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Using genetic data to infer evolutionary distances between molecular sequence pairs based on a Markov substitution model is a common procedure in phylogenetics, in particular for selecting a good starting tree to improve upon. Many evolutionary patterns can be accurately modelled using substitution models that are available in closed form, including the popular general time reversible model (GTR) for DNA data. For more complex biological phenomena, such as variations in lineage-specific evolutionary rates over time (heterotachy), other approaches such as the GTR with rate variation (GTR + Γ ) are required, but do not admit analytical solutions and do not automatically allow for likelihood calculations crucial for Bayesian analysis. In this paper, we derive a hybrid approach between these two methods, incorporating Γ (α , α) -distributed rate variation and heterotachy into a hierarchical Bayesian GTR-style framework. Our approach is differentiable and amenable to both stochastic gradient descent for optimisation and Hamiltonian Markov chain Monte Carlo for Bayesian inference. We show the utility of our approach by studying hypotheses regarding the origins of the eukaryotic cell within the context of a universal tree of life and find evidence for a two-domain theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing rubber waste is crucial for value-added recycling, but the multitude of ingredients in vulcanized networks makes it challenging to characterize cross-linked rubbers. A combination of analytical techniques is usually required. In this study, two complementary characterization techniques, based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTGA) were applied to analyze the structural, physical, and thermal behavior of ground tire rubber (GTR) samples devulcanized by two different processes. A set of samples was devulcanized by only microwaves (MW) while another set was treated with a combination of a thermochemomechanical (TM) process, which included the use of a devulcanization aid such as benzoyl peroxide, and microwaves. The combined technique proved to be more efficient in terms of the degree of devulcanization, significantly reducing the cross-linking density. However, the combined thermochemomechanical and microwave (TM/MW) devulcanization process resulted in greater degradation of the main rubber chains in the cross-linked network compared to the process using only microw [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The decompression technique can effectively reduce the size of large periapical lesions, minimize tissue damage, and enhance surgical outcomes. This conservative approach allows for better management of extensive lesions, potentially improving patient recovery and decreasing the need for more invasive procedures.

The objective of this study was to evaluate and characterize the performance of ground tire rubber (GTR) modified dense graded asphalt mixtures to recommend a suitable GTR content to produce a mix that provides superior pavement performance characteristics. The research effort encompassed investigation of stiffness and cracking resistance of six dense graded asphalt mixtures, including one conventional and five modified mixes covering 42 samples. Addition of GTR using wet process showed decrease in stiffness during loading. Cracking resistance of GTR modified mixtures increased with higher levels of dosages regardless of the base binder. An increase in the GTR dosage from 0 to 10% did not result in a significant change in fracture energy but a further increment to 25% increased the fracture energy. The laboratory Results indicated that 10% GTR was showed as the optimal content for the stiffness modulus and 25 % GTR as better content that provides better cracking resistance.

Abstract Background Chordoma is a rare slow-growing malignant bone tumor that arises from embryonic notochordal remnants in the axial skeleton. Clival chordomas have a high propensity for extension through the skull base and a high proclivity for recurrence. Recently, resection of skull base chordomas through the endoscopic transnasal approach has become the standard way of managing these lesions with the new advancements in neuronavigation and reconstructive techniques in skull base surgery. Methods It is a retrospective study of all patients with clival chordoma that were operated upon using endoscopic endonasal resection at the Main Alexandria University Hospital during the period from March 2008 to April 2013. The extent of surgical resection was assessed intraoperatively and confirmed by the postoperative MRI study performed 8–12 weeks, 6 months, and yearly after the surgery. Results Twelve patients with clival chordoma were managed by endoscopic transnasal resection. Gross total resection confirmed by postoperative MRI was achieved in four cases, subtotal resection in six cases, and partial resection in two cases of clival chordoma. In cases where gross total resection was not achieved, residual tumors were adherent to vital neurovascular structures as confirmed with the utilization of an intraoperative imaging navigation device. A study of postoperative complications and possible recurrence was done for all cases. Conclusions The findings of this study highlight the significance of gross total resection as a major determinant for preventing the recurrence of chordoma. Our findings also support the validity of the endoscopic approach for the management of clival chordoma especially when the approach is tailored based on the site and extent of the tumor.

Background: The optimal management strategy for recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM) remains uncertain, and the impact of re-irradiation (Re-RT) on overall survival (OS) is still a matter of debate. This study included patients who achieved gross total resection (GTR) after a second surgery after recurrence, following the GlioCave criteria. Methods: Inclusion criteria include being 18 years or older, having histologically confirmed locally recurrent IDHwt or IDH unknown GBM, achieving MRI-proven GTR after the second surgery, having a Karnofsky performance status of at least 60% after the second surgery, having a minimum interval of 6 months between the first radiotherapy and the second surgery, and a maximum of 8 weeks from second surgery to the start of Re-RT. Results: A total of 44 patients have met the inclusion criteria. The median OS after the second surgery was 14 months. All patients underwent standard treatment after initial diagnosis, including maximum safe resection, adjuvant radiochemotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy. Re-RT did not significantly impact OS. However, MGMT promoter methylation status and a longer interval (> 12 months) between treatments were associated with better OS. Multivariate analysis revealed the MGMT status as the only significant predictor of OS. Conclusion: Factors such as MGMT promoter methylation status and treatment interval play crucial roles in determining patient outcomes after second surgery. Personalized treatment strategies should consider these factors to optimize the management of rGBM. Prospective research is needed to define the value of re-RT after second surgery and to inform decision making in this situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chordoma is a rare slow-growing malignant bone tumor that arises from embryonic notochordal remnants in the axial skeleton. Clival chordomas have a high propensity for extension through the skull base and a high proclivity for recurrence. Recently, resection of skull base chordomas through the endoscopic transnasal approach has become the standard way of managing these lesions with the new advancements in neuronavigation and reconstructive techniques in skull base surgery. Methods: It is a retrospective study of all patients with clival chordoma that were operated upon using endoscopic endonasal resection at the Main Alexandria University Hospital during the period from March 2008 to April 2013. The extent of surgical resection was assessed intraoperatively and confirmed by the postoperative MRI study performed 8–12 weeks, 6 months, and yearly after the surgery. Results: Twelve patients with clival chordoma were managed by endoscopic transnasal resection. Gross total resection confirmed by postoperative MRI was achieved in four cases, subtotal resection in six cases, and partial resection in two cases of clival chordoma. In cases where gross total resection was not achieved, residual tumors were adherent to vital neurovascular structures as confirmed with the utilization of an intraoperative imaging navigation device. A study of postoperative complications and possible recurrence was done for all cases. Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight the significance of gross total resection as a major determinant for preventing the recurrence of chordoma. Our findings also support the validity of the endoscopic approach for the management of clival chordoma especially when the approach is tailored based on the site and extent of the tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing furcation defects constitutes a problem in successful periodontal therapy. Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) is the mainstay for the management of such defects but is expensive. This study makes use of indigenously prepared demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) and amniotic membrane (AM) as a cost-effective alternative. The purpose of the study was to compare the clinical outcome of grade II and III furcation defects with and without using indigenous DFDBA and AM prepared at Central Tissue Bank, MAIDS. 18 systemically healthy patients with chronic periodontitis displaying either grade II or III furcation defects were treated with open flap debridement (OFD) + intramarrow penetration (IMP) (control group) and OFD + IMP + DFDBA + AM (test group). The clinical and radiographic parameters were recorded at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. All parameters were statistically analyzed. Both treatment modalities resulted in improvement in all clinical variables evaluated. Radiographic dimensions evaluating bone fill showed a statistically significant difference in the test group compared to the control group. Within the limitations of this study, data suggest GTR using indigenously prepared DFDBA and amniotic membrane to be an economical and viable option for treating furcation defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The regeneration of lost/damaged support tissue in the periodontium, including the alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum, is an ambitious purpose of periodontal regenerative therapy and might effectively reduce periodontitis-caused tooth loss. Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) is a technique currently used in dentistry for periodontal surgery, which allows osseous regeneration prior to soft tissue migration into the area of interest. Calcium phosphate-based bone grafts (mostly Tricalcium Phosphate or Hydroxyapatite) are bio ceramics that show the greatest similarity to the mineral found in the bone. Thereby, giving calcium-phosphate excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability and osteoconductivity. The aim of the study is to fabricate hydroxyapatite reinforced polymeric hydrogel membrane for regeneration. Materials and Method: Pure alginate fabrication was done by cross linking sodium alginate with calcium chloride. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) alginate (Alg) was formulated by adding nanoparticles to the alginate mixture, which was then cross-linked with calcium chloride to formulate a HAP alginate polymeric membrane. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and biocompatibility tests were performed to analyse the membrane characteristics. Results: Fabricated Hydroxyapatite- alginate (Hap- Alg) membrane has longer durability, because of strong crystal structure which in turn might take a longer time to regenerate. The membrane was found to be biocompatible and HAp induces faster mineralisation which in turn will increase the tissue regeneration rate of the membrane. Conclusion: The findings of our study suggests that the HAP-Alg hydro gel membrane is highly durable and hemocompatible and it has faster mineralisation capability thus making it superior from the clinically available membranes for GTR. Further analyses needs to be conducted to evaluate the potential of this membrane to be used for regeneration.

In this study, our focus was on developing and investigating rubber recipes that are suitable for devulcanized ground tire rubber (dGTR). Devulcanized rubber has a powdery or sticky uncured rubber-like appearance depending on the extent of main-chain degradation that occurs with selective crosslinking scission. Still, it has a significantly shorter scorch time than a new rubber compound. Therefore, our primary goal was to slow down the vulcanization process of dGTR and improve its mechanical properties via recipe development. We formulated several recipes (sulfur-, peroxide-, and phenolic resin-based) and studied the vulcanization process and the main properties of the revulcanized rubber sheets. We observed that the vulcanization process could be altered with different vulcanization methods: using peroxide and vulcanizing resin extended the process significantly. Peroxide vulcanization also provided enhanced elongation compared to sulfuric systems. With a balance of properties in mind, we selected a semi-efficient sulfur-based recipe and studied the characteristics of natural rubber/dGTR mixtures with the help of plasticizer oils. We successfully replaced a notable portion of natural rubber with dGTR, maintaining its properties without much compromise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background To prevent thyroid storm and ensure surgical safety, it is imperative to regulate excessive thyroid hormone levels in patients with thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas (TSHoma) prior to surgery. Somatostatin analogues (SSAs), such as octreotide, have showed efficacy in shrinking tumors, which may facilitate surgical resection. This retrospective study aimed to investigate the effect of shortterm preoperative octreotide treatment on the surgical outcome of TSHoma. Methods A total of 65 TSHoma patients from January 2010 to July 2019 were included in the study. Of these,41 patients received short-term preoperative octreotide (Sandostatin, intermittent subcutaneous injection) treatment and all patients subsequently underwent surgery. The following data were recorded: clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, sellar region MRI, postoperative pathological and electron microscopy data, intraoperative situation, and follow-up (> 3 months) regarding hormone levels and tumor recurrence. Results There was no significant difference in the consistency and blood supply of the tumor between patients who received short-term preoperative octreotide treatment and those who did not. Additionally, preoperative short-term octreotide treatment (median of 10 days with a range of 6–18 days) did not significantly improve the rates of gross total resection (GTR) or biochemical remission. Moreover, electron microscopy revealed subcellular level impairments and cell apoptotic in the octreotide treated TSHoma specimens. Conclusion Preoperative octreotide treatment for the purpose of reducing excessive thyroid hormones may not enhance surgical outcomes, and the duration of octreotide treatment needs to be extended to fully benefit from the tumor-shrinking effects of SSAs.

In the past decades, personalized regenerative medicine has gained increased attention. Autologous platelet concentrates (APCs) such as PRP, PRGF, and L‐PRF, all serving as a source of a large variety of cells and growth factors that participate in hard and soft tissue healing and regeneration, could play a significant role in regenerative periodontal procedures. This narrative review evaluated the relative impact of APCs in alveolar ridge preservation, sinus floor augmentation, and the regeneration of bony craters around teeth, both as a single substitute or in combination with a xenograft. L‐PRF has a significant beneficial effect on alveolar ridge preservation (bone quality). The data for PRGF are less convincing, and PRP is controversial. L‐PRF can successfully be used as a single substitute during transcrestal (≥3.5 mm bone gain) as well as 1‐stage lateral window sinus floor elevation (>5 mm bone gain). For PRGF and especially PRP the data are very scarce. In the treatment of bony craters around teeth, during open flap debridement, L‐PRF as a single substitute showed significant adjunctive benefits (e.g., >PPD reduction, >CAL gain, >crater depth reduction). The data for PRP and PRGF were non‐conclusive. Adding PRP or L‐PRF to a xenograft during OFD resulted in additional improvements (>PPD reduction, >CAL gain, >bone fill), for PRGF no data were found. Autologous platelet concentrates demonstrated to enhance bone and soft tissue healing in periodontal regenerative procedures. The data for L‐PRF were most convincing. L‐PRF also has the advantage of a greater simplicity of production, and its 100% autologous character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Primary intracranial histiocytic sarcomas (PIHSs) are extremely rare with limited reported cases, making their prognostic factors and management uncertain. This study aims to describe the clinical characteristics of PIHSs and propose a treatment protocol for this entity. Methods: Clinical data were collected from six patients diagnosed with PIHSs at Beijing Tiantan Hospital between March 2011 and October 2022. Additionally, a comprehensive search of the PubMed database was conducted using the keywords "primary intracranial" or "primary central nervous system" combined with "histiocytic sarcoma" or "histiocytic sarcomas" between 1996 and 2022, identifying 24 cases. A pooled analysis of individual patient data was performed to assess risk factors for overall survival (OS). Results: The six cases included four males and two females, with a mean age of 42.2 ± 13.3 years. In total, 24 cases of PIHSs were identified from previous studies. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that gross total resection (GTR) was the only factor predicting a longer OS (p = 0.027). Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated that GTR (p = 0.0013), solitary lesions (p = 0.0048), and radiotherapy (p = 0.0492) were associated with a longer OS. Conclusion: PIHSs are rare brain tumors with poor clinical prognosis. Patients with solitary lesions have a longer OS than those with multifocal lesions. Gross total resection must be the first choice. Radiotherapy may bring benefits for these patients, but chemotherapy may not be useful. Further studies involving larger cohorts are necessary to validate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regeneration of lost/damaged support tissue in the periodontium, including the alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum, is an ambitious purpose of periodontal regenerative therapy and might effectively reduce periodontitis-caused tooth loss. Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) is a technique currently used in dentistry for periodontal surgery, which allows osseous regeneration prior to soft tissue migration into the area of interest. Calcium phosphate-based bone grafts (mostly Tricalcium Phosphate or Hydroxyapatite) are bio ceramics that show the greatest similarity to the mineral found in the bone. Thereby, giving calcium-phosphate excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability and osteoconductivity. The aim of the study is to fabricate hydroxyapatite reinforced polymeric hydrogel membrane for regeneration. Pure alginate fabrication was done by cross linking sodium alginate with calcium chloride. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) alginate (Alg) was formulated by adding nanoparticles to the alginate mixture, which was then cross-linked with calcium chloride to formulate a HAP alginate polymeric membrane. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and biocompatibility tests were performed to analyse the membrane characteristics. Fabricated Hydroxyapatite- alginate (Hap- Alg) membrane has longer durability, because of strong crystal structure which in turn might take a longer time to regenerate. The membrane was found to be biocompatible and HAp induces faster mineralisation which in turn will increase the tissue regeneration rate of the membrane. The findings of our study suggests that the HAP-Alg hydro gel membrane is highly durable and hemocompatible and it has faster mineralisation capability thus making it superior from the clinically available membranes for GTR. Further analyses needs to be conducted to evaluate the potential of this membrane to be used for regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Primary intracranial angiosarcomas (PIAs) are exceedingly uncommon, with the literature predominantly comprising case reports. The clinical characteristics and prognosis of this condition remain elusive. Our objective is to describe the clinical characteristics and surgical prognosis of this rare disease while offering insights into the most effective contemporary treatment strategy. Methods: The authors of this article incorporated a cohort of 28 cases of PIAs, consisting of 3 from our institution and 25 from previously documented literature sources. Subsequently, we conducted both Cox univariate and multivariate analyses to assess the potential risk factors influencing overall survival (OS). Results: The cohort include 19 males and 9 females with a mean age of 39.6 ± 23.5 years (range: 0.03-73 years). Radiologically, 24 cases were located at supratentorial area, while only 4 cases were located at infratentorial area. 17 cases underwent gross total resection (GTR), and 11 cases underwent Non-GTR. Postoperative radiotherapy was administered to 17 cases, and postoperative chemotherapy was administered to 6 cases. After a mean follow-up time of 21.5 ± 26.4 months, 19 (67.9%) patients died. The 1-year, 2-year, 5-year OS is 55.3%, 50.7% and 24.6%, respectively. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that Non-GTR was the sole factor predicting a shorter OS (p = 0.004). Conclusion: In this study, we found that PIAs have a higher incidence in males than in females, and most cases show evidence of old hemorrhage on preoperative MRI. Through our statistical analysis, GTR plays a crucial role in for treating this rare disease. Further clinical data are needed to validate our conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To prevent thyroid storm and ensure surgical safety, it is imperative to regulate excessive thyroid hormone levels in patients with thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas (TSHoma) prior to surgery. Somatostatin analogues (SSAs), such as octreotide, have showed efficacy in shrinking tumors, which may facilitate surgical resection. This retrospective study aimed to investigate the effect of shortterm preoperative octreotide treatment on the surgical outcome of TSHoma. Methods: A total of 65 TSHoma patients from January 2010 to July 2019 were included in the study. Of these,41 patients received short-term preoperative octreotide (Sandostatin, intermittent subcutaneous injection) treatment and all patients subsequently underwent surgery. The following data were recorded: clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, sellar region MRI, postoperative pathological and electron microscopy data, intraoperative situation, and follow-up (> 3 months) regarding hormone levels and tumor recurrence. Results: There was no significant difference in the consistency and blood supply of the tumor between patients who received short-term preoperative octreotide treatment and those who did not. Additionally, preoperative short-term octreotide treatment (median of 10 days with a range of 6–18 days) did not significantly improve the rates of gross total resection (GTR) or biochemical remission. Moreover, electron microscopy revealed subcellular level impairments and cell apoptotic in the octreotide treated TSHoma specimens. Conclusion: Preoperative octreotide treatment for the purpose of reducing excessive thyroid hormones may not enhance surgical outcomes, and the duration of octreotide treatment needs to be extended to fully benefit from the tumor-shrinking effects of SSAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endodontic‐periodontal lesions may need surgical approach and the application of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) to be treated by a combined approach. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of GTR on the success (clinical and radiological healing) of teeth with endodontic‐periodontal lesions treated by modern surgical endodontic treatment, by means of a systematic review of the literature. Methods: An exhaustive electronic (Medline, Embase and Scopus searched from inception to August 2020) and manual literature search combined with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria was undertaken to identify any clinical (prospective case series or comparative trials) studies that assessed the added benefit of GTR in modern surgical endodontic treatment of teeth with endodontic‐periodontal lesions. The success of the treatment was assessed based on radiographic healing and clinical evaluations. The risk of bias of the identified studies was evaluated using the Cochrane's collaboration RoB 2.0 tool and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools. Results: A systematic literature search for eligible reports retrieved three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and one prospective single arm study with a total of 125 teeth in 125 subjects. One of the RCTs has a low risk of bias, while the other two raised some concerns, using the RoB 2.0 tool. Due to the heterogeneity of the results, it was not possible to perform a comparative meta‐analysis and the results are presented in a narrative manner and by calculating pooled outcomes. Pooling together the data from all the included studies, the reported outcome was of complete healing in 58.4% of all cases, of scar tissue formation/incomplete healing in 24% of cases, of uncertain healing in 12.8% of cases, and of failure in 4.8% of all analysed teeth, with a follow‐up ranging from 12 to 60 months. Discussion: The scientific evidence about the use of GTR in modern surgical endodontic treatment of endodontic‐periodontal lesion is sparse, and the available results are derived from very heterogeneous studies, thus not permitting to clarify which is the most effective treatment option in these cases. Conclusions: There is an absence of studies comparing GTR versus no GTR. Registration: The protocol for this review was registered in the PROSPERO database with the registration ID number CRD42022300470. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the clinical success rate of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) for treating advanced periodontal disease in a large canine cohort. A total of 112 GTR procedures performed from 2003–2021 were retrospectively evaluated, including pre- and post-treatment (3–12 months) periodontal probing depths of 104 treated teeth, dental radiographs of 73 treated teeth, and both diagnostic modalities in 64 treated teeth. Probing depth, radiographically apparent bone height, bone graft material, barrier membrane material, and tooth extraction adjacent to the GTR site were investigated as factors affecting success. Vertical bone defects were evaluated separately from furcation defects. GTR was clinically successful, defined as objective improvement in probing depth, objective decrease in radiographic vertical bone defect, and subjective radiographic gain in bone height in 90.3% of vertical bone defects. Success was significantly associated with the magnitude of initial probing depth and the type of barrier membrane used. GTR was clinically successful, defined as objective improvement in furcation probing and subjective radiographic improvement of the bone in the furcation in 22.2% of furcation defects. When F3 lesions were excluded, GTR was successful in 64.3% of furcation defects. GTR is an appropriate treatment to maintain teeth in the oral cavity of dogs with proper client counseling and patient selection, but it is most likely to be successful in vertical defects.

To examine the demographics, tumor characteristics, treatments, and clinical outcomes of a large adult craniopharyngioma population. The 2004–2018 National Cancer Database was queried to investigate adult patients with craniopharyngioma. Univariable and multivariable Cox hazard ratio analysis was conducted to analyze the overall survival (OS) impact of demographic and clinical variables. A total of 666 adult patients with craniopharyngioma were identified with a mean age of 51 years (standard deviation 16 years). On multivariable analysis, independent of demographic and clinical variables, increased age, uninsured status, Medicaid, Medicare, Charlson–Deyo Comorbidity Index of 2, and tumor size greater than 40 mm were independently associated with worse OS. There was no significant difference in survival between histologic subtypes. Gross total resection (GTR) (hazard ratio [HR] 0.602, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.384–0.942, P = 0.026) and subtotal resection (STR) with adjuvant radiotherapy (HR 0.316, 95% CI 0.140–0.710, P = 0.005) were independently associated with improved OS. GTR with radiotherapy trended towards improved OS (HR 0.601, 95% CI 0.334–1.083, P =0.090), but STR alone and radiotherapy alone demonstrated no significant difference in survival compared with no treatment on multivariable analysis. Kaplan–Meier survival models demonstrated improved survival with GTR, GTR + radiation therapy, and STR + radiation therapy. Patients undergoing endoscopic resection had significantly lower GTR rates and greater rates of adjuvant radiotherapy compared with open approaches but no difference in OS. Adult patients with craniopharyngioma who underwent GTR or STR with adjuvant radiotherapy had significantly improved overall survival. Endoscopic approaches had lower rates of GTR but no difference in OS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microstructure and magnetic properties of methane (CH4) heat-treated Sr-hexaferrite powders during the re-calcination process were investigated and compared with the magnetic properties of conventionally synthesized Sr-hexaferrite powder. Gradual changes in the magnetic behavior of the produced powder in each re-calcination stage were investigated using magnetization curves obtained from the vibration sample magnetometry (VSM) technique. First, the initial Sr-hexaferrite powder was prepared by the conventional route. Then the powder was heat treated in a dynamic CH4 atmosphere in previously optimized conditions (temperature: 950 °C, gas flow rate:15 cc min−1 and time: 30 min), and finally, re-calcined in various temperatures from 200 to 1200 °C. By investigating the hysteresis loops, we found the transition temperature of soft to hard magnetic behavior to be 700 °C. The maximum ratio Mr/Ms was obtained at temperatures of 800–1100 °C. At 1100 °C, and despite the Sr-hexaferrite single phase, the magnetic behavior showed a multiphase behavior that was demonstrated by a kink in the hysteresis loop. Uniform magnetic behavior was observed only at 900 °C and 1000 °C. Although the ratio Mr/Ms was almost the same at these temperatures, the values of Mr and Ms at 1000 °C were almost double of 900 °C. At 1000 °C, the second quadrant of hysteresis curve had the maximum area. Therefore, 1000 °C was the optimum temperature for re-calcination after CH4 gas heat treatment in the optimized conditions. Due to the presence of a small amount of hematite soft phase at 1000 °C, the most probable reason for the exclusive properties of the optimized product may be the exchange coupling phenomenon between the hard Sr-hexaferrite phase and the impurity of the soft hematite phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Class II furcation is a significant clinical problem in dentistry. Its presence indicates advanced periodontitis. Different xenografts are available for the treatment of furcation involvement. Platelet concentrates that have been assimilated have a high concentration of growth factors, which has the added benefit of improving and accelerating healing. This study aims to compare the evaluation of effectiveness of T-PRF with xenograft and collagen membrane with xenograft in class II furcation defects. METHODS A one-year timeframe is going to be utilized to carry out the planned protocol, which is a randomised clinical trial. According to the inclusion criteria, 26 systemically healthy patients with class II furcation defects in mandibular molars will be included in the study. In Group I, xenograft and T-PRF (test group) will be condensed and in Group II, xenograft and collagen membrane (control group) will be condensed after the complete debridement of the furcation defect. Plaque index (PI), papillary bleeding index (PBI), Periodontal pocket depth (PPD), relative attachment level (R-CAL) and relative gingival marginal level (R-GML) will be evaluated as the clinical parameters. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) will be performed to measure furcation height (FH), furcation width (FW), and furcation depth (FD) defects of mandibular molars. Data from each group will be evaluated at the time of surgery (baseline), and three and six months after the surgery. EXPECTED OUTCOMES Using xenograft (FIX OSS) combined with T-PRF, the authors anticipate better outcomes for class II mandibular furcation defects (test group). Improved clinical and radiographic outcomes in terms of PPD, R-CAL, R-GML and FH, FW, FD, are anticipated. CONCLUSIONS Using xenograft in combination with the T-PRF procedure is anticipated to have a better combined effect on periodontal parameters, including hard tissues and soft tissue outcomes. Registration: CTRI REF/2023/03/064367.

Simple Summary: There is growing evidence that the extent of resection of low-grade glioma is directly correlated with patients' outcomes. Preservation of function must be the other goal in brain tumor surgery. Only little is known about the organization of the face in the primary motor area (M1). New findings emphasize different motor projections to the facial motor nuclei. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the impact of tumor resection within the M1 face area on transient and permanent neurological deficits. Based on 12 patients, we were able to demonstrate that tumor resection within the non-dominant face motor cortex might be safe and, even in the dominant hemisphere, is only associated with transient impairment. We believe that this retrospective analysis can help identify eloquent brain areas and can lead to a change in the treatment paradigm for this disease, affecting many patients and informing many physicians worldwide. Objective: During surgery on low-grade gliomas (LGG), reliable data relevant to the primary motor cortex (M1) for the face area are lacking. We analyzed the impact of tumor removal within the M1 face area on neurological deficits. Methods: We included LGG patients with resection within the M1 face area between May 2012 and November 2019. The primary endpoint was postoperative facial motor function. Secondary endpoints were postoperative aphasia, dysarthria, and dysphagia. Surgery was performed either with the awake protocol or under anesthesia with continuous dynamic mapping. The alarm criteria were speech arrest or a mapping threshold of 3 mA or less. Resection was completed in five patients. The resection was stopped due to the alarm criteria in three patients and for other reasons (vascular supply, patient performance) in four patients. A total of 66.7% (n = 8) presented with new-onset facial paresis (62.5% left LGG) and 41.7% (n = 5) with aphasia (all left LGG) postoperatively. After one year, all eight patients had recovered from the facial paresis. Tumor removal within the M1 face area was not associated with permanent facial motor deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The glucosinolate transporters 1/2/3 (GTR1/2/3) from the Nitrate and Peptide transporter Family (NPF) play an essential role in the transport, accumulation, and distribution of the specialized plant metabolite glucosinolates. Due to representing both antinutritional and health-promoting compounds, there is increasing interest in characterizing GTRs from various plant species. We generated seven artificial glucosinolates (either aliphatic or benzenic) bearing different fluorophores (Fluorescein, BODIPY, Rhodamine, Dansylamide, and NBD) and investigated the ability of GTR1/2/3 from Arabidopsis thaliana to import the fluorescent glucosinolates (F-GSLs) into oocytes from Xenopus laevis. Five out of the seven F-GSLs synthesized were imported by at least one of the GTRs. GTR1 and GTR2 were able to import three F-GSLs actively above external concentration, while GTR3 imported only one actively. Competition assays indicate that the F-GSLs are transported by the same mechanism as non-tagged natural glucosinolates. The GTR-mediated F-GSL uptake is detected via a rapid and sensitive assay only requiring simple fluorescence measurements on a standard plate reader. This is highly useful in investigations of glucosinolate transport function and provides a critical prerequisite for elucidating the relationship between structure and function through high-throughput screening of GTR mutant libraries. The F-GSL themselves may also be suitable for future studies on glucosinolate transport in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue on autologous platelet concentrates (APCs) provides clinicians with an overview on the current understanding of the use of these biomaterials for soft and hard tissue regeneration. The included papers summarize scientific evidence and the clinical findings, presented in simple tables that outline potential benefits including Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs). This approach enables clinicians to assess clinical relevance and researchers to identify significant gaps in the literature. The first part provides a comprehensive summary of the basic science surrounding APC, with particular focus on their preparation methods. Clear recommendations are outlined, which are crucial for obtaining high-quality APCs, alongside an exploration of how APCs may influence both soft and hard tissue healing processes. Part 2 delves into the clinical evidence for the potential benefits of APCs across a range of applications: alveolar ridge preservation, sinus floor elevation, periodontal plastic surgery, guided tissue regeneration, guided bone regeneration, the healing of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ), and endodontic surgery. In the part 3, the discussion turns to the effects of APCs on the healing of extra-oral wounds, including diabetic foot ulcers, venous leg ulcers, pressure injuries, burns, and more. The fourth section offers a detailed, step-by-step flowchart for each treatment modality, providing a clear guide for clinical application., (© 2024 The Author(s). Periodontology 2000 published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The field of periodontal regeneration focuses on restoring the form and function of periodontal tissues compromised due to diseases affecting the supporting structures of teeth. Biomaterials have emerged as a vital component in periodontal regenerative therapy, offering a variety of properties that enhance cellular interactions, promote healing, and support tissue reconstruction. This review explores current advances in biomaterials for periodontal regeneration, including ceramics, polymers, and composite scaffolds, and their integration with biological agents like growth factors and stem cells. Specifically, biomaterials such as hydroxyapatite and bioactive glass provide scaffolding for cellular adhesion and proliferation, while synthetic and natural polymers offer flexibility and biocompatibility. Growth factors and bone morphogenic proteins (BMP) further support cell differentiation and tissue formation, enhancing clinical outcomes in periodontal defect repair. Moreover, stem cell integration with biomaterials, particularly the periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), shows promise for complex tissue regeneration by stimulating targeted healing responses in periodontal tissue. Although clinical results are encouraging, challenges related to the selection of optimal biocompatible and bioactive materials and standardization of clinical protocols remain. This review examines the potential, limitations, and future directions for biomaterial-based strategies, highlighting the evolving role of these materials in achieving predictable and effective periodontal regeneration., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Pranathi et al.)

PurposeA palatal fistula following the closure of palatal clefts remains a difficult clinical complication. Surgical treatment of fistulas is often complicated, with high recurrence rates. We present our results of fistula closure augmented with GTR, a resorbable membrane designed to promote guided tissue regeneration.MethodsWe reviewed the records of 75 patients operated on between 2008 and 2022 for closure of the palatal fistula. The patients included 24 who underwent fistula closure augmented with GTR and 51 who underwent fistula closure with other techniques. We reviewed the age at surgery, sex, fistula location, and outcome. Operation success was defined as an asymptomatic patient with a healed fistula on clinical examination.ResultsThe overall fistula closure rate was 79.1% in the GTR group and 76.5% in the non-GTR group(p = 0.79).DiscussionThe success rate of fistula closure in the GTR group is comparable to that in the non-GTR group in this study. An additional advantage is that this procedure does not require harvesting any autologous tissue and reduces tissue damage in the long term.

Abstract Background To understand the mechanism of glucosinolates (GSs) accumulation in the specific organs, combined analysis of physiological change and transcriptome sequencing were applied in the current study. Taking Chinese kale as material, seeds and silique walls were divided into different stages based on the development of the embryo in seeds and then subjected to GS analysis and transcriptome sequencing. Results The main GS in seeds of Chinese kale were glucoiberin and gluconapin and their content changed with the development of the seed. During the transition of the embryo from torpedo- to the early cotyledonary-embryo stage, the accumulation of GS in the seed was accompanied by the salient decline of GS in the corresponding silique wall. Thus, the seed and corresponding silique wall at these two stages were subjected to transcriptomic sequencing analysis. 135 genes related to GS metabolism were identified, of which 24 genes were transcription factors, 81 genes were related to biosynthetic pathway, 25 genes encoded catabolic enzymes, and 5 genes matched with transporters. The expression of GS biosynthetic genes was detected both in seeds and silique walls. The high expression of FMOGS-OX and AOP2, which is related to the production of gluconapin by side modification, was noted in seeds at both stages. Interestingly, the expression of GS biosynthetic genes was higher in the silique wall compared with that in the seed albeit lower content of GS existed in the silique wall than in the seed. Combined with the higher expression of transporter genes GTRs in silique walls than in seeds, it was proposed that the transportation of GS from the silique wall to the seed is an important source for seed GS accumulation. In addition, genes related to GS degradation expressed abundantly in the seed at the early cotyledonary-embryo stage indicating its potential role in balancing seed GS content. Conclusions Two stages including the torpedo-embryo and the early cotyledonary-embryo stage were identified as crucial in GS accumulation during seed development. Moreover, we confirmed the transportation of GS from the silique wall to the seed and proposed possible sidechain modification of GS biosynthesis may exist during seed formation.

Abstract Background Bilayer collagen membranes are routinely used in guided bone/tissue regeneration to serve as osteoconductive scaffolds and prevent the invasion of soft tissues. It is recommended to place the membranes with their dense layer towards the soft tissue and their porous layer towards the bony defect area. However, evidence supporting this recommendation is lacking. This study aimed to determine whether the alignment of bilayer collagen membranes has an effect on bone regeneration. Methods In two groups of ten male Sprague-Dawley rats each, a 5-mm calvarial defect was created. Thereafter, the defect was randomly covered with a bilayer, resorbable, pure type I and III collagen membrane placed either regularly or upside-down (i.e., dense layer towards bone defect). After 4 weeks of healing, micro-computed tomography (μCT), histology, and histomorphometry of the inner cylindrical region of interest (4.5 mm in diameter) were performed to assess new bone formation and the consolidation of the collagen membrane in the defect area. Results Quantitative μCT showed similar bone volume (median 8.0 mm3, interquartile range 7.0–10.0 vs. 6.2 mm3, 4.3–9.4, p = 0.06) and trabecular thickness (0.21 mm, 0.19–0.23 vs. 0.18 mm, 0.17–0.20, p = 0.03) between upside-down and regular placement, both leading to an almost complete bony coverage. Histomorphometry showed comparable new bone areas between the upside-down and regularly placed membranes, 3.9 mm2 (2.7–5.4) vs. 3.8 mm2 (2.2–4.0, p = 0.31), respectively. Both treatment groups revealed the same regeneration patterns and spatial distribution of bone with and without collagen fibers, as well as residual collagen fibers. Conclusions Our data support the osteoconductive properties of collagen membranes and suggest that bone regeneration is facilitated regardless of membrane layer alignment.

Background and Objective: The clinical outcomes of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) or guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedures can be impaired if a bacterial infection develops at the surgical site. Membrane exposure is one of the causes of the onset of bacterial infection. Previously, we have fabricated a poly(lactic acid/caprolactone) (PLCL) bilayer membrane composed of a porous layer and a compact layer. The compact layer acts as a barrier against connective tissue and epithelial cells, and we hypothesized that it could also be an effective barrier against bacterial cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of the PLCL bilayer membrane to block bacterial cell penetration, which would be useful for preventing postoperative infections. Methods: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, and multispecies bacteria collected from human saliva were used in this study. Bacteria were seeded directly on the compact layer of a PLCL bilayer membrane, and bacterial adhesion to the membrane, as well as penetration into the membrane's structure, were assessed. Bacterial adhesion was evaluated by the number of colonies formed at 6, 24, and 72 h, and penetration was observed using a scanning electron microscope at 24 and 72 h. Commercially available membranes, composed of poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) or type I collagen, were used as controls. Results: P. gingivalis, S. mutans, and the multispecies bacteria obtained from human saliva adhered onto all the membranes after only 6 h of incubation. However, fewer adherent cells were observed for the PLCL bilayer membrane compared with the controls for all experimental periods. The PLCL membrane was capable of blocking bacterial penetration, and no bacterial cells were observed in the structure. In contrast, bacteria penetrated both the control membranes and were observed at depths of up to 80 µm after 72 h of incubation. Conclusion: Membrane characteristics may influence how bacterial colonization occurs. The PLCL membrane had reduced bacterial adhesion and blocked bacterial penetration, and these characteristics could contribute to a favorable outcome for regenerative treatments. In the event of membrane exposure at GTR/GBR surgical sites, membranes with an efficient barrier function, such as the PLCL bilayer membrane, could simplify the management of GTR/GBR complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and guided bone regeneration (GBR) are commonly used surgical procedures for the repair of damaged periodontal tissues. These procedures include the use of a membrane as barrier to prevent soft tissue ingrowth and to create space for slowly regenerating periodontium and bone. Recent approaches involve the use of membranes/scaffolds based on resorbable materials. These materials provide the advantage of dissolving by time without the need of surgical intervention to remove the scaffolds. Objectives: This study aimed at preparing a new series of nanofibrous scaffolds for GTR/GBR applications with enhanced mechanical properties, cell adhesion, biocompatibility and antibacterial properties. Methods: Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds based on polylactic acid/cellulose acetate (PLA/CA) or poly(caprolactone) (PCL) polymers were prepared and characterized. Different concentrations of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles, AgNPs (1-2% w/v) and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, HANPs (10-20% w/v) were incorporated into the scaffolds to enhance the antibacterial and bone regeneration activity. Results: In-vitro studies showed that addition of HANPs improved the cell viability by around 50% for both types of nanofibrous scaffolds. The tensile properties were also improved through addition of 10% HANPs but deteriorated upon increasing the concentration to 20%. AgNPs significantly improved the antibacterial activity with 40 mm inhibition zone after 32 days. Additionally, the nanofibrous scaffolds showed a desirable degradation profile with losing around 40-70% of its mass in 8 weeks. Conclusions: The obtained results show that the developed nanofibrous membranes are promising scaffolds for both GTR and GBR applications.

Background: In dentistry, barrier membranes are used for guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and guided bone regeneration (GBR). Various membranes are commercially available and extensive research and development of novel membranes have been conducted. In general, membranes are required to provide barrier function, biosafety, biocompatibility and appropriate mechanical properties. In addition, membranes are expected to be bioactive to promote tissue regeneration. Objectives: This review aims to organize the fundamental characteristics of the barrier membranes that are available and studied for dentistry, based on their components. Results: The principal components of barrier membranes are divided into nonbiodegradable and biodegradable materials. Nonbiodegradable membranes are manufactured from synthetic polymers, metals or composites of these materials. The first reported barrier membrane was made from expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE). Titanium has also been applied for dental regenerative therapy and shows favorable barrier function. Biodegradable membranes are mainly made from natural and synthetic polymers. Collagens are popular materials that are processed for clinical use by cross-linking. Aliphatic polyesters and their copolymers have been relatively recently introduced into GTR and GBR treatments. In addition, to improve the tissue regenerative function and mechanical strength of biodegradable membranes, inorganic materials such as calcium phosphate and bioactive glass have been incorporated at the research stage. Conclusions: Currently, there are still insufficient guidelines for barrier membrane choice in GTR and GBR, therefore dentists are required to understand the characteristics of barrier membranes.

Membrane for guided tissue regeneration (GTR) is an interesting method for treating periodontitis cases. Synthesis of membranes for GTR based on gelatin and carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) modified by chitosan using the freeze-drying method has been successfully carried out. This study aims to obtain the optimum composition between gelatin and chitosan to obtain an effective combination as a membrane base material. The membrane was synthesized using a ratio of gelatin (G) and chitosan (CH) = 1:0, 1:0.5, 1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2 and 1:2.5. The addition of chitosan to gelatin and CHA is intended to improve the physical properties of gelatin to increase membrane stability, both in dry and wet conditions. The synthesized membranes were characterized using SEM-EDX, FTIR, XRD, tensile strength test, and water absorption test. The results of the tensile strength test showed that the membrane with a ratio of G: CH = 1:1 had good mechanical strength. It was indicated by the data of the highest tensile strength compared to other compositions. The SEM-EDX characterization results show that the membrane with the composition G: CH = 1:1 had a fairly hollow surface texture. It allows it to enter the water to have adequate absorption capacity. The absorption capacity of the membrane with a composition of G: CH = 1:1 was not much different from membranes with other compositions, while XRD data showed insignificant differences in crystallinity between membrane material compositions. The FTIR spectra all showed the typical adsorption bands of gelatin and chitosan as well as the formation of hydrogen bonds and electrostatic forces between gelatin and chitosan. The composition of G: CH = 1:1 proved to be more effective as a membrane material composition with the highest tensile strength, namely 1.34 ± 0.07 MPa (dry) and 0.06 ± 0.01 MPa (wet), and an adsorption capacity of 1486 ± 109%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Periodontitis can lead to progressive destruction of periodontal tissues supporting the tooth. Developing biomaterials for tissue engineering has noticeably improved the existing treatment options. The present study investigated the gelatin-hydroxyapatite nano-fibers as promising scaffolds for guided tissue regeneration (GTR). Methods. The scaffolds were prepared through electrospinning technique, and then the physicochemical properties and the cytotoxic effects on dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells were assessed. Results. The nano-scaffolds were successfully prepared with a mono-dispersed nano-scale diameter (102±0.10 nm), negative surface charge (-20±0.17 mV), and uniform network-shaped morphology. The mesenchymal stem cells derived from the human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSC) with gelatin-hydroxyapatite nano-fibers showed that the prepared scaffolds had a significant proliferative effect. Besides, the applied method can be used to prepare fiber-based structures via other polymeric materials. Conclusion. The incorporation of different materials to decrease the degradation rate of the fibers can match the speed of tissue regeneration. In this case, the prepared nano-fibers can be applied as a membrane biomaterial.

The microstructure and magnetic properties of methane (CH4) heat-treated Sr-hexaferrite powders during the re-calcination process were investigated and compared with the magnetic properties of conventionally synthesized Sr-hexaferrite powder. Gradual changes in the magnetic behavior of the produced powder in each re-calcination stage were investigated using magnetization curves obtained from the vibration sample magnetometry (VSM) technique. First, the initial Sr-hexaferrite powder was prepared by the conventional route. Then the powder was heat treated in a dynamic CH4 atmosphere in previously optimized conditions (temperature: 950 °C, gas flow rate:15 cc min−1 and time: 30 min), and finally, re-calcined in various temperatures from 200 to 1200 °C. By investigating the hysteresis loops, we found the transition temperature of soft to hard magnetic behavior to be 700 °C. The maximum ratio Mr/Ms was obtained at temperatures of 800–1100 °C. At 1100 °C, and despite the Sr-hexaferrite single phase, the magnetic behavior showed a multiphase behavior that was demonstrated by a kink in the hysteresis loop. Uniform magnetic behavior was observed only at 900 °C and 1000 °C. Although the ratio Mr/Ms was almost the same at these temperatures, the values of Mr and Ms at 1000 °C were almost double of 900 °C. At 1000 °C, the second quadrant of hysteresis curve had the maximum area. Therefore, 1000 °C was the optimum temperature for re-calcination after CH4 gas heat treatment in the optimized conditions. Due to the presence of a small amount of hematite soft phase at 1000 °C, the most probable reason for the exclusive properties of the optimized product may be the exchange coupling phenomenon between the hard Sr-hexaferrite phase and the impurity of the soft hematite phase.

This document is an editorial published in Frontiers in Neurology titled "Improving clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of patients with leptomeningeal metastasis." Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) is the spread of malignant cells into the subarachnoid space, pia, and arachnoid mater. The editorial provides an overview of this topic from a multidisciplinary perspective and includes four articles on the subject. The prognosis for patients with LM is poor, but targeted tumor-specific treatments can extend survival. The articles explore models for enhancing LM diagnosis and potential treatments, with a focus on immunohistochemistry and molecular tumor characteristics. The diagnosis of LM relies on clinical evaluation, MRI findings, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination. Prediction models and specific CSF parameters can improve diagnosis and allow for early treatment. The future of therapeutic approaches is evolving toward personalized strategies tailored to individual patients. [Extracted from the article]

Dental traumatic injuries commonly occurs due to road traffic accidents or fall near home or school. Anterior region of the mouth is most commonly affected in dental trauma. Young age children are more prone to dental traumatic injuries. Dental trauma may affect the teeth and alveolar bone and may involve the pulp and periodontal ligament directly or indirectly. Dental trauma is one of the factors which is associated with disruption of blood supply to the pulp which is responsible for the occurrence of pulpal necrosis later developing into endodontic infection. Pulpal infection may be immediate or delayed. In young patients with delayed treatment, the pulp may show various alterations like internal resorption, dystrophic calcification, and pulpitis which may change into partial or total necrosis of pulp. Periapical surgery is required when periradicular pathosis associated with endodontically treated teeth which cannot be resolved by nonsurgical root canal therapy (retreatment), or when retreatment has been unsuccessful, not feasible or contraindicated. Faster the regeneration of bone, better the prognosis. Platelet rich fibrin has many advantages over platelet-rich plasma as it provides a physiologic architecture that is very favorable to the healing process, which is obtained due to the slow polymerization process. Being a rich source of growth factors, platelet rich fibrin (PRF) possesses many advantages in bone regeneration. This case reports shows the successful treatment of a trauma induced large periapical lesion using PRF mixed with bone graft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This clinical case report demonstrates the successful management of an endodontic-periodontal lesion with interdisciplinary treatment strategies. Background: Endo-perio lesion is the term given to describe the varying degrees of damage in both the pulpal tissues and periodontium due to the destructive lesions arising from the various inflammatory products. Case report: An endodontic-periodontal lesion with grade II mobility in a 30-yearold male patient is reported. The management of the case is done through periodontal and endodontic treatment. The detailed method of managing of this type of cases is discussed. Conclusion: Long-term clinical outcomes are more predictable when there is proper history, optimal diagnostic processes, treatment strategies, and intervals. Peri apical lesions with combined causes will need both endodontic & periodontal therapy. Clinical significance: Immediate and correct management of endodontic-periodontal lesions can hinder the loss of the involved teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous technologies and materials were developed with the aim of repairing and reconstructing the tissue loss in patients with periodontitis. Periodontal guided bone regeneration (GBR) and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) involves the use of a membrane which prevents epithelial cell migration, and helps to maintain the space, creating a protected area in which tissue regeneration is favored. Over the time, manufacturing procedures of such barrier membranes followed important improvements. Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has led to major innovations in periodontal regeneration methods, using technologies such as inkjet printing, light-assisted 3D printing or micro-extrusion. Besides the 3D printing of monophasic and multi-phasic scaffolds, bioprinting and tissue engineering have emerged as innovative technologies which can change the way we see GTR and GBR.

Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) is a promising treatment for periodontal tissue defects, which generally uses a membrane to build a mechanical barrier from the gingival epithelium and hold space for the periodontal regeneration especially the tooth-supporting bone. However, existing membranes possess insufficient mechanical properties and limited bioactivity for periodontal bone regenerate. Herein, fish collagen and polyvinyl alcohol (Col/PVA) dual-layer membrane were developed via a combined freezing/thawing and layer coating method. This dual-layer membrane had a clear but contact boundary line between collagen and PVA layers, which were both hydrophilic. The dual membrane had an elongation at break of 193 ± 27% and would undergo an in vitro degradation duration of more than 17 days. Further cell experiments showed that compared with the PVA layer, the collagen layer not only presented good cytocompatibility with rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), but also promoted the osteogenic genes (RUNX2, ALP, OCN, and COL1) and protein (ALP) expression of BMSCs. Hence, the currently developed dual-layer membranes could be used as a stable barrier with a stable degradation rate and selectively favor the bone tissue to repopulate the periodontal defect. The membranes could meet the challenges encountered by GTR for superior defect repair, demonstrating great potential in clinical applications.

Background: To understand the mechanism of glucosinolates (GSs) accumulation in the specific organs, combined analysis of physiological change and transcriptome sequencing were applied in the current study. Taking Chinese kale as material, seeds and silique walls were divided into different stages based on the development of the embryo in seeds and then subjected to GS analysis and transcriptome sequencing. Results: The main GS in seeds of Chinese kale were glucoiberin and gluconapin and their content changed with the development of the seed. During the transition of the embryo from torpedo- to the early cotyledonary-embryo stage, the accumulation of GS in the seed was accompanied by the salient decline of GS in the corresponding silique wall. Thus, the seed and corresponding silique wall at these two stages were subjected to transcriptomic sequencing analysis. 135 genes related to GS metabolism were identified, of which 24 genes were transcription factors, 81 genes were related to biosynthetic pathway, 25 genes encoded catabolic enzymes, and 5 genes matched with transporters. The expression of GS biosynthetic genes was detected both in seeds and silique walls. The high expression of FMOGS-OX and AOP2, which is related to the production of gluconapin by side modification, was noted in seeds at both stages. Interestingly, the expression of GS biosynthetic genes was higher in the silique wall compared with that in the seed albeit lower content of GS existed in the silique wall than in the seed. Combined with the higher expression of transporter genes GTRs in silique walls than in seeds, it was proposed that the transportation of GS from the silique wall to the seed is an important source for seed GS accumulation. In addition, genes related to GS degradation expressed abundantly in the seed at the early cotyledonary-embryo stage indicating its potential role in balancing seed GS content. Conclusions: Two stages including the torpedo-embryo and the early cotyledonary-embryo stage were identified as crucial in GS accumulation during seed development. Moreover, we confirmed the transportation of GS from the silique wall to the seed and proposed possible sidechain modification of GS biosynthesis may exist during seed formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite widespread popularity of navigation and angled endoscopes in endonasal endoscopy, there are hardly few studies on their efficacy with the extent of resection or retreatment. This is probably the first study to assess the independent impact of these adjuncts among pituitary tumors. Patients with pituitary tumors undergoing endonasal endoscopy were prospectively studied for their demographics, clinico-radiological features, intraoperative use of navigation, and angled endoscopes, in relation to gross total resection (GTR), near total resection (NTR), endocrine remission, and retreatment. Pertinent statistical analyses were performed. Among a total of 139 patients, navigation and angled endoscopes could be used in 54 and 48 patients, respectively, depending upon their availability rather than chosen as per the case. There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics in relation to their use. The surgeon's perception of immediate benefit was noted among 51.9% while using navigation. The use of angled endoscopes towards the end of resection could help with additional tumor removal in 62.5% of patients. Overall, the use of navigation resulted in a significantly higher GTR (80.8% vs. 59.7%, OR 2.83, p = 0.01), a higher GTR/NTR (86.5% vs. 70.8%, OR 2.65, p = 0.04), and a lower retreatment rate (7.7% vs. 20.8%, OR 3.15, p = 0.05) than the others. In functioning tumors with cavernous sinus invasion, navigation had significantly increased remission rates (69.2% vs. 0%, p = 0.03). The use of angled endoscopes yielded a significantly higher GTR/NTR (91.7% vs. 70.6%, p = 0.04) and a lower retreatment rate (0% vs. 15.7%, p = 0.05) among only non-functioning adenomas. In multivariate analyses, the use of neuronavigation had a significant association with both GTR and retreatment rates (p values 0.005 and 0.02 respectively), independent of other confounding factors. The elective intraoperative use of navigation has a significant independent impact on the extent of resection and retreatment overall. While navigation results in better remission rates among functioning tumors with cavernous sinus invasion, angled endoscopy has a significant association with surgical outcomes in non-functioning tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bilayer collagen membranes are routinely used in guided bone/tissue regeneration to serve as osteoconductive scaffolds and prevent the invasion of soft tissues. It is recommended to place the membranes with their dense layer towards the soft tissue and their porous layer towards the bony defect area. However, evidence supporting this recommendation is lacking. This study aimed to determine whether the alignment of bilayer collagen membranes has an effect on bone regeneration. Methods: In two groups of ten male Sprague-Dawley rats each, a 5-mm calvarial defect was created. Thereafter, the defect was randomly covered with a bilayer, resorbable, pure type I and III collagen membrane placed either regularly or upside-down (i.e., dense layer towards bone defect). After 4 weeks of healing, micro-computed tomography (μCT), histology, and histomorphometry of the inner cylindrical region of interest (4.5 mm in diameter) were performed to assess new bone formation and the consolidation of the collagen membrane in the defect area. Results: Quantitative μCT showed similar bone volume (median 8.0 mm3, interquartile range 7.0–10.0 vs. 6.2 mm3, 4.3–9.4, p = 0.06) and trabecular thickness (0.21 mm, 0.19–0.23 vs. 0.18 mm, 0.17–0.20, p = 0.03) between upside-down and regular placement, both leading to an almost complete bony coverage. Histomorphometry showed comparable new bone areas between the upside-down and regularly placed membranes, 3.9 mm2 (2.7–5.4) vs. 3.8 mm2 (2.2–4.0, p = 0.31), respectively. Both treatment groups revealed the same regeneration patterns and spatial distribution of bone with and without collagen fibers, as well as residual collagen fibers. Conclusions: Our data support the osteoconductive properties of collagen membranes and suggest that bone regeneration is facilitated regardless of membrane layer alignment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Parodontologie: die Zeitschrift für die Praxis (Berlin, Germany) is the property of Quintessenz Verlags GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)