower extremities and trunk of the athletes. Findings indicated that jumpers had diminished ankle and knee joint angles and increased trunk and hip angles over the 10 years. In recent years, the best athletes achieved a further length of their jumps, while they experienced slower inrun average velocity. These results are perhaps explained by several possible contributing factors, such as new technique of the jumper's body kinematics, advancements in equipment technology, and somatotype of the jumpers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a physiologically realistic joint range of motion and therefore range of muscle fiber lengths, only part of the whole muscle force-length curve can be used in vivo; that is, only a section of the force-length curve is expressed. Previous work has determined that the expressed section of the force-length curve for individual muscles can vary between subjects; however, the degree of intersubject variability is different for different muscles. This study determined the expressed section of both the rectus femoris and gastrocnemius—muscles with very different ratios of tendon slack length to muscle fiber optimum length—for 28 nonspecifically trained subjects to test the hypothesis that the value of this ratio affects the amount of variability in the expressed section. The force-length curves of the two muscles were reconstructed from moment-angle data using the method of Herzog & ter Keurs (1988). There was no relationship between the expressed sections of the force-length curve for the two muscles. Less variability was found in the expressed section of the gastrocnemius compared with the rectus femoris, supporting the hypothesis. The lack of relationship between the expressed sections of the two muscles has implications for motor control and for training muscle for rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much research is ongoing into improving the accuracy of functional algorithms to determine joint centers (JC), but there has been limited testing using human movement data. This paper is in three parts: Part 1, errors in determining JCs from real human movement data using the SCoRE method; Part 2, variability of marker combinations during a punch; Part 3, variability in the JC due to reconstruction. Results indicate determining the JC of the shoulder or elbow with a triad of markers per segment with an accuracy greater than 20 mm is unlikely. Part 2 suggests conducting a pilot study with abundant markers to obtain triads, which are most stable due to differences of 300-400% in variability between triads. Variability due to the choice of reference frame for reconstruction during the punch ranged from 2.5 to 13.8 mm for the shoulder and 1.5 to 21.1 mm for the elbow. It would appear more pertinent to enhance the practical methods in situ than to further improve theoretical accuracy of functional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Structural and coronal-plane-alignment characteristics of the lower limb are frequently cited as factors contributing to knee pathologies. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy and reliability characteristics of a digital-photographic-goniometric method (DPGM) of measurement for 2-dimensional (2D) coronal-plane lower limb measurements of the quadriceps (Q) angle, tibiofemoral (TF) angle, and femur length in human participants adopting a self-selected- or Rombergstance position. Design: Reliability study. Setting: University motion-analysis laboratory. Participants: A convenience sample of 20 healthy young adult men and women. Main Outcome Measures: Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), 95% confidence intervals, and standard error of the measurements. Results: Intratester- and intertester-reliability coefficients for the Q angle (ICCs .458-845 and .257-737) were consistently lower than those for the TF angle (ICCs .627-904 and .700-839) or femur length (ICCs .867-958 and .866-.944). Q angles were also significantly larger (13.4%) in the Romberg- vs self-selected-stance position (P < .001) and larger (20.2%) in the left limb than the right limb. Conclusions: The DPGM has the potential to produce accurate and reliable measurements of selected 2D lower limb measures. However, the reliability characteristics depend on the ability of the testers to correctly and repeatably landmark the anatomical sites used to define the measurements of interest and might be influenced by other factors such as the stance position adopted, the complexity of the variable (ie, number of anatomical landmarks and segments), and the size of the captured image. Further investigation of these latter factors is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Hip function has been proposed to be related to low back pain (LBP) because of the anatomical proximity of the hip and lumbopelvic region. To date, findings have been inconclusive, possibly because the samples studied were heterogeneous. Subgrouping samples based on characteristics such as activity demand, LBP classification, and sex might clarify research findings. Objective: To describe and summarize studies that examine 3 factors proposed to be important to the study of the hip-LBP relationship. Design: Review of cross-sectional studies. Setting: Academic healthcare center and research laboratory. Subjects: 3 groups: athletes with a history of LBP who regularly participate in rotation-related sports, athletes without a history of LBP who are active but do not regularly participate in rotation-related sports, and athletes without a history of LBP who participate in rotation-related sports. Main Outcome: Hip range of motion and hip-lumbopelvic region coordination. Measures: Hip range of motion was measured with an inclinometer. Coordination was examined based on kinematics obtained with a 3-dimensional motion-capture system. Result: Differences among groups were found based on activity demand, LBP classification, and sex. Conclusion: When assessing athletes with and without LBP, characteristics such as activity demand, LBP classification, and sex should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) is composed of 8 reaching directions that are potentially measuring the same functional component, leading to the suggestion that the number of reach directions could be reduced without compromising the assessment of dynamic postural control. Objective: To determine whether the relationship of stance-leg angular displacement on normalized reach distance is a source of dynamic-postural-control measurement redundancy. Design: Single-session within-subjects design. Setting: Athletic training research laboratory. Participants: 10 women and 10 men. Interventions: None. Main Outcome Measures: Normalized reach distance and angular displacement at the knee and hip. Results: Stepwise regression revealed that hip flexion and knee flexion, separately and in combination, accounted for 62% to 95% of the variance in reach distances. Conclusion: Similarity in lower extremity function could account for the previously observed measurement redundancy in the SEBT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to investigate the effects of three anatomical frames using palpable anatomical landmarks of the knee on the net knee joint moments. The femoral epicondyles, femoral condyles, and tibial ridges were used to define the different anatomical frames and the segment end points of the distal femur and proximal tibia, which represent the origin of the tibial coordinate system. Gait data were then collected using the calibrated anatomical system technique (CAST), and the external net knee joint moments in the sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes were calculated based upon the three anatomical frames. Peak knee moments were found to be significantly different in the sagittal plane by approximately 25% (p ≤ 0.05), but no significant differences were seen in the coronal or transverse planes. Based on these findings it is important to consider the definition of anatomical frames and be aware that the use of numerous anatomical landmarks around the knee can have significant effects on knee joint moments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature supports habitual stretching for increasing an individual's flexibility; however, immediate gains in range of motion have received limited investigation. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the retention of active knee extension range of motion (AKE ROM) after a single bout of stretching. Design: Subjects participated in three experimental stretching groups: contract-relax, agonist contract (CRAC); static stretch; and active control stretch. AKE ROM was measured by an analog inclinometer fixed to a modified Orthotron II for pretreatment and posttreatment measurements at 0, 3, 7, 12, 18, and 25 minutes. Participants: 32 active male and female college age students. Results: Analysis suggested that stretching as a combined treatment effect demonstrated an increase in AKE ROM that lasted for 25 minutes; however, no specific method of stretching was found to be more beneficial. Conclusion: Stretching utilizing CRAC, static, or active control techniques lend support to their use for the purpose of increasing and retaining ROM prior to physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A marker-based kinematic hand model to quantify finger postures was developed and compared to manual goniometric measurements. The model was implemented with data collected from static postures of five subjects. The metacarpal phalangeal (MCP) and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints were positioned in flexion of approximately 30, 60, and 90 degrees for 5 subjects. Wrist flexion/extension and ulnar/radial deviations were also examined. The model-based angles for the MCP and PIP joints were not statistically equivalent to the goniometric measurements, with differences of -1.8 degrees and +3.5 degrees, respectively. Differences between the two measurement methods for the MCP and PIP were found to be a function of the posture (i.e., 150, 120, or 90 degree blocks) used. Wrist measurements differed by -4.0 degrees for ulnar/radial deviation and +5.2 degrees for flexion/extension. Much of the difference between the model and goniometric measurements is believed due to inaccuracies in the goniometric measurements. The proposed model is useful for future investigations of finger-intensive activities by supplying accurate and unbiased measures of joint angles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field study was performed using a new data collection system looking at upper extremity kinetics during two different cutting tasks, wing vs. tender cuts, in three poultry plants. The Ergonomic Work Assessment System (EWAS) was designed to simultaneously record knife forces (Fx, Fy, and Fz), electromyographic (EMG) activity (forearm flexors/extensors), and goniometric data (wrist flexion/extension), all of which may represent risk factors associated with cumulative trauma disorders, specifically carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). The objective of this study was to monitor workers in an unencumbered fashion as they performed two different poultry cutting tasks. It was assumed that the variables measured by EWAS would be able to discriminate between the two cuts and quantify possible differences between the two. The results confirmed that EWAS successfully showed significant differences in knife forces between the wing and tender cuts. Knife force differences were also observed between plants for the same cut. Differences in the two cuts were also identified in the EMG and wrist angles. EWAS successfully quantified variables that may represent risk factors associated with CTS in three poultry plants. Knowledge of a better quantitatively described external work environment may enable plants to better design rotation schedules for their deboners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muscle volume and strength of lower-limb muscles are often assessed to evaluate the effect of treatments or monitor the disease progression in children with cerebral palsy (CP) or Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Reference curves are useful to interpret subject-specific outcomes. For our recently published reference database for muscle morphology [1], centile curves were not yet established and reference data for muscle strength collected using a fixed dynamometer were still lacking. We aimed to establish centile curves for muscle volume and strength of TD children aged 0.5-18 years, and demonstrate their use on individual CP and DMD cases. We pooled available muscle morphology data in a total database of 175 TD children, including 99 (♂/♀=44/55) and 167 (♂/♀=81/86) datasets for rectus femoris muscle and medial gastrocnemius volume, respectively, while strength was assessed in 169 TD children (♂/♀=116/53). One girl with unilateral CP (7.8years, GMFCS-I) who was assessed pre and post progressive resistance training (PRT, 12 weeks, 4 sessions/week) and one boy with DMD (14.8years) who had follow-up data with 6-month interval, were included to illustrate the application of the centile approach. 3D freehand ultrasound was used to assess muscle volumes [2]. Knee extension and plantar flexion strength was measured using a fixed dynamometer [3]. Centile curves for the four outcomes with increasing age were constructed using generalized additive models for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS) in R [4]. Different models were compared and the best fitted model was selected based on the Akaike information criterion and visual inspection. Regression diagnostics were used to check the final model's fit. Z-scores were predicted based on the centile curves for the two cases. The centile curves are visualized in Fig. 1. Overall, muscle volumes and strength and their inter-subject variation increased with age. The increased variation was more evident for muscle volumes compared to strength. Plantar flexion strength showed high variation already in young children, which may be explained by the moderate reliability (ICC= 0.626) of this assessment [5]. Post-PRT, the z-scores increased in the girl with CP, except for rectus femoris volume. While the absolute values of rectus femoris muscle volume and knee extension strength remained stable, all z-scores decreased in the boy with DMD. [Display omitted] The muscle-specific centile curves for volumes and strength of TD children can successfully be used to express subject-specific outcomes in reference to TD peers. This can facilitate the interpretation of treatment-effect and disease-progress during growth in clinical research as well as for patient-specific follow-up in clinical practice. We can also construct reference curves for available morphology and strength datasets, and include body mass and length as well as longitudinal data in the models. This study was supported by Duchenne-Parent-Project-NL(17.011), Research Foundation Flanders project T005416N and fellowship 1188923 N. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predictive simulations of gait can improve our understanding of how underlying impairments contribute to gait pathology in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). This is essential to make progress in gait rehabilitation and orthotic treatments aiming at prolonging ambulation in DMD. Yet, there is still a need to evaluate if predictive simulations can capture the key features of DMD gait. Can we simulate DMD gait pathology? 3D gait analysis was collected in three boys with DMD, who were situated at different stages of the disease progression. Muscle weakness was measured using a fixed dynamometer [1]. Muscle stiffness and contractures were assessed using goniometry and clinical scales. For each subject, a generic musculoskeletal model [2] was scaled to the subject's anthropometry based on marker data. The maximal isometric muscle forces (MIMF), joint stiffness, properties of the foot-ground contact model, weights of the cost function and imposed walking speed were scaled to reflect the child's dimensions. Subject-specific muscle weakness was modeled by decreasing active MIMF based on the individual's weakness scores. Muscle stiffness and contractures were modeled by shifting and increasing the steepness of the passive force-length relationship of the assessed muscles. Gait was predicted by minimizing a cost function while imposing the gait speed and periodicity of the gait pattern (without relying on motion capture data) [3]. For each subject, simulations were performed based on four models: (1) reference (child's dimensions), (2) weakness, (3) stiffness, and (4) combination of weakness and stiffness. Root mean squared error (RMSE) between the simulated kinematics and the mean experimental kinematics was calculated. Fig. 1 shows the experimental data and simulation results of DMD1 (10.6years), DMD2 (15.6years) and DMD3 (11.1years). The predicted gait patterns are closer to the experimental data when modeling weakness and stiffness. The sum of RMSEs between predicted and experimental kinematics decreased from 40.9 to 36.2 between model1 to model4 for DMD1, from 47.5 to 30.3 for DMD2 and from 48.2 to 39.2 for DMD3. The increasing gait pathology over the three cases with increasing severity of muscle impairments, was also reflected in the predictive simulations. [Display omitted] Several key features of the DMD gait, such as tiptoeing gait, increased anterior pelvic tilt, reduced knee flexion during stance and drop foot in swing, were reasonably captured in the predictive simulations. However, the exaggerated lumbar extension was not fully captured. Differences between simulations and experiments might be due to the use of a simple trunk model. In addition, foot deformities were not yet modeled. In the future, we will further refine the model and personalization workflow by using data from instrumented stiffness assessment. Nevertheless, the current results show the potential of predictive simulations to improve our insights in the progressive gait pathology in boys with DMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Balneologica is the property of Wydawnictwo ALUNA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Fingers of climbers are an area where operating forces reach the highest values, thus they are susceptible for overloading. The aim of this study was to determine what kind of morphological changes climbing causes in the anatomical structures of climbers' fingers and whether these changes affect their function. Material and methods: The study group consisted of 27 climbers and 26 non-climbers as a control group. Research consisted of an original questionnaire and measurements of the range of motion and circumferences of finger joints. Results: Limited finger flexion in all distal interphalangeal (DIP) and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints in the study group was reported, as well as the contours of some DIP joints were enlarged. Correlation between the time of climbing and fingers' joints circumference value has been found. The examined climbers also declared affected grip precision in performing daily tasks. Conclusions: Climbers have limited flexion and increased finger joint circumferences, mostly in distal parts of fingers. There is a relationship between the duration of training and the intensity of morphological changes -- the longer the training duration, the smaller the joints' circumferences. Changes in anatomy of the fingers may cause functional limitation and thus difficulties in performing precise tasks during daily activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte is the property of Centro Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Highlights • A movement description and recognition method following ISB standards. • A clinically relevant motion recognition for interactive systems. • Motion analysis independent of user stature or its position in relation to sensor. • Motion recognition effectiveness analysis of the Kinect sensors (versions 1 & 2). • Motion recognition showed good efficacy in classifying the biomechanical movements. Abstract Since 1990, the International Society of Biomechanics (ISB) has made efforts to provide uniformity to motion description. However, the majority of user studies and technological systems that use motion recognition for rehabilitation, such as virtual and augmented reality (VR and AR), do not follows this standard. Typically, VR and AR techniques recognize motion by comparing human joint positions to a pre-recorded movement, direction, or position relative to an interactive object. Aiming to fill a lack of biomechanical reference on joint motion recognition and analysis for rehabilitation interactive systems, this paper proposes a movement description and recognition method following the ISB standard. The developed method aims to provide computational solutions which are clinically relevant and that uses clinical jargon known to the rehabilitation therapists. The proposed method will also allow motion analysis independent of user's height or its position relative to sensor. We conclude this paper by presenting a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the Kinect sensors (versions 1 & 2) regarding the recognition of patient exercise motions related to the biomechanical standard. Our solution consists of biomechanical motion classification by identifying in which 3D plane the motion occurs. The motion recognition solution also provides patient posture, motion, and information about incorrect exercise performance. The method was developed by first implementing a body representation and Joint Coordinate System based on ISB standard and then motion angle and biomechanical classifications were performed. Specific methods to measure axial rotations were developed inspired by the traditional goniometry strategy. Also, experiments to evaluate if the method is able to classify the biomechanical motions and, thus, detect whether or not they are being performed correctly were performed using both Kinect v1 and Kinect v2. Motions were performed in correctly and wrongly to also verify false positives. Each classified motion was performed 100 times: 70 correct repetitions (35 at normal speed and 35 fast ones) and 30 wrong ones (out of their respective plane). The motion recognition method showed good efficacy in classifying the biomechanical motions correctly. Most of motions presented great success rate of recognition. higher than 80%, mainly using a 20 degrees tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compares knee extension range of motion (ROM) as measured by a constructed linear measurement, as well as comparing these values by a gravity goniometer among children between the ages of 8 and 14 years old. Examination of two methods of assessing joint motion; On what the assessment of ROM depends; Description of methodology used.

Presents a technique for measuring clothed range of joint motion. Efficacy of a computerized six-degree-of-freedom electromagnetic tracker; Examination of devices using infrared light-emitting diodes placed around the joints; Features of the video-based systems.

The purpose of our study was to examine the association between obesity and gait mechanics in older adults with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Subjects were 101 older adults (25 males and 76 females) with knee OA. High-speed video analysis and a force platform were used to record sagittal view lower extremity kinematic data and ground reaction forces. Increased body mass index (BMI) was significantly related to both decreases in walking velocity and knee maximum extension. There were no significant relationships between BMI and any of the hip or ankle kinematic variables. BMI was directly related to vertical force minimum and maximum values, vertical impulse, and loading rate. Increases in braking and propulsive forces were significantly correlated with increased BMI. Maximum medially and laterally directed ground reaction forces were positively correlated with BMI. Our results suggest that, in subjects with knee OA, obesity is associated with an alteration in gait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a computer graphics approach to represent the kinematics of the lower limb during a multijoint coordinated motor task. The methodology is based on automatic digitization by a microprocessor of reflective markers placed on anatomical landmarks and videotaped using a videomotion analyzer and camera. Thus, the investigator can represent complete movement patterns graphically. With joint angles, or the first or second derivative of the angles serving as the coordinates for the three mutually perpendicular axes in R3. the technique gives a point in space corresponding to each lime increment as the movement sequence progresses. Using this method, a graphical representation of the position, velocity, or acceleration can be generated in movement space, velocity space, or acceleration space, respectively. A sample of the results of this technique is presented using the movement space of elderly, nonhandicapped, and cerebral palsied individuals as each steps over a low obstacle. The cluster of data points created for each subject are connected to form a three-dimensional graphical representation of the covariation between joint angles. The use of the approach is discussed in relation to future research in neuromuscular coordination using concepts from catastrophe theory. Possible applications for handicapped individuals are mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the effects of a group resistance exercise program on prepubescent children, an experimental group of boys (n=26) and girls (n=24), with a mean age of 8.4±0.5 years, participated in 12 weeks of school based training. The program consisted of upper body exercise using hand-held weights, stretch tubing, balls, and self-supported movements. A control group of boys (n=30) and girls (n=16), mean age 8.6±0.5 years, had a free-play period. Boys were significantly stronger than girls on all initial strength evaluations and were taller and had lesser skinfold sums. ANCOVA was used to evaluate pre/post changes in cable tensiometer elbow flexion and extension, right and left handgrip strength, pull-ups, flexed arm hang, sit-ups, sit-and-reach flexibility, and body composition parameters. Following the training period, significantly greater gains were made by the experimental group for right handgrip, flexed arm hang, pull-ups, and flexibility. Greater decreases in sum of skinfolds were also found. Training responses of boys and girls were similar. It was concluded that a group strength training program can be an effective means of increasing fitness levels and improving body composition in both boys and girls of this age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motion of wing joints is a critical factor for successful flight in avian patients, but little information is available about goniometry in birds. Elbow and carpus joints in flexed and extended positions from 10 orthopedically normal wings of 6 adult wild barred owls (Strix varia) were evaluated with the animals under general anesthesia using a modified universal plastic goniometer and an electrogoniometer. These measurements were compared to those obtained using radiographic assessment. Intra- and interobserver reliability was calculated. Measurements in live animals were compared to those obtained from frozen-thawed carcasses. Results showed that the modified universal plastic goniometer can be used to obtain accurate results for elbow flexion and extension and for carpal flexion with good to excellent reliability compared to measurements collected from radiographic assessment. Measurements obtained using an electrogoniometer were less accurate and less reliable than those obtained with a plastic goniometer, possibly because of the size and configuration of the model used. Comparison of measurements from live animals and carcasses revealed no significant differences between mean measurements and suggested that further evaluation of carcasses as a model for study of goniometry measurements in avian wing joints should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Worldwide millions of people undergo joint replacement surgery to decrease the morbidity. The main indication for these surgeries is loss of function and pain. Similarly, knee replacement is done when degeneration and destruction of the knee create disability and decrease function of the knee. There are a number of implant types available but the use of an all-polyethylene tibial component in primary total knee replacement remains an att ractive option, considering the durability and lower cost. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the pre-operative and post-operative range of motion (ROM) after total knee replacement at 6th, 12th and 48th weeks follow up using all poly implants. Material and Method: It is a prospective case series in which 111 subjects with total knee replacement in whom all poly implants were used and were assessed for range of motion at knee using simple goniometry examination at regular intervals were included. All data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0 version. Results: On goniometry examination, ROM at 6 weeks averaged 700 and at 12 weeks averaged 1,000 and on last follow up was 1,100. Conclusion: Total knee replacement with all poly implants has excellent results in terms of range of the motion of the knee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exoskeletons for gait training commonly use a rigid-linked “skeleton” which makes them heavy and bulky. Cable-driven exoskeletons eliminate the rigid-linked skeleton, providing a lighter and transparent design. Current cable-driven exoskeletons are aimed only at gait assistance by providing short bursts of forces to the leg during walking. It has not yet been shown if these designs are suitable for gait retraining, where rehabilitative forces need to be continuously applied to the leg in response to errors from a desired movement. The goal of this study is to investigate if a cable-driven leg exoskeleton can retrain the gait of human users. Nine healthy subjects were trained by a cable-driven leg exoskeleton to walk in a new gait pattern with 30% increase in step height from their natural gait. After 40 min of training, the gait of the subjects became significantly closer to the target gait than before the training. In three different post-training sessions, the step height of the subjects increased by 22%, 29%, and 31% on an average. In a fourth post-training session, when the subjects were instructed to ignore the training and walk naturally, the step height remained increased by 11%. These results confirm the potential of cable-driven designs in gait training applications. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we present a new approach for human action recognition using skeleton joints recovered from RGB-D cameras. We propose a descriptor based on differences of skeleton joints. This descriptor combines two characteristics including static posture and overall dynamics that encode spatial and temporal aspects. Then, we apply the mean function on these characteristics in order to form the feature vector, used as an input to Random Forest classifier for action classification. The experimental results on both datasets: MSR Action 3D dataset and MSR Daily Activity 3D dataset demonstrate that our approach is efficient and gives promising results compared to state-of-the-art approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Objective of this study was to find the effects of conventional combination physical therapy treatment to improve the gross motor and functional movements in children with Erb's Palsy. Methodology: A sample of 05 children with erb's palsy was selected. Key physiotherapy interventions were strength training by using free weights, therabands and manual resistance, neurodevelopmental techniques to increase the proprioception input, orthosis and electrical current stimulation. A baseline measurement was taken on modified mallet scale, scapular elevation grading scale, and active ROM on goniometry. Treatment was continuing for 5 days in a week for 06 month. Post intervention measurement was taken after 02, 04 and 06 months. Results: Overall improvement on modified mallet scale in 06 months was from 14 to 27. Shoulder flexion show improve from 30 to 145 degree in 06 month and shoulder external rotation show limited improvement from 05 to 25 degree in 06 month. Scapular elevation grading was improved from 01 to 03 in 06 months. Patient show satisfactory improvement on modified mallet scale and active movement scale but restoring global external rotation was real challenge. Improvement of global external rotation was from 5 degree to 15 degree in six months as comparing with shoulder flexion and shoulder abduction which showed greater improvements i.e. flexion 95-145 and abduction 30- 145. On mallet scale global, external rotation show improvement from 2 to 4 when compared with other movements showed fewer improvements. Improvement in external rotation show limited improvement on mallet scale, active movement scale and AROM on goniometry. Mean of pre-intervention score on modified mallet scale was compared with mean post-intervention (06 months) score by using wilcoxon signed rank test, test statistics 0.025 showed significant change between baseline measurement and measurement after six months. Conclusion: This study concluded that, more researches and interventions are required to improve the external rotation in patients with erb's palsy. There is an immediate need for focus intervention to restore external rotation in children with Erb's palsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]