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Public finances have been extensively affected by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the measures enacted to mitigate them. In South America, have these effects been permanent, or were fiscal rules solid enough to allow for flexibility and a later return to normality? The hypothesis in this paper is that Covid had a significant impact on the fiscal institutions of countries with previous difficulties in using norms as stabilization tools for public finance, but had only temporary effects for countries with a stronger tradition of implementing fiscal rules more effectively. The text is structured as follows: in the first part, a general panorama of the creation of fiscal rules in South America is presented to offer comparison patterns with their post-pandemic evolution. Secondly, a description of the possible structures of fiscal rules is analyzed, and these categories will be applied to the South American case. In the third and last part, the types of fiscal rules are classified according to each country, as well as the transformations observed after the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, the paper will offer a consolidated approach to changes in fiscal rules in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fulfillment of facilities and infrastructures is the obligation of the provincial government, including the provincial government of Central Kalimantan. This study aims to find out whether the provincial government of Central Kalimantan can meet SMK priority facilities and infrastructures and to know the year of achievement. The research uses a quantitative method in the form of a dynamic system with the help of the vensim PLE64 application version 9.2.0.0 using profile data for each SMK and the Budget Execution List/Daftar Pelaksanaan Anggaran (DPA) of the education office from 2017 to 2022. The results show that if the budget for priority facilities and infrastructures is maintained, then in 2028, priority facilities and infrastructures will equal the ideal number. Furthermore, if the Central Kalimantan provincial government runs a scenario of increasing the growth of the SMK facility and infrastructure budget, uses the budget allocation for SMK facilities and infrastructures for only priority facilities and infrastructures, or uses the budget allocation for SMK facilities and infrastructures for SMKs first, then the fulfillment of facilities and infrastructures will be achieved 2–3 years earlier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The government budget, as a national fiscal revenue and expenditure plan, specifies the scope and direction of government activities, including environmental governance, and is an important policy tool for enhancing the modernization of environmental governance capabilities. Giving full play to the guiding and governing role of the government budget in winning the battle against air and water pollution and soil contamination is of great significance to the continued modernization of the environmental governance system and governance capacity. Budget deviation is an important indicator of government budgetary capacity and influences local government environmental governance behavior. Analyzing from the perspective of budget deviation, this paper examined the integrated environmental governance effect of the government budget by constructing a fixed-effects model using data on budget deviation and industrial pollutant emissions in 291 prefectural-level cities in China from 2007 to 2020. The result indicated that: ① During the sample period, the government budget had an integrated environmental governance effect, which could significantly improve local environmental governance. ② Path analysis showed that the government budget could incentivize and constrain local environmental governance behavior. In terms of budgetary revenue deviation, the government budget could influence government environmental governance behavior through tax constraints that regulate local government fiscal rules. In terms of budgetary expenditure deviation, the government budget guided the direction of local government governance by increasing the share of environmental protection inputs, which in turn enhanced environmental governance. ③ Heterogeneity analysis showed that the integrated environmental governance effect of the government budget was affected by institutional factors and regional resource stock and structure, which was more pronounced in regions with weak environmental regulations, low environmental performance assessment, low pollution self-purification rate, and low administrative hierarchies. Based on this, this paper puts forward the following suggestions: developing a modern budgetary system to give full play to the functional role of the government budget in environmental governance; strengthening the incentive and constraint mechanism and continuously promoting integrated budget performance governance; strengthening budget supervision and harnessing the synergies of the national supervision system; and improving environmental regulations and environmental performance assessment systems, accelerating industrial transformation, and bringing into play the functional effect of the government budget in the field of environmental governance. This paper enriches the related research on government budget and environmental governance, which is conducive for the local government to formulating relevant policies according to local conditions, improving the role of the government budget in local environmental governance, and accelerating the modernization of the environmental governance system and governance capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

considering the importance of oil shocks in Iran's economy, in this research, an attempt has been made to examine the effects of oil income shocks on the expenditure and income components of the government's general budget. in this regard, in order to consider structural instability in parameters, time-varying parameter vector autoregressive (TVP-VAR) models are used. this model allows the estimated coefficients vary over time. in this research, the seasonal data in period of 1990/02-2019/01 be used. the estimation results of the models indicate the positive and shortterm effects of oil income shocks on current expenditures and construction expenditures. the estimation of the second model shows the negative impact of oil shocks on tax revenues and the positive impact on other government revenues. the results of reaction functions (IRF) also show that the mentioned effects have a short duration and are reversed in the next periods and disappear quickly. also, the estimation results of the models show that the impact of oil shocks on inflation has varied over time and changed from negative to positive after the income shock of 2005. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop and calibrate a life-cycle model of labor supply and consumption to quantify the implications of alternative pension reforms on labor supply, individual welfare, and government budget for Chinas basic old-age insurance program. We distinguish low-skilled and high-skilled individuals, who differ in their preferences, health and labor income dynamics, and medical expense processes. We use the calibrated model to evaluate three potential pension reforms: (i) increasing the pension eligibility age from 60 to 65, but keeping the current pension benefit formula unchanged; (ii) keeping the pension eligibility age at 60, but proportionally lowering pension benefits so that the pension program's budget is the same as under Reform (i); and (iii) increasing the pension eligibility age to 65 and simultaneously increasing the pension benefits so that individuals of both skill types attain the same individual welfare levels as in the status quo. We find that relative to the baseline, both Reforms (i) and (ii) can substantially improve the budgets of the pension system, but at the cost of substantial individual welfare loss for both skill types. In contrast, we find that Reform (iii) can modestly improve the budget of the pension system while ensuring that both skill types are as well off as in the status quo. We find that Reforms (i) and (ii) slightly increase, but Reform (iii) slightly decreases, the overall labor supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study a small open economy with labor, capital accumulation, random death, taxation and a government budget balanced in the long run. We offer methods that provide ordinary differential equations for means and analytical expressions for densities. The latter is achieved by solving stochastic differential equations analytically and deriving the density from this solution. Starting from any distribution, the aggregate distribution converges, both on a transition path towards a steady state and on a transition path towards balanced growth, to a Pareto-distribution. We provide an intuitive economic interpretation for a stationary long-run density with an infinite mean in an economy on a balanced growth path. We also show how government tax policy can lead to non-monotonic links between the equilibrium growth rate of the economy and risk aversion of households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Globally, health care costs have more than quadrupled over the past 50 years. In Europe, public funds for health care are collected in two main ways - through health insurance contributions (Bismarck model) and through taxation (Beveridge model). Under Beveridge, funding is at the expense of the state budget and to a greater extent centralized and integrated. It follows that it must be relatively "more economical". The aim of this study is to make a retrospective analysis and comparison of the statistics indicators for the size and dynamics of total health cost in the two systems - Beveridge and Bismarck. According to the aim the hypothesis that the Beveridge health care financing model could be associated with less grow of the total health costs compared to Bismark model was tested for 10 years. Materials and methods: Methods of analysis used included graphical presentation of data, descriptive statistics, and regression analysis of temporal functions. Based on the Eurostat data, according to the different ways of organizing revenue, two subgroups ‒ Beveridge and Bismarck were formed out from a total of 30 observed European countries. Results: Beveridge's group included 14 countries with the lowest share of health insurance schemes of less than 1.5% of GDP. The remaining 16 countries were included in the group representing the Bismarck model. After the distribution, the average percentage of total health expenditure for the respective model relative to the countries' GDP for the period from 2010 to 2019 according to OECD data was derived. Regression analysis of time functions constructed within the period with the dependent variable the average share of health expenditure to nominal GDP shows similarity in slope coefficient estimates (βBismarck = -0.016; βBeveridge = -0.015). Conclusions: The hypothesis that the Beveridge funding model could be associated with lower expenditure growth was not confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study applies continuous wavelet analysis to examine defense-education and defense-healthcare relations in the US and Britain. It discovers four empirical patterns that have not been shown in the existing literature. First, the defense-welfare tradeoff rarely occurs at cycles less than 6 years and hence is not a short-run phenomenon. Second, very noticeable bilateral tradeoffs between education and defense can be detected. The effect, however, is more pronounced in the direction from education to defense. Third, the defense-welfare tradeoff is much less likely to occur in defense-healthcare relations than defense-education relations. Fourth, a structural change in the defense-healthcare relationship occurred during the 1960s, after which the defense-healthcare connection became primarily complementary. Together, the established patterns question the assumption that the defense sector has a dominant power in budget allocation. They also raise new theoretical and empirical questions demanding future research efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The budget is a set of all planned revenues and expenditures of individuals and corporations, institutions, the state... for a certain time frame, usually per year. We will put emphasis on the government budget. In a situation where exactly these planned revenues are at a lower level compared to planned expenditures, a government budget deficit occurs. The big problem of the modern states is the chronic budget deficit. It arises in a situation where a negative gap between public revenues and expenditures appears every year for a long period of time. The so-called tax revenues have a huge importance in the public revenues of the budgets of modern states. In the paper itself, we will pay attention to tax revenues. We will show an empirical presentation of the trends in the structure of these revenues in countries with different levels of income per capita, we will analyze the impact of tax revenues on the level of the budget deficit. The structure of tax revenues largely depends on the level of development of that country's economy.

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Given the increasing demand for water, it is necessary to make an effort to anticipate water scarcity through increasing efficiency in an irrigation area. Increasing efficiency requires an increase in the contribution of farmers to finance the repair of irrigation canals. The purpose of this study is to formulate a financing scheme for maintenance of irrigation networks by the state and farmer participation (contribution). Research was conducted at the Cihea Irrigation Area (Cianjur Regency). The method used is system dynamics modeling by observing the parameters studied, including; asset damage, productivity, farmer contributions, public works budget and irrigation efficiency. The results of the analysis with dynamic simulations show that the best scenario to reduce damage to Cihea Irrigation assets is scenario 2 because it reduces the damage by 10.29% and increases the irrigation maintenance index by 0.05 within 10 years. Thus, it is necessary suggest to the government and farmers to increase the contribution and budget for the improvement of the Cihea Irrigation.

Copyright of Secretary (16742354) is the property of Secretary Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in South Korea was 25.4% in 2016. The Act on Mental Health enabled the expansion of psychiatric facilities; however, resources were allocated without considering the population structure or the characteristics of mental health problems. This paper investigates the status and trends of disease burden and the government budget for Korean mental health. The burden of mental and behavioral disorders (MBDs) was measured using the incidence-based disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and the mental health budget data was from the Ministry of Health and Welfare of South Korea. We estimated that the disease burden of MBDs accounted for 6.4% of the total disease burden, ranking as the seventh leading cause of Korean DALYs. The mental health budget in South Korea was USD 253.4 million in 2019 (USD 90.3 million from the general account, USD 65.8 million from the National Health Promotion Fund, and USD 97.3 million from the special account for the national mental hospitals). Challenges are created by the MBD burden on the Korean healthcare system, and the budget is insufficient to address this disease burden, suggesting that resource allocation systems should be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing literature documenting that the persistence of time series may change over time, and as a consequence, shifts in the long-run equilibrium of macroeconomic variables are expected. An important example is the significant increase in public debt in certain periods of time due to increases in government expenditures which are not matched by revenue counterparts. In this paper, new residual-based Wald-type tests are proposed which are designed to detect segmented cointegration, i.e., subsamples during which equilibrium relations exist. We derive the asymptotic properties of the tests, tabulate critical values for models with different deterministic components, and show by simulations that the tests display good finite sample performance in many relevant setups. Our empirical application provides a thorough examination of the main components of US governments' budgets at two administrative levels (Federal, and State and Local) and concludes that until Bill Clinton's presidency government budgets components never moved together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depreciation of the national currency — economies with predominantly raw material exports included — is reflected not only in the indicators of the external sector, but also in the sphere of public finance, in particular the formation of budget revenues. In Kazakhstan, the impact of devaluation on the formation of the state budget is specific, associated with the presence of a special source of its income in the form of transfers from the sovereign wealth fund (National Fund). During the period of low oil prices, revenues to the National Fund from the oil sector decreased, and its accelerated spending began, which brought to the forefront investment income as one of the main source of its receipts. The high investment income in the Kazakh currency secures relative stability of the fund’s volume and transfers to the budget, but this income is largely formed due to the exchange rate factor. The weakening of the Kazakhstani tenge against hard currencies placed as the main part of the fund’s assets ensures an increase in the tenge investment income through their revaluation. The growth of investment income, in turn, produces increased volumes of transfers to the budget. Thus, the devaluation of the tenge has become a factor of stability in the formation of state budget revenues.

In order to implement structural reform in the government budget of Iran, it is necessary to analyze the budgetary characteristics. This paper attempts to identify the determinants of budget deficit by using ARDL modeling based on the Iranian budget records for the period 1964-2020. Theoretical and empirical evidence both show that three main factors including budgeting structure, macroeconomic situation, and political economic forces could play a definite role in the budget deficit. Long term estimated coefficients of the research models explain that budget deficit will be worsened with bigger size of government, and with the increase in the government expenditure dispersion in comparison with the government revenues dispersion, also with a bigger share of public investment in total investment, and finally with wider GDP gap and inflation gap. Correspondingly, more inequality of income leads to a bigger deficit. The results also indicate that in the economy of Iran expenditures are a driving force that brings about the budget deficit. It is evident that in a resource-based economy, an increase in revenues of resource exports would relocate the economy to the positive output gap and boom cycle that in turn will push governments to a higher level of expenditures and a budget deficit. During the recession period in which government revenues decline, the recurrent expenditures resist adjustment due to its sticky behavior, hence the deficit gets worse. Meanwhile, political economic factors such as weakness of the government power and pressure by interest groups, all together have magnifying effects on worsening the budget deficit. During the era that foreign reserves in Stabilization Account and National Development Fund were enough to compensate deficits, the presence of the wealth effect on government expenditures, and thus on the budget deficit, is confirmed.

Despite the difficult international situation, exacerbated by geopolitical tensions in the world in general and the COVID-19 pandemic, the Vietnamese economy is gradually recovering, but certain difficulties and problems still remain. In recent years, thanks to the active work of the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, timely decisions of the Ministry of Finance, other relevant departments and institutions, as well as local authorities, the goals of the Public Debt Strategy have been gradually implemented, corresponding to the implementation of the tasks of socio-economic development, poverty reduction and building the necessary infrastructure asynchronously. By 2020, the indicators of the national debt of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam are mainly within acceptable limits, but from the point of view of obligations to repay debt in the near future, potential risks still remain. This article is devoted to assessing the results of the implementation of Vietnam Public Debt Strategy for 2011–2020 for providing appropriate recommendations for ensuring national financial security, as well as mobilizing resources of local government bonds for effective and sustainable economic growth and development.

Abstract Background It is frequently said that funding is essential to ensure optimal results from a malaria intervention control. However, in recent years, the capacity of the government of Mozambique to sustain the operational cost of indoor residual spraying (IRS) is facing numerous challenges due to restrictions of the Official Development Assistance. The purpose of the study was to estimate the cost of IRS operationalization in two districts of Maputo Province (Matutuíne and Namaacha) in Mozambique. The evidence produced in this study intends to provide decision-makers with insight into where they need to pay close attention in future planning in order to operationalize IRS with the existent budget in the actual context of budget restrictions. Methods Cost information was collected retrospectively from the provider perspective, and both economic and financial costs were calculated. A “one-way” deterministic sensitivity analysis was performed. Results The average economic costs totaled US$117,351.34, with an average economic cost per household sprayed of US$16.35, and an average economic cost per person protected of US$4.09. The average financial cost totaled US$69,174.83, with an average financial cost per household sprayed and per person protected of US$9.84 and US$2.46, respectively. Vehicle, salary, and insecticide costs were the greatest contributors to overall cost in the economic and financial analysis, corresponding to 52%, 17%, and 13% in the economic analysis and 21%, 27%, and 22% in the financial analysis, respectively. The sensitivity analysis was adapted to a range of ± (above and under) 25% change. There was an approximate change of 14% in the average economic cost when vehicle costs were decreased by 25%. In the financial analysis, the average financial cost was lowered by 7% when salary costs were decreased by 25%. Conclusions Altogether, the current cost analysis provides an impetus for the consideration of targeted IRS operationalization within the available governmental budget, by using locally-available human resources as spray operators to decrease costs and having IRS rounds be correctly timed to coincide with the build-up of vector populations.

This policy brief examines the shifts in Russia’s government budget flows around election times and economic recessions. The issue is intriguing as Russia has basically pursued a policy of maintaining budget surpluses. Indeed, the government budget sector has shown a positive net financial stock position for many years – a rare achievement for almost any country. Large downward and upward shifts in revenue and expenditure have induced sizeable changes in the balance, although in recent years swings in budget revenues have decreased as non-oil revenue streams gained importance. The real volume of government budget expenditure increased strongly around election time a decade ago. Such spending accelerations faded by the election cycle of autumn 2016 to early 2018 and remained subdued around the Duma elections in autumn 2021. Counter-cyclical budget spending policies were implemented around the 2009 and 2020 recessions to contain economic harms. The stimulus focus was on social benefits and corporate subsidies. Russia’s spending increases in real terms around the 2009 recession reached the mid-range of increases when compared to twelve European economies and the US. During the 2020 recession, Russia’s increases were short-lived and fell short of the hikes in almost all 13 comparison countries relative to size of GDP, but not drops in GDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The budget is mainly an agreement between citizens and the government. Today government budgets, like other conventions, contain elements that require regulations. In this context, one of the most important factors affecting the course and performance of budget implementations is the trust of the citizen who has entrusted the budgetary power to the execution of the budget right. In recent years, the decline of the trust to the government and public institutions in many countries affects the legitimacy of the government and institutions and undermines the quality of public services. In this context the purpose of the study reveal the citizens of OECD member countries and Turkey whether they trust or not to the government and public institutions and this trust to what extent budget indicators. OECD data set was used in the comparisons made within the scope of the study.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) considers sustainable economic development. One of the regulations arranged is the unfair trade that several activities will be eliminated in the future, including the fisheries subsidies. The objectives of this research are (1) understanding the general descriptions about fisheries subsidies in Indonesia and China; (2) how large the impacts of fisheries subsidies that are linked with the policies; and (3) the opinion whether the fisheries subsidies must be stopped or not. This research use the literature studies from several sources and the supplementary data are also included to strengthen this study. Based on the result and discussion, the fuel subsidies are the largest fisheries subsidies in both Indonesia and China. Although the fuel subsidies are harmful and burden the government budget, the policy of subsidies is still needed, especially in the developing countries, including Indonesia. Those subsidies contribute the positive effects to the fisheries sector performance. On the other hand, eliminating fisheries subsidies, particularly the fuel subsidies, is expected to provide the negative impacts. For the policy, the government regulates the programs in the fisheries sector. There are two feasible schemes in the fisheries market in case talking about the fisheries subsidies with the aim of a trade policy tool and sustainability. The author does not agree if the fisheries subsidies stopped. The government must evaluate the subsidy policies that can be connected with the fisheries sector performance indicators and must still prepare state budget for fisheries subsidies, especially subsidies for small-scale household, such as fishers. The fisheries subsidies should be continued with applied terms and conditions, so the subsidies will be used wisely by the fisheries business actors and will be appropriately monitored by the government

This article shows how Information and Communication Technology (ICT), incorporating social media, can lead to accountability and transparency in a government's budget. Specifically, it examined how a Non‐Governmental Organization (NGO) used ICT to foster citizenship engagement in the Nigerian government budgetary process. The article, using abductive reasoning, presents four citizen empowerment stages and four social marketing transition stages through which government budget transparency can be improved and corruption reduced. A model was also inferred that can help lessen the exclusivity around the government budget to encourage dialog and openness around the government budget in similar contexts. Furthermore, this article shows that the social transformative role for NGOs using ICT to increase government budget transparency and reduce corruption is a process that happens over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Subject and purpose of work: The subject of this paper was to assess the old-age pension insurance in ZUS (Social Insurance Institution) and KRUS (Agricultural Social Insurance Fund) from the perspective of a person insured and the public finances. The purpose of the study was to calculate the difference in saving efficiency of the insured in ZUS and KRUS.

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between oil revenues and government budget in Iraq for 2006-2016. The study found that, Iraq’s oil production curve in recent years has remarkably specified the positions, even if not mainly at the levels estimated earlier, as more positive forecasts. Iraq has developed to be the world’s fourth-largest oil exporter. This study confirmed that, the critical element for Iraq’s economy is that, the country depends on oil and 97% of the government revenues are from its oil exports. While challenges continue to achieve the aims of increased oil production, opportunity for Iraq’s resources to produce revenue and pay for broad-based economic development still exists.

Introduction. The article deals with the budget risks of the revenue part of the State budget of Ukraine and analyzes the possibility of their occurrence at the present stage. The risks of state budget revenues were assessed. The interpretation of the results of the analysis was also provided, on the basis of which the main factors of influence on the final indicator were indicated. The main methods of managing budget risks of income and ways to minimize them were identified: strengthening the fight against the shadow sector of the economy, improving economic forecasting and budget planning, tax administration, strengthening state financial control, achieving transparency of budget revenue management. Purpose. The aim of the study is to analyze the formation of revenues of the State budget of Ukraine and assessment of budget risks, development of proposals for effective management in order to avoid or minimize the consequences of their negative impact. Results. The risks of the total state budget were assessed. The interpretation of the results of the analysis was also provided, on the basis of which the main factors of influence on the final indicator were indicated. The main methods of management of budget risks and ways of their minimization of budgetary risks were defined, they should be carried out on the basis of the analysis of budget execution, the revealed budgetary risks for the previous periods, the analysis of the reasons and factors which led to their emergence. It is noted that the main direction of minimizing the risks of execution of budget revenues should be to reduce the impact on them by increasing and expanding the main sources of revenue. Conclusions. There is no universal method for assessing the impact of risks on the formation of budget revenues, therefore, in the face of uncertainty, it is advisable to have a comprehensive scientifically based approach to identifying, assessing risks, determining their possible consequences and minimizing. Further study of the risks of budget revenues should be carried out in conjunction with other interrelated budget risks, as well as to determine the methods and sources of funding for possible deviations from the planned indicators.

In this article examines the evolution of views on the category «fiscal policy» in the interpretation of the main economic schools. The basic sources of formation of the state budget, shows the interaction of government spending and taxes, their impact on aggregate demand, economic growth, employment, inflation.

Modern budget systems have existed since the 1980s. Local government budgets include citizen demand and citizen participation, which are conceptualized in modern budget systems. Governance and participatory budget practices support active citizenship practices in local government budgets. Participatory budgeting is observed in many countries of the world. The first participatory budget was implemented in Porto Alegre, Brazil. It is stated that participatory budget implementation in Porto Alegre has been a pattern for other countries in the world. In this study, examples of New York and India are included. Çanakkale Municipality is the only official participatory budgeting pilot application in Turkey. In this study, after the conceptual framework of the participatory budget is described, Manisa Metropolitan Municipality central districts members’s opinions and attitudes will be covered. In the research, semi-structured interview method was conducted.

Background: It is frequently said that funding is essential to ensure optimal results from a malaria intervention control. However, in recent years, the capacity of the government of Mozambique to sustain the operational cost of indoor residual spraying (IRS) is facing numerous challenges due to restrictions of the Official Development Assistance. The purpose of the study was to estimate the cost of IRS operationalization in two districts of Maputo Province (Matutuíne and Namaacha) in Mozambique. The evidence produced in this study intends to provide decision-makers with insight into where they need to pay close attention in future planning in order to operationalize IRS with the existent budget in the actual context of budget restrictions. Methods: Cost information was collected retrospectively from the provider perspective, and both economic and financial costs were calculated. A "one-way" deterministic sensitivity analysis was performed. Results: The average economic costs totaled US$117,351.34, with an average economic cost per household sprayed of US$16.35, and an average economic cost per person protected of US$4.09. The average financial cost totaled US$69,174.83, with an average financial cost per household sprayed and per person protected of US$9.84 and US$2.46, respectively. Vehicle, salary, and insecticide costs were the greatest contributors to overall cost in the economic and financial analysis, corresponding to 52%, 17%, and 13% in the economic analysis and 21%, 27%, and 22% in the financial analysis, respectively. The sensitivity analysis was adapted to a range of ± (above and under) 25% change. There was an approximate change of 14% in the average economic cost when vehicle costs were decreased by 25%. In the financial analysis, the average financial cost was lowered by 7% when salary costs were decreased by 25%. Conclusions: Altogether, the current cost analysis provides an impetus for the consideration of targeted IRS operationalization within the available governmental budget, by using locally-available human resources as spray operators to decrease costs and having IRS rounds be correctly timed to coincide with the build-up of vector populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of the study. The present study analyzes the initial impact of the Covid pandemic on the revenue and expenditure side of the consolidated government budget of Bulgaria. Materials and methods. The impact on the following budget variables is studied - tax and social insurance revenues, social expenditure, subsidies for non-financial enterprises and for health and medical activities. The choice of the variables is made on the basis of a study of the changes in the annual law on the government budget for 2020. Results. Three dynamic rows of the indicated variables are constructed, which consist the monthly values from the reports on budget execution for the period January 2018 – February 2021. At the next stage, the OLS estimates of the trend functions are obtained. The strength of the pandemic's impact on changes in time series was established using the Chow test for significant differences between the regression coefficients of the trend functions in the subperiods - until March 2020 and beyond. It is found a significant difference between the subperiods in the social expenditure (the main part of them are the social insurance payments, including for the health system) – Chow test > F (2;34) in condition of 5 % significance level. Subsidies and tax and social insurance revenues’ time series in subperiods have a large change in the regression coefficients due to the pandemic, but their test statistics remain below the critical value. Conclusions. The conclusion is that the Covid pandemic strongly affects the revenue and expenditure part of the government budget, which is reflected in the change of the budget balance from balanced to deficit, causing an increase in the debt burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Instruments of financing innovative processes in the aspect of cost refunding on innovations development are considered. Limits and possibilities of the state participation in the system priming reproduction of innovative products in the Russian economy are revealed. It is concluded that public and private mechanisms which local optimum is eliminated with cyclical swings parameters are complementary.

The fact that the first government budget in Poland was already created in 1768 is now widespread and can be found even in textbooks. Paradoxically, there is no comprehensive research on this first Polish government budget. 2018 will mark the 250th anniversary of its adoption, which provides a great opportunity to analyze the budget’s content and implementation. Both are raising doubts whether or not we are really dealing with a budget. As the act never came into force and had numerous deficiencies, the opinions issued on it so far need to be revised.

This research simulates the effect of imposing excise tax on plastic container of drinks towards economic performance of beverage industry in Indonesia and governmentâ˘A ´Zs tax revenue. The results showed that by imposing excise tax on plastic cups and plastic bottles the government would lose tax revenue from value added tax (PPN) and corporate income tax (PPh badan) more than they gain additional revenue from excise tax. Hence, imposing excise tax on drink containers should serve a clear purpose and an undeniable reason. This paper recommends the government to develop proper excise infrastructure to extend the goods or services to be taxed. This paper also recommends the required stages for extending the excise tax.

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The present paper constitutes a theoretical review on the relationship between debt and deficit. It is described using mathematical analysis and using a difference equation that relates the current debt stock to the past one and the fiscal deficit to show the conditions regarding the stability and dynamic sustainability of the debt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article examines the evolution of views on the category «fiscal policy» in the interpretation of the main economic schools. The basic sources of formation of the state budget, shows the interaction of government spending and taxes, their impact on aggregate demand, economic growth, employment, inflation.

Copyright of Economic & Regional Studies/Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)