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Most of the military encounters of the Peninsular War (1808-1815) have been analyzed, mapped and subjected to critical assessment. The quantitative data available regarding the cost in lives, however, have been used only rarely to refine our understanding of the war and the influence of the different military actors in its outcome. This article compares the fatal combat casualties (killed in action and died of wounds) of the British and French officers during the six-year campaign in the Iberian Peninsula. It also compares the available data on other battles in Europe to analyze important aspects of combat in the Napoleonic Age. By making innovative use of new quantitative data available, the article raises questions for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study has conducted a diachronic analysis of law and order metaphors in a self-compiled corpus of China's Government Work Reports (CGWR) over a span of 22 years (2000–2021). By mapping target domains with source domains, we categorized four major types of legal metaphors, including building, physical object, journey, and living being, among which physical object was overwhelmingly predominant. Our analysis suggests metaphorical expressions that highlight physicality more than specificity will constantly remain in use because the stability and universality of such metaphors are conducive to the dissemination and reinforcement of legal thoughts. Additionally, there is a direct correlation between legal metaphors and the government's economic, political, and social concerns, as evidenced by increasing attention paid to various security issues and new challenges in China. Given that the rule of law with Chinese characteristics becomes more institutionally recognized and systematically theorized, legal metaphors are implemented in a top-down manner to justify the exercise of power in CGWRs, making Chinese people identified with the governing philosophy and further contributing to the ideological construction of discourse. This study is thus conducive to a general but insightful understanding of how political stances are embodied and reinforced persuasively in discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the role of paperwork in an official investigation into a claim made by Madame Suzanne Dravert for an indemnity from Paris's municipal government, after she sustained an injury from stepping in a pothole in 1903. The city then engaged municipal engineers, charged with managing the cleaning, lighting, paving, and general upkeep of the city's streets, to advise on the validity of indemnities related to negligent street maintenance. Although such claims reflected personal liability's new bearing on the city, the administration of the claims was contested. They placed financial burdens on the municipal government, which therefore resisted granting them. Moreover, the engineers' role raised questions concerning their capacity to provide unbiased counsel, since the claims sought compensation for the same agency's alleged negligence. By showing how the paperwork of this case established a defense for the city, this essay demonstrates how it diffused the administration's purported negligence and mediated urban experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working at the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), librarians know that their research and documentation are part of an important process that can provide background information, help refine a researchable question that the agency is answering for the U.S. Congress, or support a finding in a GAO report. Carefully documented literature searches form the backbone of this process. The librarians with a team of analysts and other specialists, such as methodologists, economists, and scientists, define the criteria for the searches and the evaluation of the results. The librarian performs the searches and participates in the evaluation process often with the methodologist. The librarian is responsible for documenting searches and their returns in the Record of Research. As well, she captures the results for evaluation in a way that can be linked back to the searches. At the end of the process, the librarian has produced a Record of Research and a results document or Data Collection Instrument. Sometimes, the librarian also writes analysis about the results to support a finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting at the beginning of 2012, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (MSRB) undertook several initiatives to change the practices of underwriters in the municipal securities market to better protect both investors and issuers. This article discusses how recent enforcement actions and other regulatory actions, including the Municipalities Continuing Disclosure Cooperation Initiative and the National Exam Program Risk Alert, have altered underwriters' responsibilities and their relationships with issuers; how the Municipal Advisor Rule and subsequent MSRB rulemaking have affected underwriters' ability to provide issuers with guidance in structuring financing; what issuers can expect from underwriters moving forward and what new responsibilities issuers must assume; and how the market has responded with new products as a result of these regulations and requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical discourse analysis (CDA) in conjunction with a corpus-driven analytical methodology has evolved into a powerful qualitative and quantitative tool for deconstructing and studying political discourse. This study utilizes a corpus-driven CDA approach to examine the dynamics of power distance and the ideological stance in the context of Greater China, as conveyed in the 2013 Report on the Work of the Government of Mainland China and the Policy Address in Hong Kong. Concordancing software was used to generate frequency lists, co-selection patterns, and concgrams for detailed analysis. In particular, study examines differences in usage of the first-person plural pronoun we collocated with modal verbs and related lexical items. Concgrams in discourse analysis offer insights into the discursive practice of political actors in this unique political discourse genre. The findings show that the distribution and utilization of first-person plural pronoun we, and its interplay with other modal verbs and lexical items, comprising a specific "concgram," have provided textual and intertextual evidence for the analytical results of conventional critical discourse analysis. The discussions support that a methodological synergy between corpus linguistics and critical discourse analysis can serve as a powerful tool to deconstruct and analyze political discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay I put forward the notion of an anonymous history of historical times looking at archival practices of appraisal in various German states throughout the long nineteenth century. I maintain that the process of making decisions about what to sort out of archives involved an implicit notion of both history and historical time. In that sense the history of archival appraisal turns out to be a history of the writing of history avant la lettre. The spontaneous philosophy in archival practice amounts to an anonymous history of historical times that refrains from engagement with the texts from the past but treats them as material documents. The modern archive has become the site to define the material conditions of possibility of the writing of history. Ultimately these matters become the mostly overlooked prerequisite of the historiography of historical time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arguing for renewed attention to legal status as a problem of material forms and the practices around them, this paper builds, from an examination of documents in use, a theory of how competing notions of personhood shape legal status for Burmese people in Mae Sot, Thailand. It finds that there exist in Mae Sot two modes of documentary practice through which the legal status of Burmese people is apprehended. “Modes of documentary practice” refer not only to records, papers, certificates, cards, and forms, but to the patterns of filling in, wielding, explaining, and referencing a variety of print matter. The two modes identified in this paper exist in a feedback loop, with the result that Burmese people in Mae Sot are increasingly individuated as being part of a group for whom legal status is irrelevant and legal indistinctiveness is the norm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a response from the author of the book "Government Paper: The Materiality of Bureaucracy in Urban Pakistan" to several comments on his book. He clarifies that his book does not provide a methodology and does not attempt to develop a systematic method for examining bureaucratic documentary processes. He also discusses Pakistani bureaucratic inscription practices.

This study investigates the factors that impact the quality of government internal audit workpaper review. Numerous concerns have been expressed about the quality of government audits in recent years. The audit workpaper review helps to ensure public officials rely on accurate audit reports and recommendations. A survey was sent to local government chief auditors in the United States to learn about their audit and audit review processes. Survey analysis reveals the quality of audit workpaper review is a function of auditor training, audit client cooperation, audit departments’ budget size, auditor consulting engagements with the clients, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literary criticism of the book "The 9/11 Report: A Graphic Adaptation" by Sid Jacobson and Ernie Colón is presented. It explores how the authors adapted the public policy document entitled "The 9/11 Commission Report" from the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the U.S. into verbal-visual form of the graphic novel. It examines the interactions among words, ideologies, and images in the comic book.

This article analyses the political context of Defence White Papers from 1976 to 2013. Political competition between the major Australian political parties is an inevitable and indeed essential backdrop to policy development. Only by understanding the dynamics of that competition is it possible to understand how governments make key defence policy decisions around strategy, force structure and defence spending. Competition for authority within parties also informs how Prime Ministers use White Papers as a means to cement their own power. A key challenge for governments is the need to look credible as custodians of Australian national security in the perceptions of voters. If one party is unable to demonstrate clear superiority over the other in its management of defence, a secondary aim is to try to remove defence as a point of political difference by claiming bipartisanship on key aspects of policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to describe the construction of scenarios used by the Cooperative Official Paperwork, RL The study was located in the post positivist paradigm using the biographical method. The results showed that the cooperative referred used more than 66.66 per cent in prospective qualitative methods in the construction of scenarios, an 11.11 percent in prospective quantitative methods, and 22.22 percent in prospective method that combines both. We conclude that a new type of design was developed with nine stages for the construction of their scenes without the information and formal knowledge of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the three current versions of software that are arising from the collaboration between the Diputación Provincial de Zaragoza and the Escuela Universitaria Politécnica de La Almunia. They are used for better management of the municipal archives in the province of Zaragoza (Spain). For this purpose, an overview of the most important functional characteristics of these tools is provided, one of which is being used by many municipalities in the province, another is intended for use only in municipalities with certain characteristics, and the third one is restricted to the Diputación Provincial de Zaragoza. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiential knowledge of government business among clerks in the Treasury's paper room stimulated new logs to control transit of records and classified indexes to expand recall of business beyond personal memory. Despite a flowering of expertise in records matters before the First World War, effective changes were compromised by the volume of paper work, inherent limitations of format, and the increased speed of business. Additional staff was the favoured option for keeping up because it did not imply re-thinking the format of records, optimum linking of their physical and intellectual control, or changed operations of the paper room and re-assignment of staff. Classified indexes, a Victorian achievement in the Treasury, held the central service together until the restrictions of format and space for files and for registration notes and for paper room operations led to a new system of registration and classification in 1920. The Victorian separation of initial registration from ultimate classification was replaced by the union of the two processes at the beginning; the principle of file formation changed from one letter, one file, to one subject, one file. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the executive summary of the "Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee (PAGAC) Report 2008," submitted to the Secretary of Health and Human Services in the U.S. It states that disease prevention and health promotion are given high priority in the administration of President George W. Bush. It mentions the three major components of the report, the introduction to the PAGAC process; the definition of key terms and the background information on dose response. One of PAGAC's major goals is to integrate scientific information on the relations between physical activity and health. It also discusses the overall benefits of physical activity on health.

The article presents a form for the First Nation Borrowing Agreement Law, which is meant to be updated each year in Canada and allows First Nations groups to make requests for funds from the First Nations Finance Authority.

The article presents a form for the First Nation Long-Term Capital Borrowing Law, which is meant to be updated each year in Canada and allows First Nations groups to make requests for funds for large infrastructure projects from the First Nations Finance Authority.

The article presents a form for the First Nation Long-Term Capital Borrowing Law, which is meant to be updated each year in Canada and allows First Nations groups to make requests for funds for large infrastructure projects from the First Nations Finance Authority.

The article presents a form for the First Nation Borrowing Agreement Law, which is meant to be updated each year in Canada and allows First Nations groups to make requests for funds from the First Nations Finance Authority.

This article examines whether the new labor organization annual financial report (Form LM-2) has significantly improved transparency of union finances over the old form by providing useful and easily understood information to union members, government, and the public. The new form, filed by unions with $250,000 or more in annual receipts, was first published by the U.S. Department of Labor's Office of Labor-Management Standards in December 2002. After reviewing the changes made in the new LM-2 form, the authors then use data drawn from a stratified random sample of union filings under the new LM-2 form to determine what additional gain in transparency has actually occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a rapid increase of both migrant workers and incidence of HIV infection in Korea, little is known about the relation between the two. This paper examines the vulnerability to HIV infection of migrant workers in Korea, highlighting socio-cultural, political and economic contexts. Major information sources include articles, government reports, archives in migrant-support and AIDS-prevention organizations and in-depth interviews with government officials, NGO representatives and migrant workers. The study reveals migrant workers in Korea face an environment of discrimination and isolation because of their status as foreigners from less developed countries and with jobs characterised by low pay and status. Encountering stress and loneliness and without family support, migrant workers – especially single males, those undocumented and females in the sex industry – engage in risky sexual behaviours such as commercial and casual sex, leaving them vulnerable to HIV infection. Little knowledge of STD/HIV, few STD/HIV prevention programs and easy access to commercial sex compound migrant workers’ vulnerability to HIV infection. The situation is worsening and current government policy, including lack of education, largely contributes to the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents several documents released by government organizations. The United States Council of Economic Advisers released "Immigration's Economic Impact" that discusses the economic impact of immigration in the U.S. A news paper article by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon concerning migration and globalization is presented and appeared in the July 9, 2007 issue of the "Washington Post." A speech by French president Nicholas Sarkozy titled "Tasks of the European Union" is presented.

Purpose — The purpose of this research is to investigate the role and importance of the annual report as a source of information about public sector entities. Design/methodology/approach — This research uses a survey methodology to access users of public sector annual reports and is innovative because it has directly studied actual users across the entire public sector. Findings — The findings of this research indicate that the annual report is an important source of information about public sector entities but it is not the most important source of information. This study also found that the annual report is not regarded as equally important across all public sector entity types. Differences in the importance attached to the annual report by different stakeholder groups were also noted. Research implications/limitations — These findings have important implications for policy makers with respect to the information content of public sector annual reports, In particular the blanket approach to legislative requirements for annual reporting may need to be reviewed in view of the findings of this research that there are differing levels of importance attached to the annual report as an information source by users from different public sector entity types. Originality/value — The research in this paper is original in that it has, systematically and directly accessed users of public sector annual reports to determine their information sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the obligatory interactions of township governments involving their affairs and relations. The obligations of township governments include participation in meetings by township leaders, performance of assignments written on various documents for cadre management and local functionaries, creation of report-back materials, receiving cadres, and inspections. Apart from the meetings assembled by higher authorities, meetings of village cadres are also conducted. County departments and provincial-level departments release an estimate of 300 to 500 kinds of documents per annum to townships containing assignments for work tasks. The need for the eradication of luxurious and wasteful practices of township authorities is suggested.

This study examines the needs of record keepers in relation to knowledge and skills required to manage electronic records in the specific context of the Electronic Government (EG) in Malaysia. The research adopted a case study approach that combined both quantitative and qualitative data to answer the research questions. A questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews were used to investigate and identify the roles and responsibilities of different record keepers in the Malaysian Federal Ministries, explore the context in which the record keepers managed electronic records, and examine their needs for education and training in electronic records management (ERM). The study indicates the lack of knowledge and skills in ERM of the different record keepers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on a chronological history of paperwork reform efforts in the United States. In exploring that history, the article offers an interpretation of how the design and implementation efforts of the regulations established by the Paperwork Reductions Acts contribute to and reflect a history of the government's social attitudes and values in regards to information needs, organization, and management. Implicit in these paperwork reform efforts is how the U.S. Congress identifies problems and prioritizes problem-solving initiatives on behalf of the citizens of the United States. Pursuant to the term project parameters, the article only refers to primary documents and not secondary analytical sources. A methodology section describing research gathering precedes the rest of the text. Although the study's purpose was to analyze paperwork burdens on all citizens, the studies' actual methodologies focused on small businesses, unregulated larger businesses, and federal agencies. The study found many instances of information duplication, particularly with financial and tax figures.

Reports on various political events in China from January to March 2005. Submission of a draft amendment to the Corporation Law to the members of the National People's Congress; Delivery of the "Report on the Work of the Government," by Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao; Official visit of Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin in Beijing; Extension of China's subsidies to its major agricultural regions for the year 2005.

Where are university administrators placed in texts that are centred around universities? There appears to be either a total confusion in terminology about administration or a complete disregard for administrators' work but in most cases administrative staff in universities are largely invisible. This paper explores a range of texts (academic, government reports and novels) and provides a picture of how the work of administrators and the staff themselves are represented. It examines how they are positioned in the organisation as people, as workers and as power brokers and provides a starting point for further research into how these workers see themselves. "There has been remarkably little systematic study of the roles and values of university administrative staff" (McInnis, 1998, p. 161). Maybe it is time that this was remedied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo examina el Ministerio de Defensa de la Federación Rusa y el libro blanco llamado "Las fuerzas armadas rusas: Objetivos y perspectivas." El documento estudia la doctrina militar establecida en 1996 tanto como el estatuto de fuerzas logísticas y técnicas. Se menciona que el libro blanco tiene particular interés político y diplomático en al análisis de la política de defensa.

Focuses on recordkeeping policies of the United States National Information Infrastructure. Impact of digital technologies on recordkeeping; Obstacles to integrating recordkeeping and archiving issues; Emerging models for electronic recordkeeping; Guidelines released by the International Council on Archives for managing recordkeeping.

Presents the author's views on the relationship between the information holdings in government agencies in the United States and the information-seeking public. Illustration of complete inaccessibility to active broadcast of government information; Historical trends pertaining to government information and public access; Implications of access control of records in government agencies.