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Background: The rising global number of Diabetes mellitus (DM) cases indicated the significance of early detection of insulin resistance trying to decrease the economic and healthcare burden caused by DM. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of using Homeostasis Model Assessment-Estimated Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and to define a suitable HOMA-IR cut-off value. The difficulty of performing a euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp in extensive studies has stimulated the importance of using and developing surrogate insulin sensitivity indices. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Involved 397 participants referred from outpatient clinics at Dr. Sulaiman Alhabib Hospital between January 2011 and December 2021 for a Glucose Tolerance/Insulin Response test. Methods: Data was obtained from the electronic medical system in Dr. Sulaiman Alhabib hospital. Insulin response interpretation was based on the Kraft pattern, classifying insulin patterns into five types. HOMA-IR was calculated using the formula HOMA-IR = (FPI*FPG)/22.5. Statistical analyses were performed using MedCalc Statistical Software version 20. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves were plotted to assess the diagnostic performance of HOMA-IR in distinguishing between cases and non-cases of insulin resistance. The area under the curve and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. The Youden index was used to select the optimum cut-off points. Results: Youden index was used for selecting the optimum cut off points. For the combined dataset, a cut-off value of >1.93 showed a sensitivity of 66.91% and specificity of 71.31%. The logistic regression was used to assess various predictors of the development of diabetes mellitus. impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, or gestational diabetes. Insulin resistance based on HOMA-IR was a significant predictor. Conclusion: Insulin resistance is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. Establishing and using a sensitive and specific population-based cut-off for HOMAIR is highly recommended for early detection of insulin resistance. The study faced some challenges such as limited participants and incomplete follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: As a worldwide epidemic, the frequency of prediabetes is rapidly increasing. As a result, the present study investigated pre-diabetes synergistic factors in the Saudi population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This descriptive study used samples from 31 Hail-area primary health clinics (PHCs). Participants were chosen at random from December 2021 to June 2022. RESULTS: There were 164 participants in this study, of which 86 males (52.4%) and 78 females (47.6%). The GTT revealed that none of the study participants had diabetes, but an A1C test revealed that all of them had A1C levels above 6.5%. Approximately 16/86 (18.6%) of the 86 men were overweight, whereas 53/86 (61.6%) were obese. CONCLUSIONS: Saudi Arabia's prediabetes rate has increased due to obesity/overweight, family history of diabetes, heart rate variability, and poor sleep quality. HbA1c screening should replace GTT to prevent progression to T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disease which profoundly affects many organ systems in the body, including the skeleton. As is often the case with biology, there are inherent differences between the sexes when considering skeletal development and disease progression and outcome. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a protocol to reliably induce diabetes in both sexes of the C57BL/6 mouse utilizing streptozotocin (STZ) and to characterize the resulting bone phenotype. We hypothesized that destruction of the β-cells in the pancreatic islet by STZ would result in a diabetic state with downstream skeletal manifestations. Beginning at 8 weeks of age, mice were injected for 5 consecutive days with STZ (65 mg/kg males, 90 mg/kg females) dissolved in a citrate buffer. The diabetic state of the mice was monitored for 5 weeks to ensure persistent hyperglycemia and mice were euthanized at 15 weeks of age. Diabetes was confirmed through blood glucose monitoring, glucose and insulin tolerance testing, HbA1c measurement, and histological staining of the pancreas. The resulting bone phenotype was characterized using microcomputed tomography to assess bone structure, and whole bone mechanical testing to assess bone functional integrity. Mice from both sexes experienced loss of β-cell mass and increased glycation of hemoglobin, as well as reduced trabecular thickness and trabecular tissues mineral density (TMD), and reduced cortical thickness and cortical bone area fraction. In female mice the change area fraction was driven by a reduction in overall bone size while in male mice, the change was driven by increased marrow area. Males also experienced reduced cortical TMD. Mechanical bending tests of the tibiae showed significant results in females with a reduction in yield force and ultimate force driving lower work to yield and total work and a roughly 40 % reduction of stiffness. When tissue level parameters were estimated using beam theory, there was a significant reduction in yield and ultimate stresses as well as elastic modulus. The previously reported mechanistic similarity in the action of STZ on murine animals, as well as the ease of STZ administration via IP injection make this model is a strong candidate for future exploration of osteoporotic bone disease, Diabetes Mellitus, and the link between estrogen and glucose sensitivity.

Aims/hypothesis: The general population is ageing, involving an enhanced incidence of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. With ageing, DNA methylation of FHL2 increases, as well as expression of the four and a half LIM domains 2 (FHL2) protein in human pancreatic islets. We hypothesised that FHL2 is actively involved in glucose metabolism. Methods: Publicly available microarray datasets from human pancreatic islets were analysed for FHL2 expression. In FHL2-deficient mice, we studied glucose clearance and insulin secretion. Gene expression analysis and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) were determined in isolated murine FHL2-deficient islets to evaluate insulin-secretory capacity. Moreover, knockdown and overexpression of FHL2 were accomplished in MIN6 cells to delineate the underlying mechanism of FHL2 function. Results: Transcriptomics of human pancreatic islets revealed that individuals with elevated levels of HbA1c displayed increased FHL2 expression, which correlated negatively with insulin secretion pathways. In line with this observation, FHL2-deficient mice cleared glucose more efficiently than wild-type littermates through increased plasma insulin levels. Insulin sensitivity was comparable between these genotypes. Interestingly, pancreatic islets isolated from FHL2-deficient mice secreted more insulin in GSIS assays than wild-type mouse islets even though insulin content and islet size was similar. To support this observation, we demonstrated increased expression of the transcription factor crucial in insulin secretion, MAF BZIP transcription factor A (MafA), higher expression of GLUT2 and reduced expression of the adverse factor c-Jun in FHL2-deficient islets. The underlying mechanism of FHL2 was further delineated in MIN6 cells. FHL2-knockdown led to enhanced activation of forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) and its downstream genes such as Mafa and Pdx1 (encoding pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1), as well as increased glucose uptake. On the other hand, FHL2 overexpression in MIN6 cells blocked GSIS, increased the formation of reactive oxygen species and increased c-Jun activity. Conclusions/interpretation: Our data demonstrate that FHL2 deficiency improves insulin secretion from beta cells and improves glucose tolerance in mice. Given that FHL2 expression in humans increases with age and that high expression levels of FHL2 are associated with beta cell dysfunction, we propose that enhanced FHL2 expression in elderly individuals contributes to glucose intolerance and the development of type 2 diabetes. Data availability: The human islet microarray datasets used are publicly available and can be found on https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective teaching plays a vital role in promoting student learning across various domains, including reading comprehension which is an indispensable skill for all learners but difficult to master for most. Recent studies have shown that the effectiveness of teaching is context-specific, influenced by both student characteristics and the classroom setting. These variations in effectiveness underscore the differential impact of teaching behaviors across classroom settings, so-called contingency effects. Therefore, this scoping review provides a comprehensive overview of the literature on effective teaching focused on improving reading comprehension outcomes for students with special educational needs (SEN). The primary objective is to identify both general and contingency effects, looking specifically at differences in effective teaching between inclusive, intermediate, and special education settings. Teaching behaviors were categorized according to three dimensions of the Great Teaching Toolkit: creating a supportive environment (CSE), maximizing opportunities to learn (MOL), and activating hard thinking (AHT). In total, 20 studies that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. Most of these studies examined the effect of multiple teaching behaviors on reading comprehension outcomes of students with learning disabilities (n = 13) in intermediate settings (n = 10). Overall, many positive effects were found for teaching behaviors classified within the AHT dimension. However, investigating the effectiveness of CSE and MOL, a more nuanced and mixed picture was identified with some studies indicating nonsignificant effects on reading comprehension. Contingency effects were observed for the AHT dimension, favoring intermediate settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Biofilms are colonies of microbial cells enclosed in a self produced organic polymeric matrix. The biofilm production is more important for non albicans Candida, as Candida albicans possess many other mechanisms to establish infections. Correct identification of Candida sps has gained importance due to persistent rise in infections caused by non albicans Candida. The study was conducted to isolate and identify the Candida sps in clinical samples and study biofilm formation. Aims & Objectives To detect the biofilm production in various Candida species isolated. Materials and Methods The study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology in a tertiary care hospital in India. Candida isolates of pathogenic significance obtained from various clinical specimens except sputum were included in the study. The processing of the various Candida isolates were done according to standard microbiological techniques. The species identification tests were done by 1) Germ tube test (Reynolds Braude Phenomenon) 2)Growth at 45 °C. 3)Dalmau technique? 4)CHROM agar 85) Sugar assimilation. Biofilm formation was detected in all the isolates by using a method proposed by Branchini et al.(test tube method) 17 Results Out of 100 Candida isolates, Biofilm formation was observed in 64 isolates. Biofilm production was detected in 35 out of 43 C.tropicalis (81.3%), 12out of 34 C.albicans (35.2%), 7out of 11 C.parapsilosis(63.6%), 5out of 7 C.glabrata(71.4%) and all the 5 C. Krusei(100%). Conclusion: The identification of Candida upto species level has a major role for therapy and surveillance. The study has brought out the importance of recognizing Candida non albicans as more common in forming the biofilm as compared to Candida albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objectives: 1) To identify the various species of Candida isolated from clinical specimens. 2) To study the antifungal susceptibility pattern of isolated Candida species with five selected antifungals. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology of Yenepoya Medical College and Hospital, Mangalore, India. Candida isolates of pathogenic significance obtained from various clinical specimens except sputum were included in the study. The processing of the various candida isolates were done according to standard microbiological techniques. The species identification tests were done by 1) Germ tube test (Reynolds Braude Phenomenon) 2)Growth at 45 °C. 3)Dalmau technique 4)CHROM agar 5) Sugar assimilation. Antifungal susceptibility test was done by disc diffusion method (M44-A, CLSI, USA). Results: In our study, out of 100 Candida isolates, 43 were identified as C.tropicalis, 34 as C.albicans, 11 as C.parapsilosis, 7 as C.glabrata and 5 as C.krusei by Dalmau technique, CHROM agar and sugar assimilation. All the 100 Candida isolates were sensitive to Amphotericin B and Voriconazole. Sensitivity of various Candida species to fluconazole, ketaconazole and itraconazole were 82.3%, 36.2% and 60.3% respectively. Conclusion: Candida is the commonest noscocomial pathogen. The identification of Candida upto species level has a major role for therapy and surveillance. The study has brought out the importance of recognizing Candida species as pathogen based on the clinical status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 60 healthy (the control group) and 30 anestrous Holstein cows with inactive ovaries (the case group) from three dairy farms around Tehran were randomly selected and diagnosed to determine the concentrations of glucose, insulin, and cortisol, and the rate of the insulin resistance disorder in them. Primarily, serum samples were obtained from all animals, and the concentrations of glucose, insulin, and cortisol were measured in a laboratory. Thereupon, the glucose tolerance test (GTT) was implemented. Before the implementation of the GTT, the median of serum glucose levels (62 mg/dl), insulin (7.16 μIU/ml), and cortisol (2.5 μg/dl) was estimated in healthy cows. The median of serum glucose levels (68.5 mg/dl, p = 0.00009) was higher, and serum insulin (6.1 μIU/ml, p = 0.025) and cortisol (1.1 μg/dl, p = 0.00029) levels were lesser in the anestrous cows when estimated simultaneously. After the implementation of GTT, the median of serum glucose concentrations in one (120 mg/dl), two (73.5 mg/dl), and three (63.5 mg/dl) hours after the glucose injection was estimated in healthy cows. The findings also showed that the median of serum glucose levels was lesser in one (100 mg/dl, p = 0.015), similar in two (77.5 mg/dl, p = 0.9), and higher in three (70 mg/dl, p = 0.012) hours after the glucose injection in anestrous cows. In conclusion, higher serum glucose, lesser insulin and cortisol concentrations, and the different correlation between serum glucose and insulin levels before the GTT were detected in anestrous cows. The pattern of glucose changes also differed in anestrous cows after the GTT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Techno.com is the property of Universitas Dian Nuswantoro, Fakultas Ilmu Komputer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Cadmium (Cd) is a persistent environmental and occupational contaminant that accumulates in humans and shows adverse effects on health. Accumulating evidence reveals that environmental Cd exposure is associated with hepatic lipid accumulation and metabolic alterations in adult male mice. However, whether Cd exposure induces hepatic lipid accumulation and metabolic alterations in female mice remains poorly understood. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of Cd exposure on insulin resistance, hepatic lipid accumulation and associated metabolic pathways. Female CD1 mice were administrated with CdCl2 (10 and 100 mg l–1) by drinking water. We found that Cd exposure did not induce obesity, insulin resistance and hepatic lipid accumulation. By contrary, mice in the Cd‐100 mg l–1 group presented a significant reduction of the glucose area under the curve during the glucose tolerance test. However, there was a significant elevation in the mRNA level of Fasn and Scd‐1, which were critical genes during hepatic fatty acid synthesis. Moreover, hepatic Fabp1 and Fabp4, two genes for hepatic fatty acid uptake were upregulated in Cd‐treated mice. Of interest, Lpl, a key gene for hepatic lipoprotein lysis, was also upregulated in Cd‐treated mice. Collectively, our results suggest that Cd exposure upregulated mRNA level of genes related to hepatic lipid metabolism although there was no insulin resistance and hepatic lipid accumulation shown in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A standard breakfast was evaluated as a screening test (BT) for gestational diabetes in a case-control study. Blood sugar (BS) was measured 1 hour after a breakfast that had 50gr simple sugar and was designed based on women preferences. In the same women glucose challenge test (GCT, 50gr 1hour glucose screening test) was performed one week later in randomized sequential. Cutoff values for both tests was 130 mg/dl. For both or one positive test GTT (100gr-oral glucose tolerance test) was performed. Sensitivity and specificity; optimal cutoff and concordance of both tests with GTT were calculated by X2, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and kappa test. 41 women (29.3%) had positive GCT and 28 women (20%) had positive BT. 12 women (8.57%) had positive GTT. For BT and GCT, a sensitivity of 83.3% and 91.7% and specificity of 85.9% and 76.6% with cutoff level ≥ 130 mg/dl at 60 minute were found respectively. Optimal cutoff for BT and GCT were 130 mg/dl and 135 mg/dl respectively. Concordance of GTT with GCT and BT was 0.429 and 0.432, respectively. Standard breakfast can be used as an alternative method for assessing carbohydrate intolerance in pregnancy with same physiological response, better compliance and low cost.

Background: Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) is a curable disease that involves the development of malignant tumor in the woman after a normal or molar pregnancy. The position of surgery in GTN is not properly specified and is changing due to new chemotherapy protocols. However, the role of surgery is highlighted in chemotherapy-resistant GTN. Other indications of surgery in trophoblastic diseases are drug toxicity and uterine perforation. Based on the fact that most women in certain age tend to preserve fertility, this study reported 4 cases of successful treatment after fertility sparing surgery. Case: A hospital-based case-report study was carried out to investigate the role of surgery in 4 patients with GTN. In this study, acute complications, such as intraabdominal bleeding and liver dysfunction due to chemotherapy occurred in some patients. Surgery was performed and all cases underwent localized tumor removal while preserving the uterus. No hysterectomy surgery was performed. Conclusion: Surgery is supposed in specific cases of GTN, who desire preserving fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have illustrated that the polymerase gamma mutator (PolG) mice have reduced mitochondrial content secondary to systemic mitochondrial dysfunction, and subsequently a lower capacity to perform aerobic respiration and endurance exercise. We sought to delineate the extent of glycolysis as a means of energy production in the PolG mice in the absence of optimal mitochondrial function. PolG mice display an enhanced reliance on glycolysis as compared to their wild-type counterparts. This is evident by the resting hypoglycemia, higher PFK content, and elevated plasma lactate levels in the PolG mice. In vitro experiments provide further proof that PolG derived dermal fibroblasts have a higher rate of, and capacity for, glycolysis. PolG mice also have enhanced capacity to perform hepatic gluconeogenesis that is likely enhancing the Cori cycle capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim of this study was to test the association between the rates of patient-reported incidents and patient harm documented in the patient record. Design The study was a secondary analysis of two national hospital assessments conducted in 2011. Setting Hospital services in Norway. Participants The patient survey was a standard national patient-experience survey conducted at the hospital level for all 63 hospitals in Norway. The medical record review was performed by 47 Global Trigger Tools (GTTs) in all 19 hospital trusts and 4 private hospitals. The two data sets were matched at the unit level, yielding comparable patient experiences and GTT data for 7 departments, 16 hospitals and 11 hospital trusts. Intervention No intervention. Main Outcome Measures The correlation at the unit level between the patient-reported incident in hospital instrument (PRIH-I) and estimated rates of patient harm from the GTT. Results The PRIH-I index was significantly correlated with all patient-reported experience indicators at the individual level, with estimates for all patient harm events (Categories E–I) at the unit level (r = 0.62, P < 0.01), and with estimates of more serious harm events in Categories F–I (r = 0.42, P < 0.05). Conclusions Patient-reported incidents in hospitals, as measured by the PRIH-I, are strongly correlated with patient harm rates based on the GTT. This indicates that patient-reported incidents are related to patient safety, but more research is needed to confirm the usefulness of patient reporting in the evaluation of patient safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex, heterogeneous disorder of uncertain etiology with strong genetic background. Insulin resistance is present in the majority of PCOS cases with linkage and association between single nucleotide polymorphisms of insulin receptor (INSR) gene and PCOS. Objective: To examine whether the exon 17 of INSR gene contributes to genetic susceptibility to PCOS in Iraqi women and its effects on glucose tolerance test and lipid profile. Materials and Methods: Sixty-five healthy Iraqi women and eighty-four infertile women with PCOS, divided into two subgroups depending on the BMI were studied. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) analysis was performed to determine the genotypes for the His 1058 C/T polymorphism at the tyrosine kinase domain in the INSR gene. Clinical, anthropometric and biochemical parameters were also estimated. Results: The C/T polymorphism at His 1058 in exon 17 of INSR was associated with PCOS (obese and non-obese). CC genotype frequency was higher in PCOS patients whereas TT genotype was higher in control women. Those with CC genotype had higher BMI, GTT and lipid profile than those with TT genotype. Conclusion: An association of C/T polymorphism at Hisl058 of INSR with PCOS in Iraqi women was observed. Its association with indices of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia were also noticed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a brief description of the field of Website Localization in translation. In this context, beyond mere discussion on the most appropriate terminology to be used, concepts such as computer-assisted translation" or "translation memory" play an important role in this field. Although there are a number of property software tools available on the market, nowadays the use of other kinds of tools - such as Google Translator Toolkit (GTT) or Omega T - in increasing in both the academic field and the professional area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni has been used for the treatment of diabetes in, for example, Brazil, although a positive effect on antidiabetic and its complications has not been unequivocally demonstrated. This herb also has numerous therapeutic properties which have been proven safe and effective over hundreds of years. Streptozotocin is a potential source of oxidative stress that induces genotoxicity. Objective: We studied the effects of stevia leaves and its extracted polyphenols and fiber on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. We hypothesize that supplementation of polyphenols extract from stevia to the diet causes a reduction in diabetes and its complications. Design/Methods: Eighty Wistar rats were randomly divided into 8 groups; a standard control diet was supplemented with either stevia whole leaves powder (4.0%) or polyphenols or fiber extracted from stevia separately and fed for one month. Streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight, i.p) was injected to the diabetic groups on the 31st day. Several indices were analyzed to assess the modulation of the streptozotocin induced oxidative stress, toxicity and blood glucose levels by stevia. Results: The results showed a reduction of blood glucose, ALT and AST, and increment of insulin level in the stevia whole leaves powder and extracted polyphenols fed rats compared to control diabetic group. Its feeding also reduced the MDA concentration in liver and improved its antioxidant status through antioxidant enzymes. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were improved by their feeding. Streptozotocin was also found to induce kidney damage as evidenced by decreased glomerular filtration rate; this change was however alleviated in the stevia leaves and extracted polyphenol fed groups. Conclusion: The results suggested that stevia leaves do have a significant role in alleviating liver and kidney damage in the STZ-diabetic rats besides its hypoglycemic effect. It might be adequate to conclude that stevia leaves could protect rats against streptozotocin induced diabetes, reduce the risk of oxidative stress and ameliorate liver and kidney damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There were analyzed the conditions under which the basal glycemia and/or glucose tolerance curve is not contaminated by stress induced changes in glycide metabolism. When the basal glycemia was monitored,blood was sampled to heparinized capillaries from retrobulbar plexus under the light ether anaesthesia or by decapitation without narcosis. The animal represented the control for itself. No differences was found in basal glycemia under the two mentioned blood sampling. In the second series of experiments glycemia was monitored in the time schedule which is used in glucose tolerance test, i.e., blood sampling was performed 30,60,120 and 180 min after the first sampling from retrobulbar plexus either under light ether anaesthesia (in 14 h starvated rats or in rats with free access to diet) or under Nembutal anaesthesia (in 14 h starvated rats). No differences were found in glycemia when two types of narcosis is compared. No signs of augmentation were detected. In the last series when blood sampling was taken in two sec intervals, time dependent augmentation of stress glucose elevation was found. The augmentation was more expressed in the rats with free access to diet than in starvated animals.

The occurrence of post-chemotherapy transient low level hCG elevations has been observed in a number of women treated for gestational trophoblastic tumours (GTT). The authors reviewed the records of patients treated at Charing Cross Hospital over the last 10 years and identified those with a benign rise in hCG. Stored serum samples were assayed for hCG, LH, FSH and oestradiol at varying points during patient management. The endocrine profile in patients experiencing benign hCG elevation is comparable with that seen in post-menopausal women, with low oestradiol, combined with greatly elevated LH and FSH levels. In contrast, women with genuine disease relapse as the cause of their post-chemotherapy hCG elevation had normal or only minor elevations of LH and FSH. These findings support the observation that a major rise in LH and FSH can be used as an indicator for benign pituitary hCG production in patients experiencing a low level rise in hCG levels following chemotherapy for GTT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is recognised as a significant problem in pregnancy. Changes to GDM diagnostic criteria have been proposed following analysis of data from the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study. We sought to assess the impact on the workload for GDM management in Australia that would occur if these changes were adopted. Aim: To assess the impact on health professional workload, specifically management of the number of additional women who would be diagnosed with GDM, should the newly recommended diagnostic criteria be adopted in Australia. Methods: We analysed oral glucose tolerance test results undertaken in pregnant women at two large pathology services in South West and Northern Sydney. We calculated GDM rates using current Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society (ADIPS) Australian Criteria and the rates using the proposed new criteria. Results: These workload data compare ADIPS and proposed International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Criteria. In a high-risk population examined in two time periods, the estimated increase in workload was 29.0% (based on November 2005 to August 2007 data) and 31.9% (based on September 2007 to August 2009 data). Data from Northern Sydney indicated a 21.7% increased workload (based on September 1998 to July 2009 data). Conclusions: If the newly recommended changes to the diagnostic criteria for GDM are implemented in Australia, we may need to change the way we currently structure our services to manage GDM, to cope with the workload impact of the significantly increased number of women who would require management. In some units this change will be substantial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent release of several basidiomycete genome sequences allows an improvement of the classification of fungal glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). GSTs are well-known detoxification enzymes which can catalyze the conjugation of glutathione to non-polar compounds that contain an electrophilic carbon, nitrogen, or sulfur atom. Following this mechanism, they are able to metabolize drugs, pesticides, and many other xenobiotics and peroxides. A genomic and phylogenetic analysis of GST classes in various sequenced fungi—zygomycetes, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes—revealed some particularities in GST distribution, in comparison with previous analyses with ascomycetes only. By focusing essentially on the wood-degrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium, this analysis highlighted a new fungal GST class named GTE, which is related to bacterial etherases, and two new subclasses of the omega class GSTs. Moreover, our phylogenetic analysis suggests a relationship between the saprophytic behavior of some fungi and the number and distribution of some GST isoforms within specific classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, two approaches were followed to evaluate the metabolic responses of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), a frugivorous species, to intraperitoneal (IP) administration of glucose (GLU) and fructose (FRU) in fed (FED) and 10-day fasted (FAST) fish. Glucose and fructose tolerance tests were performed to assess the carbohydrate utilization and complementary NMR-metabolomics analyses were done to elucidate the impacts of sugar mobilization on the metabolic profile of plasma, liver and muscle. Blood was sampled from FED groups at 0, 3, 6 and 24 h; and at 0 and 24 h from FAST groups. Significant differences were observed in the hyperglycaemic peak between sugars at 3 h (GLU - 13.7 ± 2.0 mM vs. FRU - 8.7 ± 1.1 mM; saline 6.3 ± 0.6 mM) and on the return to normoglycaemia (GLU - 8.5 ± 2.2 mM vs. FRU - 5.2 ± 0.9 mM; saline 4.9 ± 0.6 mM) 6 h after IP on the FRU fish. The NMR-metabolomics approach allowed to conclude that tambaqui seems to be more responsive to the feeding regime (FED vs. FAST) than to the injected sugar (FRU vs. GLU). From the studied tissues, plasma showed no significant variations between feeding regimes at 24 h after IP, while muscle and liver revealed some variations on the final metabolome profile between FED and FAST groups. The metabolome variations between feeding regimes are indicative of changes on the amino acid utilization. Fish from FAST group seem to utilize amino acids as energy source rather than for protein synthesis and muscle growth. Variations on glucose concentration in muscle can also indicate different utilization of the sugars depending on the feeding regime. [Display omitted] • Hyperglycaemic peak was observed in both glucose- and fructose-injected fish at 3 h. • Hyperglycaemia was cleared significantly faster in fructose-injected fish. • NMR-metabolomics revealed that tambaqui is more responsive to feeding regime (FED vs. FAST) than to sugar (GLU vs. FRU) load. • NMR-metabolomics of plasma, liver, and muscle assisted in evaluating variations in the metabolite profile of fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Objectives. To determine if subjects with chronic alcoholism are predisposed to acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity, and to determine the contributing factors. Design. Prospective cohort study. Setting. Community-based crisis intervention center. Subjects. One hundred eighty-eight subjects who answered "yes" to at least one of the four questions on the CAGE (Cut down-Annoyed-Guilty-Eye-opener) questionnaire for identifying alcoholism, and 10 healthy volunteers (controls). Intervention. A history, physical examination, urine toxicologic analysis, ethanol and drug therapy history, and venous blood samples were collected on all subjects. Measurements and Main Results. Venous blood was analyzed for a liver profile, prothrombin time, and total and oxidized glutathione concentrations. A significantly higher proportion of daily drinkers were regular daily users (29.2% [45/154] vs 11.8% [4/34], p=0.0497) as well as abusers (35.7% [55/154] vs 14.7% [5/34], p=0.0237) of acetaminophen compared with nondaily drinkers. Alcoholic subjects with elevated γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT ≥ 51 U/L) levels had significantly lower median plasma glutathione concentrations (2.33 µmol/L, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.74-2.69 µmol/L) compared with those of alcoholic subjects with normal GGT concentrations (5.97 µmol/L, 95% CI 4.39-7.03 µmol/L, p<0.0001) and healthy volunteers (6.59 µmol/L, 95% CI 4.79-9.65 µmol/L, p=0.0002). A significant inverse correlation was also noted between the GGT concentration and the plasma total glutathione concentration (r = -0.62, p<0.0001). None of the 188 subjects met all preset criteria for hepatotoxicity. Conclusions. Daily drinkers were more than twice as likely as nondaily drinkers to be regular daily acetaminophen users and abusers. Alcoholic subjects with elevated GGT concentrations had significantly lower plasma total glutathione concentrations, and plasma total glutathione concentrations inversely correlated with GGT concentrations. Elevated GGT concentrations may be a clinical marker of depleted glutathione in alcoholic subjects. Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity appears to be uncommon in alcoholic subjects, despite the 31.9% (60/188 patients) who took doses that are potentially hepatotoxic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Diabetologia is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)