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Background: The present study aimed to evaluate the potential synergy between pharmaceutical formulations containing Bixa orellana L. (granulated—CHR OR and injectable nanodispersion—CHR IN) in conjunction with a cannabidiol (CBD)-rich extract of Cannabis sativa L. (CSE) on experimental pain models in Wistar rats. Methods: Chemical analysis was performed using gas chromatography (GC-MS). The pain tests employed were acetic acid-induced writhing (injection i.p. of 0.9% acetic acid), formalin (solution 1%), hot plate (55 ± 0.5 °C), and cold-water tail withdrawal tests. Results: Chemical analyses by chromatography confirmed that the oil from B. orellana is rich in δ-tocotrienol (72.0 ± 1.0%), while the oil from Cannabis sativa highlighted the presence of cannabidiol (CBD). The results from the experimental pain tests indicated that the combined administration of formulations containing Bixa orellana and C. sativa, such as the granulated CHR OR (400 mg/kg, orally) with CSE (40 mg/kg, orally) or the nanodispersion CHR IN (10 mg/kg, intramuscularly) with CSE (40 mg/kg, orally), demonstrated significant results (p < 0.001) in pain reduction. Although the formulations containing Bixa orellana extract showed statistical significance in the tests when used in isolation, their effects were inferior compared to the combined use with CSE or the isolated use of CSE. These findings suggest that combining formulations containing extracts of these plant species may represent a viable therapeutic option, considering the synergistic action in reducing pain under the experimental conditions employed. Conclusions: these results imply that combining the phytocomplexes present in B. orellana and C. sativa may be a promising approach for pain treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied morphofunctional features of human platelets exposed in vitro to low-pulse laser radiation (LPLR) with different wavelengths. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was irradiated at wavelengths of 635, 488, and 355 nm. LPLR with λ=635 nm and 1 W power after 10 min caused degranulation of many platelets, formation of small platelet conglomerates, and accelerated platelet adhesion on glass. LPLR with λ=635 nm and 2 mW and LPLR with λ=488 nm did not cause significant changes in the morphofunctional platelet status. LPLR with λ=355 nm induced massive platelets' deformation, sharp decrease in their morphofunctional status without activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genipa americana L. is popularly known as jenipapo and has a potential herbal medicine with various pharmacological activities. Granules is a simple and useful pharmaceutical form to obtain herbal medicines in solid-state and has advantage due to protection of the bioactive compounds herbal extract. The aim of this study was to conduct studies of characterization of Genipa americana extract and its granules to evaluate their phytochemical, physicochemical and thermal properties. The crude extract of Genipa americana leaves was obtained by maceration using ethanol. A total of four Genipa americana granules were obtained using wet granulation process. Phytochemical characterization was performed: total phenol and total flavonoid contents and DPPH, FRAP and MDA assays. Physicochemical characterization was performed using SEM, FTIR, UV–Vis, dissolution profile and UFLC-DAD/UV analysis. Thermal characterization was performed using TG technique. The crude extract of Genipa americana and its granules showed the presence of iridoids (genipin and geniposides), flavonoids and phenolic compounds and genipin derivatives after hydrolysis experiment using the UFLC-DAD/UV. The DPPH assay showed antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 207.07 µg cm−3 for the Genipa americana extract and 198.34 to 298.71 µg cm−3 for the Genipa americana granules. The FRAP assay showed a good ability to reduce the iron III–TPTZ complex to iron II–TPTZ with values between 1092 and 1532 µM ferrous sulfate. g−1 also explained by the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The maloaldehyde (MDA) assay showed acceptable levels and similar to the scientific literature. SEM analysis showed granules with morphology and particle size that characterize them as microparticles. FTIR analysis showed similarity between the identification bands of the crude Genipa americana granules with pharmaceutical excipients. The dissolution profiles of the Genipa americana granules showed characteristics of highly water-soluble pharmaceutical compositions with total release of the genipin marker between 30 and 60 min. The Genipa americana granules showed moisture content between 4.27 and 11.6% by the thermogravimetric analysis. The granules indicated greater protection and stability for the Genipa americana extract in these pharmaceutical formulations. The wet granulation process proved to be suitable and low-cost for Genipa americana extract. The moisture content of the granules can cause variability in genipin content to be stored in appropriate environment and packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study aimed to investigate the utility of neutrophil-related cell population data obtained by automated hematology analyzers in assessing myelodysplastic syndrome cases with decreased granules in neutrophils. Methods A total of 108 subjects were classified into normal granule (n = 35), hypogranulation (n = 37), or hypergranulation (n = 36) groups. Neutrophil cell area and granule area were measured by ImageJ. All samples were analyzed on the XR-1000 and UniCel DxH 800, and neutrophil-related parameters were compared among the 3 groups. Results Neutrophil cell area and the ratio of the granular area showed significant differences among the 3 groups; they were the highest in the hypergranulation group and lowest in the hypogranulation group. XR-1000 data showed significant differences in NE-SFL and NE-FSC among the 3 groups (P <.0001). NE-SFL and NE-FSC discriminated most accurately hypogranulation group against other groups. UniCel DxH 800 data showed significant differences in MN-V-NE, MN-MALS-N, MN-UMALS-NE, SD-UMALS-NE (P <.01), MN-LMALS-NE, and SD-LMALS-NE (P <.05) among the 3 groups. The combination of SD-V-NE and SD-LMALS-NE discriminated most accurately the hypogranulation group against the other groups. Conclusion NE-SFL and NE-FSC and the combination of SD-V-NE and SD-LMALS-NE are useful in detecting cases with decreased granules in neutrophils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient conversion of starch to fermentable sugars and dextrins is essential during brewing as it drives process efficiency, resource efficiency, and the quality of the end product. Recent changes in barley growth conditions due to climate change challenge brewers in maintaining these essential aspects of the brewing process. The main component of barley, starch, is also undergoing changes, which can lead to detrimental effects on the brewing process. Additionally, variations in barley genotype and preparatory processing, such as malting, can affect starch properties of the barley malt. These changes in and fluctuations of the raw material barley for brewing have led to recent research focusing on the importance of starch granule proportions, starch structure, and starch behavior as a means to cope with these new challenges. In this review, we summarize the main findings regarding starch properties and behavior from barley to beer, discuss the importance of balancing starch gelatinization and starch hydrolysis during the mashing process, identify research gaps, and suggest potential trajectories for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of polymer carriers for systems of prolonged and controlled release of substances, particularly drugs, into the action environment is a relevant task in polymer chemistry and technology. This aims to solve the problem of reducing the effective dose of a medical drug administered into the body of a person or animal. The latest achievements in the field of creating such carriers in the form of spherical particles based on 2- hydroxyethyl methacrylate and polyvinylpyrrolidone (co)polymers are analyzed and summarized. The working principles and advantages of such systems are described. The research of the synthesis regularities, structure, properties and perspectives of application of granular hydrogels based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and its copolymers with polyvinylpyrrolidone was analyzed. The mixture of decanol and cyclohexanol as a solvent for the monomer phase is substantiated. Based on the analysis of kinetic studies, the optimal technological parameters for the suspension polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate with polyvinylpyrrolidone were selected, and the possibility of regulating the dispersion characteristics of copolymers via changes in the technological synthesis modes was confirmed. The results of studies on the sorption-desorption properties of copolymers concerning model substances and drugs are described. The possibility of directed regulation of sorption capacity and drug release rate through changes in copolymer composition was confirmed. Methods for increasing the sorption capacity of hydrogels for drugs are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egg yolk is a highly effective natural emulsifier used in various food products. Its emulsifying properties are influenced by food product chemical conditions, and processing methods. Nevertheless, to effectively utilize egg yolk in food products, a more comprehensive understanding of these factors is crucial. This review discusses recent developments regarding how factors like pH, ionic strength, thermal treatments, enzymatic treatments, and novel non-thermal treatments affect egg yolk emulsifying properties. It also explores the underlying mechanisms involved in egg yolk emulsification. Food products involve different ingredients leading to varying pH values and ionic strength, which affect egg yolk protein adsorption and emulsion stability. Processing steps like thermal treatment can damage egg yolk proteins, reducing their emulsifying capabilities and leading to unstable products. Incorporating sugar, salt, and amino acids can enhance egg yolk's resistance to heat and preserve its ability to form stable emulsions. As an alternative to thermal treatment, non-thermal techniques such as high-pressure processing and high-intensity ultrasound can be employed to preserve egg yolk. Furthermore, forming egg yolk–polysaccharide complexes can enhance egg yolk emulsifying properties. These advancements have facilitated the creation of egg yolk-based products such as high internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPEs), low-fat mayonnaise, and egg yolk gels. A comprehensive understanding of the emulsifying mechanisms and factors involved in egg yolk will be instrumental in improving food quality and creating novel egg yolk-based products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advantage of combustion synthesis is the ability to produce composites from powders in a single technological step, using the heat of an exothermic reaction, in a fast and energy-efficient manner. Ceramic-metal composites TiC–High-Entropy Alloy (HEA) CoCrFeNiMn were fabricated by combustion synthesis from granular mixtures. The content of the metal binder components varied from 10 to 30 wt% and the combustion velocity and temperature gradually decreased as the binder content increased. Scaling up synthesis requires clarification of the parametric range for implementing a safe combustion mode. The impurity gas content and the range of safe conductive combustion were determined from known theoretical models and experimental combustion velocities of samples of granules of 0.6 and 1.1 mm size. The main phases of the product were titanium carbide with up to 3 at. % Cr and HEA CrCoFeNiMn with a reduced Mn content compared to the equimolar composition. The content of secondary phases Cr 7 C 3 and carbon did not exceed 5 wt%. The use of granular mixtures solved the problem of significant sintering of exothermic powder mixtures containing metal binder during combustion. After synthesis, the granules retain their size and do not sinter together, making it easy to grind the sample and obtain a TiC-HEA composite powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Natural products such as plants and herbs are primely opted for by the consumers these days for the treatment or mitigation of any health condition. And countless options present in our surroundings, that can offer an aid in the management and cure of many nutritional health conditions. Vigna aconitifolia (Moth bean), Eleusine coracana (Finger millet) and Chenopodium quinoa (Quinoa) are some of the examples, that are enriched with a huge amount of nutrients like vitamins and minerals (iron and calcium) that has a potential to be utilized as for the management of Iron deficiency anemia. But the limitations associated with these herbs is, their fluctuating therapeutic effects due to low solubility, poor bioavailability, and low stability. Materials and Methods: In order to overcome all these limitations, Vigna aconitifolia, Eleusine coracana and Chenopodium quinoa were formulated as nutraceutical granules (a standardized solid dosage form). These crops are well-known for their lofty nutritional potential, which includes a wide range of bioactive ingredients and amino acids, as well as minerals and vitamins. This study examined the use of various materials, such as binders (potato and maize starch), flavors, sweeteners, and other necessary components, to formulate the nutraceutical granules using wet-granulation method. The granules were then tested for different standardization parameters like micromeritic evaluation, organoleptic characterization, physico-chemical evaluation, and in vitro dissolution study. The herbal powders of V aconitifolia, E. coracana and C. quinoa were successfully formulated into nutraceutical dosage form. Results and Discussion: The results revealed that these nutraceutical granules showed improved physico-chemical, and micromeritic properties as compared to their powdered forms. In vitro dissolution profile of the granules was found to be upto 99.32%. Conclusion: These are the economical and feasible options for the conventional formulations available for the management of nutritional disorders like iron deficiency anemia due their remarkable mineral (iron) content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upscaling of the laboratory oxygen carriers while keeping comparable performance as laboratory powders remains a challenge in the field of chemical looping combustion (CLC). In this work, two perovskite compositions of CaMn0.375Ti0.5Fe0.125O3 (termed CMTF8341) and CaMn0.5Ti0.375Fe0.125O3 (CMTF8431) have been fabricated by means of spray granulation. The fabricated granules were evaluated by redox cycles under CLC conditions and showed comparable performance with laboratory-prepared powders, i.e. high oxygen transfer capacity and fast redox kinetics. Under chemical looping oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) conditions, it has been found that steam leads to a slower kinetics and lower oxygen transfer capacity for these two compositions. When it comes to sulphur effect on the oxygen carriers, redox cycles with deep reduction showed no influence with H2S since the CaSO4 formed in air decompose but it affected the materials under mild CLOU due to calcium sulphate formed under such condition. Nonetheless, redox performance can be recovered by deep reduction with an enhanced oxygen capacity. These two oxygen carriers showed no degradation as compared to other tested minerals in the field of CLC. Microstructure analyses from SEM showed high degree of structure integrity after redox cycles at temperatures up to 1050 °C for the CMTF8341. Good mechanical strength was evidenced from cold attrition test, and the lifetime of the two granules was also predicted based on a standard reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Thirdhand smoke (THS) is associated with many public health and disease concerns, such as respiratory illness, cancer, lipidemia, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We have previously shown that a moderate to long-term exposure to THS increases the risk of thrombosis. However, whether short-term exposure to THS would produce any effects remains to be discovered. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of 1-month THS exposure on platelet function, in vivo and in vitro, and on cytokine response, in a sex-dependent manner. Aims and Methods Secondhand smoke or clean air (CA) exposed upholstery materials for 1 week were kept in cages housed with 5–6 mice, and the procedure was repeated for 4 weeks. These THS-exposed mice were evaluated for thrombogenesis and platelet function assays. In addition, cytokines expression was evaluated from pooled serum. Results Compared to the CA group, THS exposure significantly shortened the tail bleeding time and carotid artery thrombus formation. Moreover, the female mice appeared more sensitive to THS exposure than males. Furthermore, platelet aggregation, dense granule secretion, and P-selectin activation markers were significantly elevated due to THS exposure. In addition, high-throughput screening showed at least 30 cytokines differentially modulated by THS in females relative to 26 in male mice. Conclusions Collectively, these results demonstrate that 1 month of THS exposure represents a high health risk, in part, by triggering a prothrombotic phenotype that appears to be more significant in females, who are at a much higher risk for occlusive CVD. Additionally, changes in cytokine levels mediate some of the THS-induced occlusive effects. Implications This study revealed that THS exposure for 1 month is detrimental to the cardiovascular health of both sexes; however, females could be more aggressively affected than males. In addition, interleukins and chemokines could be critical factors for initiating prothrombotic activity due to THS exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of obtaining powders from the 5–50 μm fraction of a W-Ni-Fe system consisting of particles with predominantly spherical shapes was investigated. Experimental studies on the plasma–chemical synthesis of a nanopowder composed of WNiFe-90 were carried out in a plasma reactor with a confined jet flow. A mixture of tungsten trioxide, nickel oxide, and iron oxide powders interacted with a flow of hydrogen-containing plasma generated in an electric-arc plasma torch. The parameters of the spray-drying process and the composition of a suspension consisting of WNiFe-90 nanoparticles were determined, which provided mechanically strong nanopowder microgranules with a rounded shape and a homogeneous internal structure that contained no cavities. The yield of the granule fraction under 50 μm was 60%. The influence of the process parameters of the plasma treatment of the nanopowder microgranules in the thermal plasma flow on the degree of spheroidization and the microstructure of the obtained particles, seen as their bulk density and fluidity, was established. It was shown that the plasma spheroidization of the microgranules of the W-Ni-Fe system promoted the formation of a submicron internal structure in the obtained spherical particles, which were characterized by an average tungsten grain size of 0.7 μm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the chemical and phase compositions, acidic properties, and porous structure characteristics of an acidic support for a bifunctional catalyst. This catalyst was a high-crystallinity granulated hierarchical H-ZSM-5 molecular sieve promoted with 0.5 wt % Pt. The catalytic transformations of n-hexadecane and a diesel fuel were further investigated using this catalyst. The catalyst exhibited a higher activity in the hydrocracking of higher n-paraffins than a bifunctional catalyst that contained 20 wt % Al2O3 as a binder. Furthermore, at 220°C, 3 MPa, 2.0 h–1, and H2/feed = 800 m3/m3, a diesel fuel with a pour point of –68 °C was produced over the prepared catalyst with a yield of about 71–72 wt %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new mode of combustion of granular mixtures Zr + 0.5C in a co-current argon flow with the formation of a finger-like front instability was discovered. The observed phenomena were explained under the assumption of a decrease in the permeability of synthesis products due to significant shrinkage of the sample in the longitudinal direction, which prevented the filtration of argon through the products. Redirection of the gas flow into the gap between the granules and the side surface of the cylindrical reactor contributed to the formation of a finger. It was shown that a decrease in the sample size in the longitudinal direction is provided by the pressure drop of argon, and a decrease in the cross-section occurs under the action of surface tension forces due to a transverse temperature gradient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work four metal powder compositions of VZL718 (IN718) alloy are produced, one by vacuum induction melting and gas atomization (VIGA) technology and three by plasma melting and rotating billet centrifugal atomization (PREP) technology. Their particle size distributions, distribution parameters, technological properties, moisture content and gas impurity content of VIGA and PREP initial metal powder compositions are investigated. The differences between VIGA metal powder compositions and PREP metal powder compositions are shown and analyzed, and the differences are explained. Four selective laser melting processes are conducted using the VIGA and PREP metal powder compositions investigated. Particle size distributions, distribution parameters and process characteristics of VIGA metal powder compositions and PREP metal powder compositions after a single application in a selective laser melting process are investigated, and the differences between changes in characteristics and particle size distributions of VIGA and PREP metal powder compositions are revealed. The reasons for the changes identified in VIGA metal powder compositions and PREP metal powder compositions after selective laser melting and the relationships with initial metal powder composition characteristics are explained. Derivations and conclusions about further possibility of reuse of VIGA and PREP metal powder compositions after selective laser melting are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Salted hen egg yolks are less oily and less flavorful than salted duck egg yolks. However, hen eggs have a more adequate market supply and have a broader application prospect than duck eggs. In the present study, egg yolks, plasma, and granules were dehydrated by adding 1% NaCl to simulate traditional curing process of salted egg yolk. The changes in the pickling process of hen egg yolks (HEY) and duck egg yolks (DEY) plasma and granules were compared to reveal the gelation mechanism and the underlying causes of quality differences in salted HEY and DEY. Salted HEY can be compared with the changes in DEY during the pickling process to provide a theoretical basis for the quality improvement of salted HEY to salted DEY. RESULTS: The results showed that both plasma and granules were involved in gel formation, but exhibited different aggregation behaviors. Based on the intermolecular forces, the HEY proteins achieved aggregation mainly through hydrophobic interactions and DEY proteins mainly through covalent binding. According to spin–spin relaxation time, HEY gels immobilized a large amount of lipid and interacted strongly with lipids. DEY gels showed much free lipid and had weak interaction with lipid. The microstructure showed that HEY proteins were easily unfolded to form a homogeneous three‐dimensional gel network structure after salting, whereas heterogeneous aggregates were formed to hinder the gel development in DEY. Changes in protein secondary structure content showed that pickling can promote the transformation of the α‐helices to β‐sheets structure in HEY gels, whereas more α‐helices structure was formed in DEY gels. CONCLUSION: The present study has demonstrated that different gelation behaviors of hen and duck egg yolk proteins (especially in plasma) through salting treatment led to the difference in the quality of salted HEY and DEY. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origins and evolution of the eosinophilic leukocyte have received only scattered attention since Paul Ehrlich first named this granulocyte. Studies suggest that myeloperoxidase, expressed by granulocytes, and eosinophil peroxidase diverged some 60 to 70 million years ago, but invertebrate to vertebrate evolution of the eosinophil lineage is unknown. Vertebrate eosinophils have been characterized extensively in representative species at light microscopic, ultrastructural, genetic, and biochemical levels. Understanding of eosinophil function continues to expand and includes to date regulation of "Local Immunity And/Or Remodeling/Repair" (the so-called LIAR hypothesis), modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, maintenance of tissue and metabolic homeostasis, and, under pathologic conditions, inducers of tissue damage, repair, remodeling, and fibrosis. This contrasts with their classically considered primary roles in host defense against parasites and other pathogens, as well as involvement in T-helper 2 inflammatory and immune responses. The eosinophils' early appearance during evolution and continued retention within the innate immune system across taxa illustrate their importance during evolutionary biology. However, successful pregnancies in eosinophil-depleted humans/primates treated with biologics, host immune responses to parasites in eosinophil-deficient mice, and the absence of significant developmental or functional abnormalities in eosinophil-deficient mouse strains under laboratory conditions raise questions of the continuing selective advantages of the eosinophil lineage in mammals and humans. The objectives of this review are to provide an overview on evolutionary origins of eosinophils across the animal kingdom, discuss some of their main functions in the context of potential evolutionary relevance, and highlight the need for further research on eosinophil functions and functional evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combustion modes of powder and granular mixtures (100 – X)(Ti + C) + XNiCr (X = 0–30%) containing Ti powders of different dispersion with different amounts of impurity gases in them are studied. The experimental setup provided the filtration of impurity gases released during combustion in the cocurrent direction or through the side surface of the sample. The difference between the experimental burning velocities of powder mixtures with titanium of a different fineness is explained using a convective-conductive combustion model. For granular mixtures based on Ti powder with a characteristic size of 120 μm, it is shown that combustion occurs in the conductive mode. Comparison of the combustion velocities of granular mixtures containing Ti powder with particles of a characteristic size of 60 μm in the absence and presence of gas filtration through the sample indicates the transition of combustion to the convective regime. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the transition from conductive to convective combustion are formulated, which makes it possible to determine the composition of the mixture whose combustion occurs in the boundary region. In mixtures based on Ti with a particle size of 60 μm, the conductive combustion regime is observed during the combustion of granules 0.6 mm in size and a mixture with X = 30% of granules 1.7 mm in size. For mixtures with X = 0–20% with granules 1.7 mm in size, burning in the convective regime, the interfacial heat transfer coefficients are evaluated using the experimental data. Their values are more than an order of magnitude higher than the theoretical ones. The XRD results of the combustion products showed that in order to obtain synthesis products without side phases of intermetallic compounds, it is necessary to use finely dispersed titanium powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the preparation process of Mahuang Xixin Fuzi decoction granules based on the clinical pharmacological effects of the classic formulas and to control the quality of the product.

The aim of this study was to explore the effect of different solid phases and varied amounts of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) on granule size of plasma-sprayable yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ) with YSZ whiskers (YSZ/W) and lanthanum cerate (La2Ce2O7, LC) with YSZ whiskers (LC/W) as composite powders. The initial phase of this study involved the preparation and optimization of a YSZ suspension using varying solid loadings of YSZ powder (ranging from 30 to 75 wt%) and PVA serving as both a binder and dispersant. The suspension was subjected to rigorous optimization procedures to meet the required standards. The suspensions were spray dried, and the resulting granulates were examined using SEM to determine their shape and size. The particle size of YSZ granules increased with increasing solid loading of YSZ in the suspension. The optimum amount of dispersant was found to be 1 wt% related to the weight of solid, while the solid loading was 75 wt% of YSZ. In some cases, excessive YSZ solid loading and dispersant impaired the formation of spherical granules. Composite YSZ/W and LC/W granules were also prepared with spherical, lemon, or irregular shapes, with the whiskers embedded in the YSZ or LC powder.

The concept of self-healing materials and the development of encapsulated curing agents represent a cutting-edge approach to enhancing the longevity and reducing the maintenance costs of cementitious structures. This systematic literature review aims to shed light on the parameters involved in the autonomous self-healing of cementitious materials, utilizing various encapsulated healing agents such as pellets, granules, and capsules. This review also identifies and selects studies that offer additional insights into the efficacy of the self-healing process in cementitious materials and the influence of these specific encapsulated healing agents on the physical mechanical properties of mortars. This comprehensive approach provides a deep understanding of the interplay between self-healing and the physical–mechanical properties of mortars containing these encapsulated healing agents. The main findings indicate that the cement-to-sand ratio, characteristics of fine aggregates, and encapsulation methods significantly impact crack control, self-healing efficiency, and properties of mortar in both fresh and hardened states. The content of encapsulated healing agents within the cementitious matrix affects both the initial workability or flow and subsequent mechanical properties. While pellets coated with PVA film typically reduce workability in the fresh state and compressive strength, capsules coated with Portland cement and sodium silicate mitigate these effects and improve crack sealing in fresh and hardened states without compromising the self-healing capacity of cracks. The three-point flexural test has emerged as the preferred method for a pre-crack assessment over 28 days, with variations depending on the type of healing agent used. As noted in the literature, water has been identified as the optimal environment for autonomous healing. These findings underscore the potential of encapsulation techniques to enhance self-healing capabilities through the controlled release of agents within the cementitious matrix, thereby advancing the research on and development of intelligent construction materials and increasing the durability of cement-based structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental dependences of burning rate of powder and granulated mixtures 5Ti + 3Si, Ti + C , (Ti + C + 20% Cu, (Ti + C + 20% Ni, and Ti + C (with amorphous carbon in the form of soot and crystalline carbon in the form of graphite) on titanium particle size are discussed using different models of combustion front propagation in a condensed medium for the first time. Within the framework of the theory of gasless combustion (with and without account for the mechanism of capillary spreading), microheterogeneous models do not even qualitatively explain the difference in the dependences of the burning rate on the size of titanium particles for powder mixtures of titanium with soot and with graphite or an increase in the burning rate of Ti + C powder mixtures when diluted with nickel and copper, accompanied by a drop in combustion temperature. The restructuring of the medium (granulation of powder mixtures) changes burning rate without changing the phase composition of the synthesis products. Within the framework of the convective–conductive combustion model, all these results are explained uniformly by the inhibitory effect of impurity gases released ahead of the combustion front in powder mixtures with fulfillment of heating conditions of the component particles. The effect of impurity gas release on the burning rate of powder mixtures can be estimated for each composition by the difference in the burning rates of granulated and powder samples. For all the granulated mixtures studied, where the effect of impurity gases on burning rate is leveled, the analytical approximation of the experimental dependence of burning rate on titanium particle size shows qualitative agreement with the dependence that follows from the convective–conductive combustion model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental studies of the combustion of granular mixtures (100 – X)(Ti + C) + X(Ti + 2B), 0 ≤ X ≤ 100 wt %, were carried out. Granules 0.6 and 1.7 mm in size were made using an alcoholic solution of polyvinyl butyral. The combustion velocity dependence on X showed two characteristic areas with a boundary between them near X = 60 wt %. At X > 60 wt %, the combustion velocity increased significantly which allowed us to assume a convective mechanism of combustion due to the release of impurity gas. This assumption was verified by experiments in which the impurity gases were filtered through the side surface of samples to exclude the effect of a convective heat transfer. The necessary conditions for the transition to the convective combustion mode were formulated. Calculations showed that the critical conditions were met for mixture 40%(Ti + C) + 60%(Ti + 2B) with granule size of 1.7 mm. The content of impurity gas (presumably hydrogen) for mixtures burning in convective mode was estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halyomorpha halys Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a widespread and very harmful species to many different plant species and can cause lead to great economic damage. The excretory system of H. halys is composed of four Malpighian tubules. Each Malpighian tubule is divided to region according to the external structures: proximal and distal regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common cold and flu are frequently occurring in humans, if not managed, can cause secondary infections and other complications. It may be minimized by boosting immunity, which can be done by Unani Medicine. Objective of this study is to evaluate in vitro immunomodulatory and antimicrobial activity and safety of granules of Naque Nazla, a famous Unani infusion / decoction. Naque Nazla granules (NNG) were tested for its immunomodulatory activity by lymphocyte proliferation assay and macrophage phagocytosis and antimicrobial activity by well diffusion method. LC-MS and GC-MS was done for standardization. Acute toxicity study was carried as per OECD guidelines 423, to evaluate safety of granules. THP-1 cells study displayed EC50 value of 997.6 µg/mL with a proliferation of 53.95% at 1280 µg/mL. Phagocytosis assay displayed 67.85% phagocytosis at 1280 µg/mL, antimicrobial activity was tested against common respiratory tract bacteria which showed susceptibility against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes. LC-MS and GC-MS fingerprinting data was set in and revealed the presence of many phytochemicals. Acute toxicity study displayed the drug safe up to 2000 mg/kg. NNG displayed immunomodulatory and antimicrobial activity in in vitro study and was also found safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bone formation response of ceramic bone graft materials can be improved by modifying the material's surface and composition. A unique dual‐phase ceramic bone graft material with a nanocrystalline, hydroxycarbanoapatite (HCA) surface and a calcium carbonate core (TrelCor®—Biogennix, Irvine, CA) was characterized through a variety of analytical methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the TrelCor surface (magnification 100–100,000X) clearly demonstrated a nanosized crystalline structure covering the entire surface. The surface morphology showed a hierarchical structure that included micron‐sized spherulites fully covered by plate‐like nanocrystals (<60 nm in thickness). Chemical and physical characterization of the material using X‐ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive X‐ray Spectroscopy (SEM–EDX) showed a surface composed of HCA. Analysis of fractured samples confirmed the dual‐phase composition with the presence of a calcium carbonate core and HCA surface. An in vitro bioactivity study was conducted to evaluate whether TrelCor would form a bioactive layer when immersed in simulated body fluid. This response was compared to a known bioactive material (45S5 bioactive glass ‐ Bioglass). Following 14‐days of immersion, surface and cross‐sectional analysis via SEM–EDX showed that the TrelCor material elicited a bioactive response with the formation of a bioactive layer that was qualitatively thicker than the layer that formed on Bioglass. An in vivo sheep muscle pouch model was also conducted to evaluate the ability of the material to stimulate an ectopic, cellular bone formation response. Results were compared against Bioglass and a first‐generation calcium phosphate ceramic that lacked a nanocrystalline surface. Histology and histomorphometric analysis (HMA) confirmed that the TrelCor nanocrystalline HCA surface stimulated a bone formation response in muscle (avg. 11% bone area) that was significantly greater than Bioglass (3%) and the smooth surface calcium phosphate ceramic (0%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study aimed to evaluate the potential synergy between pharmaceutical formulations containing Bixa orellana L. (granulated—CHR OR and injectable nanodispersion—CHR IN) in conjunction with a cannabidiol (CBD)-rich extract of Cannabis sativa L. (CSE) on experimental pain models in Wistar rats. Methods: Chemical analysis was performed using gas chromatography (GC-MS). The pain tests employed were acetic acid-induced writhing (injection i.p. of 0.9% acetic acid), formalin (solution 1%), hot plate (55 ± 0.5 °C), and cold-water tail withdrawal tests. Results: Chemical analyses by chromatography confirmed that the oil from B. orellana is rich in δ-tocotrienol (72.0 ± 1.0%), while the oil from Cannabis sativa highlighted the presence of cannabidiol (CBD). The results from the experimental pain tests indicated that the combined administration of formulations containing Bixa orellana and C. sativa, such as the granulated CHR OR (400 mg/kg, orally) with CSE (40 mg/kg, orally) or the nanodispersion CHR IN (10 mg/kg, intramuscularly) with CSE (40 mg/kg, orally), demonstrated significant results (p < 0.001) in pain reduction. Although the formulations containing Bixa orellana extract showed statistical significance in the tests when used in isolation, their effects were inferior compared to the combined use with CSE or the isolated use of CSE. These findings suggest that combining formulations containing extracts of these plant species may represent a viable therapeutic option, considering the synergistic action in reducing pain under the experimental conditions employed. Conclusions: these results imply that combining the phytocomplexes present in B. orellana and C. sativa may be a promising approach for pain treatment.

Zeolite is known as a cation exchange adsorbent and has high adsorption capabilities. These two functions of zeolite have the opportunity to be a solution in dealing with cationic dye waste. The aim of this research was to determine the CEC value and adsorption capacity of zeolite in adsorbing methylene blue. Zeolite powder is made using local metakaolin and added NaOH or water glass using the hydrothermal method. The powdered zeolite product obtained was mixed with geopolymer to form a composite of small granules and large granules. The results of XRD characterization of the synthetic product obtained from a mixture of metakaolin and NaOH were NaA zeolite, while the addition of water glass resulted in NaX zeolite. Zeolite in powder form or geopolymer-zeolite granule composite shows a high cation exchange capacity (CEC) above 200 cmol/kg. The methylene blue adsorption test on each adsorbent showed that the adsorption capacities of NaA zeolite, NaX zeolite, NaA geopolymer-zeolite small granule and large granule composites, and NaX geopolymer-zeolite small granule and large granule composites were respectively 30.81 mg g-1, 32.84 mg g-1, 53.29 mg g-1, 51.64 mg g-1, 38.32 mg g-1, 54.22 mg g-1 and 48.81 mg g-1 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—A method for producing tungsten powder consisting of spherical microparticles with dimensions of 20–50 μm is considered when processing granular tungsten nanopowder in a flow of argon electric arc thermal plasma. Experimental studies of plasma chemical synthesis of tungsten nanopowder in a plasma reactor with a limited jet flow during the interaction of tungsten trioxide with a flow of hydrogen-containing plasma generated in an electric arc plasma torch were carried out. The conditions of spray drying and the properties of a suspension consisting of tungsten nanoparticles were determined experimentally, ensuring the production of mechanically strong nanopowder microgranules of rounded shape with a homogeneous internal nanostructure that does not contain cavities, with the yield of microgranules with a size of less than 60 μm at the level of 65%. The influence of the parameters of the plasma processing of nanopowder microgranules in the thermal plasma flow on the degree of spheroidization and the microstructure of the resulting particles was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Caleva UK single-screw Variable Density Extruder (VDE) is a continuous powder processing equipment known for spheronization and extrusion. Its suitability for granulation remains uncertain, a common challenge in powder processing industries that deal with granules, pellets, and tablets. This study investigates the VDE's potential for granulation, using 65 µm CaCO3 powder and PEG 4000 as a liquid binder. In order to replicate several experimental setups with varying binder concentrations and liquid-to-solid ratios (L/S) of 0.1 and 0.15, eight DEM simulations were run. Our results indicate that higher binder concentrations yield more consistent products with fewer fines, while lower concentrations result in inconsistent products with increased fines. Low L/S ratios produce fragile, fine-sized products with a broad particle size distribution (PSD). DEM simulations reveal a direct relationship between liquid binder content and contact forces. Analysis of bonds formed, and particle counts in simulations corroborates experimental observations of fines production. Additionally, granule strength appears to be directly proportional to contact force. [Display omitted] • L/S is the most influencing parameter with regards to granule strength and GSD. • Lower binder concentration produced nonhomogeneous products with more fines. • Lower L/S ratio result in more fragile granules and a wide range of GSD. • Mean strength of granules is directly proportional to contact force in simulations. • DEM Results validated through comparison with experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An adsorbent consisting of a granular NаX zeolite with a hierarchical porous structure and a high degree of crystallinity and phase purity is used for the efficient drying and purification of natural and associated gases from H2S. The possibility of using KZhV, MP KAKh, KCh-2, and KR-2 kaolins produced in Russia as temporary binder materials during its production is studied. It is found that KZhV and MP KAKh kaolins do not require additional treatment to prepare such an adsorbent. KCh-2 and KR-2 kaolins require additional dispersion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combustion modes of granular mixtures (100 – X)(Ti + C) + XNiCr, X = 0–30%, were studied. The experimental setup provided filtration of impurity gases released during combustion, either in the direction of propagation of the combustion front, or through the side surface of the sample. The comparison of burning velocities in different gas filtration schemes indicates the influence of convective heat transfer on the combustion patterns of mixtures with X < 30%. A method was proposed for determining the composition of the mixture in which the transition to the convective combustion mode occurs. The content of impurity gases in mixtures of different compositions was estimated quantitively. The comparison of experimental data with calculations based on the theory of filtration combustion showed that there is a conductive combustion mode for all mixtures of 0.6-mm granules and a mixture of 1.7-mm granules with X = 30%. XRD analysis of the synthesis products revealed no intermetallic phases, regardless of the size of the granules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three types of flash calcined powders with different specific surfaces and phases were selected to make alumina granules. The granulation was performed in a pan granulator as the spherical form. The hydrothermal and calcination conditions were applied to the granules. Physical, chemical and microstructural studies were applied to the hydrated and calcined granules. This study focussed on the thermal historical effects of the initial powders derived from bauxite on the granules. The least physical changes and the highest specific surface area were obtained for the granules prepared with flash calcined powder at 650°C. The hydrated granules can have boehmite, gamma and bayerite phases with rod, porous and plate morphologies, respectively. The presence of rod boehmite phase increases the strength of hydrated granules and plays an important role in the final strength. In the calcination stage, the phases transformed into the transition alumina and gamma phases with the growth of nanometer-sized crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A technology for producing surfacing materials for the subsequent formation of functional composite layers on steel bases of friction units is presented. Composite surfacing rods are produced by extrusion of a powder compact made of AO20-1 antifriction matrix alloy granules and ceramic powders of micron (SiC) and submicron (TiC) sizes. The conditions of producing matrix alloy granules and composite mixtures and extrusion are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Oocyte cytoplasmic evaluation is based on homogeneity and granular appearance. Our study investigated if a granular cytoplasm, highly heterogeneous, would affect oocyte competence in bovine. In two experiments, bovine cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) with homogeneous cytoplasm (control, CC) and granulated cytoplasm (granular, GC) were selected from a regular pool of COCs. Experiment 1 was performed with slaughterhouse ovaries, and Experiment 2 was carried out in Girolando COCs obtained from ovum pick-up. Granular oocytes had higher caspase 3 levels (66.17 ± 11.61 vs 172.08 ± 16.95, P < 0.01) and similar GAP junction activity (5.64 ± 0.45 vs 6.29 ± 0.29). ZAR1 relative mRNA amount was lower in granular oocytes (178.27 ± 151.63 vs 0.89 ± 0.89, P = 0.01) and no effect was detected for MATER , PPP2R1A , ENY2 , IGF2R , and BMP15 genes. Despite molecular differences, no detrimental effect was detected on oocyte competence in GC oocytes. Cleavage (Experiment 1: 59.52 ± 7.21% vs 59.79 ± 6.10% and Experiment 2: 68.88 ± 4.82 vs 74.41 ± 5.89%) and blastocyst (Experiment 1: 29.28 ± 4.14% vs 23.15 ± 2.96% and Experiment 2: 21.11 ± 3.28% vs 21.02 ± 6.08%) rates were similar between CC and GC (Experiments 1 and 2, respectively). Post-transfer embryo development revealed that pregnancy (CC: 24.27 ± 9.70% vs GC: 26.31 ± 7.23%) and calving (23.68% vs 33.33%) rates and fetal growth were not affected by the presence of cytoplasmic granules. Our results demonstrated that oocytes with granular cytoplasm present equivalent efficiency for IVF and calf production compared with homogenous cytoplasm oocytes. This could be observed through similar cleavage, blastocyst rates, and fetal growth development. In addition to differences in oocyte gene expression related to oocyte quality, it seems not to affect oocyte developmental competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study proposes a novel approach for the synthesis of granular MCM-22 zeolite with a hierarchical micro–meso–macroporous structure. This approach is based on the crystallization of zeolite granules consisting of powdered MCM-22 and synthetic amorphous aluminosilicate. The synthesized material had 97% crystallinity and volumes of micro-, meso-, and macropores of 0.18, 0.22, and 0.46 cm3/g, respectively. The H-form of the hierarchical MCM-22 exhibited high activity and selectivity in dimerization of α-methylstyrene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results obtained using the developed mathematical model of a detailed change in the temperature field and the phase transitions during cooling and crystallization of a melt droplet under cooling in the water and water–steam environment are analyzed. The presented mathematical model not only allows one to establish temperature fields in the droplet or granule body but also determines the velocity of motion of a droplet in a coolant at each specific instant of time, the intensity of heat removal, the cooling rate, and the melt crystallization rate at different points in the volume. The aforementioned ultimately makes it possible to predict dendrite sizes and the properties and phase composition of a material of synthesized granules. The mathematical model has been tested in granulation of aluminum superalloys (D1 and D16 alloys of the Al–Cu–Mg system and V95 and V96Ts alloys of the Al–Zn–Mg–Cu system) obtained by centrifugal spraying of melt and the drop method upon cooling in a water environment. The rate of crystallization in natural samples has been measured by analyzing the dendritic parameter of the material structure. The mathematical model has demonstrated a high degree of convergence of the results of simulation modeling and the results of real experiments for production of granules. The model has yielded, in particular, fairly accurate results of the formation of granules at ultrahigh crystallization rates without a "steam jacket," i.e., a vapor layer appearing between the granule body and the coolant, reducing the heat removal intensity and preventing the growth of the crystallization rate owing to the lower thermal conductivity of water vapor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Modak is one among the effective Ayurvedic dosage forms. Modak has to be used in fresh form as it is unstable in longer duration and hence to overcome this demerit and also to make it palatable to children, one such preparation Shivamodak used for Karshya (undernutrition) in children has been prepared in granule form. Methods: There are no analytical standards available for Shivamodak in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Hence, the present work was undertaken to evaluate the organoleptic characters, physicochemical, preliminary phytochemical, nutritional components, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis of Shivamodak granules. Results: organoleptic characters, namely color, odor, taste, and consistency; physicochemical parameters showed loss on drying (12% w/w), total ash value (4.50% w/w), acid insoluble ash (1.20% w/w), and water-soluble extractive and alcohol-soluble extractive (53.5% w/w and 24% w/w, respectively). The pH was 7.3. A preliminary phytochemical analysis is shown the presence of essential oil, alkaloid, tannin, volatile oil, ascorbic acid, and glycoside. A 92% of particles were passed through 10–20-sized mesh. Nutritional components showed protein (10.44% w/w), fat (7.41% w/w), and carbohydrate (34.79% w/w). HPTLC analysis yielded 9 bands at 254 nm. Conclusion: The study forms the first report on the studied parameters on Shivamodak granules.

Carbohydrates in rice (Oryza sativa L.) consist of starch (85-90 % of dry basis), pentose (2.0–2.5 %), cellulose, hemicellulose, and sugar (0.6–1.4 % of brown rice). High starch content in rice affects its physicochemical properties and nutrient content as well as the digestibility. Different starch characteristics are caused by the interaction between constituent compound in each structural level, both in microscopic and macroscopic levels. Hydrogen interactions between amylose and amylopectin can form crystalline and amorf areas, and continuously undergo the growth to form supramacromolecular structure (starch granule blocklets). The composition and interactions of several blocklets, both of large and small sizes, are the key of biopolymer interaction to form macroscopic structure: the whole starch itself. The aim of this review is to discuss the structural levels of rice starch and the mechanism of its changes in gelatinization and retrogradation. The review of this manuscript was performed using the “narrative review” method. The overall of starch characterization encompass structure, composition, and its molecular size which can be a determinant to its functional properties related to gelatinization and retrogradation.

Due to the long-term use of some chemical insecticides to control rice striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis in rice fields in the north of Iran and in order to prevent the development of stem borer resistance to them, it is necessary to use new insecticides such as thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate granules 4% (Vibrant®) to control this pest. Experimental treatments in this research include, 1- (VibrantR) granule insecticide 4% at the rate of 10 kg/ha. 2- (VibrantR) granule insecticide at the rate of 12.5 kg/ha. 3- (VibrantR) granule insecticide 4% at the rate of 15 Kg/ha. 4- Diazinon granule insecticide 10% at the rate of 15 kg/ha. 5- Fipronil granule insecticide 0.2% at the rate of 20 kg/ha. 6- Control (only watering). The present study was conducted in the form of randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The following characteristics including: the percentage of dead hearts in the first generation, the percentage of white heads in the second generation, the percentage of insecticide efficiency, the population of larvae and the yield of rice were evaluated. The results of this research showed that among the tested insecticides, (Vibrant®) insecticide in amounts of 12.5 and 15 kg per hectare has significant advantage in controlling the rice stem bore for the first and second generations of the pest, respectively. Also, the results of this study showed that the least contamination of dead hearts (5.22%), white heads (2.33%), the highest larval mortality (86.01%) and the highest yield (4020.83 kg/ha.) was observed in the treatment Vibrant 4% in the amount of 15 kg/ha. Therefore, the findings of the present study indicate that the new thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate insecticide has a good potential in controlling rice striped stem borer and can be used for integrated management of stem borer in paddy field ecosystems.

Egg yolk is a highly effective natural emulsifier used in various food products. Its emulsifying properties are influenced by food product chemical conditions, and processing methods. Nevertheless, to effectively utilize egg yolk in food products, a more comprehensive understanding of these factors is crucial. This review discusses recent developments regarding how factors like pH, ionic strength, thermal treatments, enzymatic treatments, and novel non-thermal treatments affect egg yolk emulsifying properties. It also explores the underlying mechanisms involved in egg yolk emulsification. Food products involve different ingredients leading to varying pH values and ionic strength, which affect egg yolk protein adsorption and emulsion stability. Processing steps like thermal treatment can damage egg yolk proteins, reducing their emulsifying capabilities and leading to unstable products. Incorporating sugar, salt, and amino acids can enhance egg yolk’s resistance to heat and preserve its ability to form stable emulsions. As an alternative to thermal treatment, non-thermal techniques such as high-pressure processing and high-intensity ultrasound can be employed to preserve egg yolk. Furthermore, forming egg yolk–polysaccharide complexes can enhance egg yolk emulsifying properties. These advancements have facilitated the creation of egg yolk-based products such as high internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPEs), low-fat mayonnaise, and egg yolk gels. A comprehensive understanding of the emulsifying mechanisms and factors involved in egg yolk will be instrumental in improving food quality and creating novel egg yolk-based products.

The process of obtaining powders from the 5–50 μm fraction of a W-Ni-Fe system consisting of particles with predominantly spherical shapes was investigated. Experimental studies on the plasma–chemical synthesis of a nanopowder composed of WNiFe-90 were carried out in a plasma reactor with a confined jet flow. A mixture of tungsten trioxide, nickel oxide, and iron oxide powders interacted with a flow of hydrogen-containing plasma generated in an electric-arc plasma torch. The parameters of the spray-drying process and the composition of a suspension consisting of WNiFe-90 nanoparticles were determined, which provided mechanically strong nanopowder microgranules with a rounded shape and a homogeneous internal structure that contained no cavities. The yield of the granule fraction under 50 μm was 60%. The influence of the process parameters of the plasma treatment of the nanopowder microgranules in the thermal plasma flow on the degree of spheroidization and the microstructure of the obtained particles, seen as their bulk density and fluidity, was established. It was shown that the plasma spheroidization of the microgranules of the W-Ni-Fe system promoted the formation of a submicron internal structure in the obtained spherical particles, which were characterized by an average tungsten grain size of 0.7 μm.