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Copyright of Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente is the property of Universidade Federal do Parana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Assisted self-help housing is a process whereby people are actively involved in the decision-making of their homes' consolidation, receiving tools to better manage resources in building them. While such support is embedded within urban and regional systems, evolving forms of state intervention have received little attention in the literature. In this article, we focus on federal assisted self-help housing programmes in Mexico, where this approach became formalised by the early 2000s. Recent governments positioned assisted self-help housing – at least on paper – as key for Mexico's housing agenda. What we term Mexico's housing governability system has continuously evolved, yet its capacity to address housing needs is challenged. We show that policy and institutional change in Mexico reflect a continuing pathway over several decades to include assisted self-help policies in the housing governability system. We highlight the nonlinear nature of policy development and the paradoxes of formalising flexible selfhelp approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does the central government's intervention in the operation of failed local authorities affect the functioning of local democracy? We examined the theoretical and practical factors associated with the opportunities and risks inherent in an intervention policy in Israel called convened committees. We developed an index called the Effective Number of Council Parties by Seats at the Municipal Level (ENCPSML) and a number of measures that together express the degree of democratic representation, governability and voter turnout. We compare the functioning of democracy before and after the convened committees in 31 local authorities and a control group of 191 local authorities during four elections in 2003-2018. Contrary to what one might expect, convened committees did not hurt the exercise of democracy and in some cases, improved it. We discuss the practical and theoretical implications of these findings in the context of multi-level governance, local democracy, regulation and coping with local crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista CS is the property of Rafael Silva Vega and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One measure of a democratic rule of law is how the state defines the framework for the exercise of representative democracy, and who it grants the right to participate in representative democracy (i.e. who it considers to belong to the people). However, this dual nature of the right to vote raises a number of questions. For example, before the 2018 Hungarian parliamentary elections and during the campaign period, critical voices were heard criticising the system used in Hungarian parliamentary elections (including the institution of winner compensation). By contrast, the fundamental nature of the right to vote, i.e. the subjective aspect, is less often the focus of attention. In this respect, the question rightly arises as to whether the importance of the right to vote as a fundamental right has not been lost. Has the role of different electoral techniques and electoral systems not become a more important issue than the definition and possible extension of the scope of the electorate? Starting from the dual nature of electoral law, the study examines the requirements that can be imposed on electoral systems and the characteristics and challenges of electoral law as a fundamental right.

Copyright of Avances is the property of Instituto de Informacion Cientifica y Tecnologica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Coastal zones are biodiverse, with complex and dynamic interconnectivity between terrestrial and marine areas, and with multiple interactions between ecological and social systems. Despite on-going efforts to conserve and protect these ecosystems, destructive extraction and unsustainable resource utilization are persistent, posing challenges for governance. Issues and concerns in coastal zones are cross-sectoral and cross-boundary, often with overlapping jurisdictions. They are considered ‘wicked’ governance problems, requiring nuanced approaches to address, rather than technical quick fixes. Interactive governance is one such approach that examines relationships within and between the ecological and social systems, as well as with the governing system. Theoretically, the governability of coastal zones depends on the inherent quality of these systems and their interactions, and improving governability needs to take place in all three orders of governance. At the ‘first order’, a better understanding of the diversity, complexity and dynamics of coastal zones, and related scale issues is required. Improving governability at the ‘second order’ involves evaluating and adjusting the existing legal and institutional frameworks to improve the performance and the correspondence with the systems they aim to govern. Finally, discussion about coastal governance needs to be elevated to ‘meta-order’ where principles are set and values derived so that hard choices can be made, for instance, between conservation and utilization of coastal resources. Guided by the interactive governance framework, the paper presents an overview of coastal governance in Thailand, summarizing key features of the natural, social and governing systems associated with coastal zones, and discussing what can be done to improve coastal governability.

One measure of a democratic rule of law is how the state defines the framework for the exercise of representative democracy, and who it grants the right to participate in representative democracy (i.e. who it considers to belong to the people). However, this dual nature of the right to vote raises a number of questions. For example, before the 2018 Hungarian parliamentary elections and during the campaign period, critical voices were heard criticising the system used in Hungarian parliamentary elections (including the institution of winner compensation). By contrast, the fundamental nature of the right to vote, i.e. the subjective aspect, is less often the focus of attention. In this respect, the question rightly arises as to whether the importance of the right to vote as a fundamental right has not been lost. Has the role of different electoral techniques and electoral systems not become a more important issue than the definition and possible extension of the scope of the electorate? Starting from the dual nature of electoral law, the study examines the requirements that can be imposed on electoral systems and the characteristics and challenges of electoral law as a fundamental right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Politicos (01215167) is the property of Universidad de Antioquia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Frequency of codes underpinning governance themes Footnotes 1 B Article impact statement b : Understanding perceived governance constraints can inform improved governance for effective conservation. Using an interactive governance approach to map respondents' narratives of governance challenges against the different orders of governance, our findings highlighted an overall pattern weighted toward first- and second-order governance and the (predominantly social) context of the system to be governed. Keywords: Caribbean; environmental governance; governability; interactive governance; perceptions; Caribe; gobernanza ambiental; gobernanza interactiva; gobernabilidad; percepciones; ; ; ; EN Caribbean environmental governance governability interactive governance perceptions Caribe gobernanza ambiental gobernanza interactiva gobernabilidad percepciones 1 14 14 10/04/22 20221001 NES 221001 INTRODUCTION The plight of coral reefs globally is a long-standing concern in environmental science and conservation research. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Religación: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades is the property of Religacion: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The social-ecological change in the Arctic is accelerated by the multifaceted effects of climate change and globalization. Among other things, this means changing human-ecosystem dynamics through altered availability, co-production, and governance of ecosystem services (ES). A group of species illustrative of this change are whales, migratory species that have played an important part in the culture and subsistence of Arctic communities for millennia. This study explores the changing human-nature interactions and whale ES governance by combining ES and interactive governance theories. A multi-method approach is applied to assess qualitatively the qualitative governability of whale ES in three Arctic coastal locations: Húsavík in Iceland, Andenes in Norway, and Disko Bay in Greenland. Based on a literature review, stakeholder mapping, observations, and analysis of 54 semi-structured stakeholder interviews, the study finds that whale ES governance involves multiple actors with differing preferences and values and that much of it happens outside of formal institutions, necessitating inclusive approaches to improve it. The study reveals some whale ES governance deficiencies and potentials, such as a mismatch between governance scales and a need for more formal governance practices based on scientific research and stakeholder inputs. Governance frameworks were present for provisioning whale ES related to whaling, but they were lacking for non-consumptive whale ES, such as whale watching. Addressing these issues can help to direct marine resource management toward sustainability by making it more inclusive, adaptive, and reflective of stakeholder needs and values. This goal could be advanced by applying the governance principles that view humans as an integral part of social-ecological systems, e.g., ecosystem stewardship and ecosystem-based management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the motivations incumbent parties may have to create and promote participatory governance innovations. For that I analyze the case of the Brazilian Workers' Party (PT – Partido dos Trabalhadores). I argue that the promotion of participatory governance by PT is a combination of ideological and pragmatic interests. Ideologically, PT is founded by grassroots social movements with a strong commitment to participation and redistributive policies. On the pragmatic side, the multiplication of State–Society interaction channels strengths the party's social governability, that is civil society organizations support, creating pressure and mobilization towards the parliament to approve the party's political agenda. This relationship may be mutually beneficial to civil society as long as there are similar policy preferences. The analysis is based on in-depth process tracing, which compares PT's administrations in two different government levels: the State of Rio Grande do Sul and the Brazilian Federal Government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on discussing governance, which is defined as the government's ability in governance. Governability is influenced by the number of parties, the degree of political polarization between parties, party participation in government, and the relationship between most of the parliament and the executive. This research was conducted using a qualitative method with a descriptive analytical approach that describes, describes, and analyzes the governability in Central Sulawesi after the election of governors and vice governors in 2015. Although it has the potential for divided government to occur in the Regional Government of Central Sulawesi because only 13 seats or 29% of 45 (forty-five) the number of seats in the Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD), but in fact throughout 2016-2020 it was running effectively. There has never been any rejection of government programs by the DPRD during the 2016-2020 government. An interesting finding in this research is that the capacity and background of the regional head from the regional head elections has a big role in building governance with the ability to establish communication and coordination with DPRD members. Regional heads with good capacities and a background in bureaucracy and politicians also influence the performance of local governments and are related to their relationship with the DPRD. The governor who governs and the interaction between the governor and the governed all contribute to governability, including the type of external influence

Context and background The role of customary land tenure institutions in land governance is immeasurable. Notwithstanding the enormous role of customary land tenure institutions in local land governance, they are fraught with problems. The governability of customary land tenure institutions is critical to good local land governance, however, the literature has mainly focused on examining the role and capacity of customary land tenure institutions with little attention to good local land governance indicators. Goal and Objectives: The goal of this paper is to assess the governability of the Odupongkpehe customary land tenure institution in the Awutu Senya East Municipal area of Ghana. The objectives of this paper are to examine the quality and capacity of the Odupongkpehe customary land tenure institution. Methodology: The study was conducted in the Awutu Senya Municipal area of Ghana. The concurrent mixed methods design was used for the study. Data was collected from 178 landowners, and key officials in customary and statutory land governance. Data was collected from 10th February to 24th February 2019. Semi-structured interview schedules used for data collection in this study was developed and pretested on 14th January 2019. Results: The results evinced that the governability of the customary land tenure institutions was poor due to the failure of institutions to interact with the populace in the customary area. Furthermore, the customary institution did not have the capacity to govern since it was constrained by inadequate staff and logistics and did not collaborate with public land sector agencies. The study recommends the formulation and implementation of a Customary Land Secretariat policy to guide the activities of customary land governance structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context and background The role of customary land tenure institutions in land governance is immeasurable. Notwithstanding the enormous role of customary land tenure institutions in local land governance, they are fraught with problems. The governability of customary land tenure institutions is critical to good local land governance. The literature on has mainly focused on examining the role and capacity of customary land tenure institutions with very little attention to good local land governance indicators. Goal and Objectives: The goal of this paper is to assess the governability of the Odupongkpehe customary land tenure institution in the Awutu Senya East Municipal area of Ghana. The objectives of this paper are to examine the quality and capacity of the Odupongkpehe customary land tenure institution. Methodology: The study was conducted in the Awutu Senya Municipal area in Ghana. The concurrent mixed methods design was used for the study. Data were collected from 178 landowners and experts in customary and statutory land governance. Data were collected from 10th February to 24th February 2019. The semi-structured interview schedules used for data collection in this study was developed and pretested on 14th January 2019. Results: The results evinced that the governability of the customary land tenure institutions was poor because the institution failed to interact with the populace in the customary area. Furthermore, the customary institution did not have the capacity to govern since it was constrained by inadequate staff and logistics and did not collaborate with public land sector agencies. The study recommends the formulation and implementation of a Customary Land Secretariat policy to guide the activities of customary land governance structures.

Trauma, subjectivation and governability in the Coronavirus pandemic. The intention of this essay is to problematize the effects on the singularities of the Coronavirus pandemic in the eminently psychic register, articulating the traumatic experience with forms of subjectivation and governability, respectively. With this, trauma can be interpreted as a singular and collective production at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Public governance and governance only materialize when state actors represented by the Executive, Legislative and Judiciary branches compact with the same ideas, processes and legal norms to meet the interests of the collective. Thus, the research seeks to investigate the challenges that the Executive Branch of Olinda faces, under the concept of governance and governance. Design/methodology/approach: The methodology used in the research was qualitative and structured interviews were conducted with political actors and municipal managers of Olinda. Research, Practical & Social implications: The interviewees' discourses reveal that the financial resources for the establishment of public policies result from the articulation between political actors of legislative houses of the municipal, state and federal levels. Thus, the articulation with public and private institutions helps in the construction of social relations to meet municipal social needs. Originality/value: It is concluded that the establishment of public policies in the municipality of Olinda results from the strict attendance of the mayor's government plan, compliance with the Multiannual Plan, the guarantee of social rights and through public management instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze some of the policies implemented by Mexico, a country that has not pursued a total lockdown, although it has implemented different partial confinement policies. Such approach to the confinement has been criticized by some authors as morally inappropriate. Our focus is to show that cultural, political and economic conditions shape the governmental response to the pandemic. While these can be judged on the basis of their efficiency, it seems to us that underlying principles are also ethically acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to characterize pedagogical management from the interdisciplinary practice of the teacher in the face of the emergence of covid-19. It is a quantitative research with a descriptive - transectional scope. The results allowed to conclude that, in these times of crisis, pedagogical management assumes a strategic governance approach by establishing lines of action that favor synchronous relationships between teachers - students - community to efficiently and effectively develop academic, administrative and social activities, as well as, face challenging, uncertain and unthinkable circumstances through technological platforms. It is an interdisciplinary, integrated, constructive and contextualized practice that is based on linguistic mediation to promote collaborative work between educational, institutional and / or community actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Colección is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This policy brief is based on the assumption that the recovery of Greece, after more than a decade of crisis, should include local government, the institution, which is closer to local people than central government, and, consequently, ought to be more accountable. One of the most important problem identified here is the democratic deficit of the first level of local governance system. Despite its strong political and social clout, local government in Greece remains an institution with limited capabilities, as the Greek State has been and remains one of the most centralized states in Europe. In fact, after the 2019 general election, just before and during the recent pandemic crisis, the legislative initiatives of the government, despite the international trends of decentralisation towards more participatory and accountable local institutions, turned to the traditional and favourite "mayor-centered" system of local governance for the sake of the "governability". As a result, the re-concentration politics of local government loom large for the post-coronavirus era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Review of the book written by Nicholas Charron, Víctor Lapuente and Bo Rothstein, Quality of Government and Corruption from a European Perspective: A Comparative Study of Good Governance in the EU Regions, Cheltenham Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2013, 251 pp. The quality of government is nowadays an important concept. The present work offers an approach to it both a conceptual and empirical level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the possibility of applying a competitive cooperative strategy (coopetition) to improve the effi ciency of governability. The coopetition strategy in this case is considered to be based on the blockchain technology. To achieve this goal, various approaches to governability, the coopetition strategy, as well as the applicability of the blockchain technology as a basis for the practical implementation of this strategy are analyzed. A new institutionalism is used as a methodology, and game theory methods are used. In this paper, an analysis of competitive and cooperative strategy and technology of blockchain was carried out in order to identify their applicability to improve the effi ciency of governability. As a result, factors have been identifi ed that prove the positive impact of the competitive-cooperative strategy based on the blockchain on the effectiveness of governability, as well as factors at this stage of the study that do not guarantee the full applicability of the above strategy in solving the tasks of political governance.

The social-ecological change in the Arctic is accelerated by the multifaceted effects of climate change and globalization. Among other things, this means changing human-ecosystem dynamics through altered availability, co-production, and governance of ecosystem services (ES). A group of species illustrative of this change are whales, migratory species that have played an important part in the culture and subsistence of Arctic communities for millennia. This study explores the changing human-nature interactions and whale ES governance by combining ES and interactive governance theories. A multi-method approach is applied to assess qualitatively the qualitative governability of whale ES in three Arctic coastal locations: Húsavík in Iceland, Andenes in Norway, and Disko Bay in Greenland. Based on a literature review, stakeholder mapping, observations, and analysis of 54 semi-structured stakeholder interviews, the study finds that whale ES governance involves multiple actors with differing preferences and values and that much of it happens outside of formal institutions, necessitating inclusive approaches to improve it. The study reveals some whale ES governance deficiencies and potentials, such as a mismatch between governance scales and a need for more formal governance practices based on scientific research and stakeholder inputs. Governance frameworks were present for provisioning whale ES related to whaling, but they were lacking for non-consumptive whale ES, such as whale watching. Addressing these issues can help to direct marine resource management toward sustainability by making it more inclusive, adaptive, and reflective of stakeholder needs and values. This goal could be advanced by applying the governance principles that view humans as an integral part of social-ecological systems, e.g., ecosystem stewardship and ecosystem-based management.

Copyright of Cadernos de Pesquisa is the property of Fundacao Carlos Chagas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Espirales Revista Multidisciplinaria de Investigación is the property of Grupo Compas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Peru constitutes a paradigmatic case of a democracy without bona fide political parties. This makes it an ideal "most likely case" of democratic dysfunction for examining key theoretical tenets about the relationship between political parties and democracy. Political science theory confers upon political parties several key functions of democratic governance and holds that, in the absence of bona fide parties, several dysfunctional political correlates should materialize: nonresponsiveness to societal policy preferences, serious deficits in electoral (vertical) accountability, flourishing populism, imperiled governability in state-society relations, and vulnerability to democratic breakdown. These five theoretical predictions are examined by way of perusing the empirical workings of Peruvian democracy along these dimensions in the post-2001 democratic era. Overall, Peru's democratic experience bears out the predictions in stark fashion, thus providing confirming evidence in favor of the real-world centrality of political parties for the functionality of democracy as a system of representation, governability, and accountability. The expectation that populism will flourish has been borne out, but of a low-intensity variety, such that radical populism has been kept at bay. Only the last prediction is not confirmed by the empirical record, insofar as Peruvian democracy has not been vulnerable to breakdown during the last two decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: El modelo constitucional español expresa una apuesta por la gobernabilidad que nace del contexto histórico propio del parlamentarismo racionalizado y se fundamenta sobre un sistema electoral establecido desde 1977. Sin embargo tanto la configuración orgánica del ejecutivo como la puesta en práctica de la función de gobierno han tenido un desarrollo bastante limitado en la práctica, y algunas tareas centrales como la orientación estratégica, la programación de políticas públicas o la coordinación general del sistema se han reducido a puras inercias. Abstract: The Spanish constitutional model express a commitment to gobernability that is born from the historical context of «rationalized parlamentarism» and is based on an electoral system established since 1977. However, both the organic configuration of the executive and the implementation of the function of governing have had a rather limited development in practice, while some central tasks such as strategic orientation, public policy programing and overall system coordination, have been reduced to pure inertia. Summary: 1. Introduction. 2. Government and governability: the starting point. 3. The function of government as a political function. 4. Government and governance: unfulfilled challenges. 5. A mediocre balance and its advantages. 6. Perspectives of historical change. 7. Final considerations.

The aim of this study is to provide possibilities for a theoretical interpretation of the foundations of the criminalization of rural social movements in Brazil. To do that, it analyzes the State as a multifaceted agent, which, for an understanding of its characteristics in specific situations, may be observed through an analysis of its everyday interventions. Thus, the governance of agrarian problems and conflicts in the countryside are represented as an expression of governability and state-building. Basing ourselves on those referents, we present a history of the relations between the State and the agrarian question under different political regimes in Brazil, with an emphasis on understanding the characteristic features of the post neo-liberal period. We set forth the idea of Brazilian neo-extractivism as a particular expression of the relations between the criminalization of rural social movements and the governance of natural resources, associated with a logic of the day to day establishment of political authority.

We describe what we term a "geoethical dilemma" around Lake Turgoyak (Southern Urals, Russia) utilizing semi-structured interviews, oral stories, field visits and a literature review. Lake Turgoyak is a protected natural monument and a place sacred for Old Orthodox Believers and the Bashkirian people in the Southern Urals (Russia), where recreational activities have a negative environmental impact on the lake. Our research addresses how credibility and leadership affect the human-environment relationship, broadening the perspective that social learning and participation are key to addressing challenges in natural resources governance. The results suggest that a consideration of leadership and geoethical dilemmas can contribute to the body of geoethics and natural resource governability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Verba Iuris is the property of Universidad Libre Bogota, Centre de Investigaciones Socio Juridicas de la Facultad de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Politische Vierteljahresschrift is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Iberoamericana de Educación (Version impresa) is the property of Organizacion de Estados Iberoamericanos (OEI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article seeks to study the congestion of the city of Cali. For this a transdisciplinary analysis of the historical development of the municipality is exposed in a context of long duration, to later derive in the ordering plans of the 21st century, and to present the current traffic problem. In this historical context, urban plans, programs, and projects have tried within the framework of territorial public policies to define a city model. However, the evidence shows in Cali there is no articulation between the territorial policies of the twentieth century and the way the city government conceived it for the 21st century. Therefore, regarding this territorial discontinuity development, the chaos of vehicular congestion is shocking, which in turn translates into serious problems of institutional ungovernability, as the present study suggests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Venezolana de Gerencia (RVG) is the property of Revista de Filosofia-Universidad del Zulia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)