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Primate-specific genes and regulatory mechanisms could provide insight into human brain functioning and disease. In a genome-scale analysis of the entire protein-coding genes listed in the GeneCards database, we have recently reported human genes that contain 'exceptionally long' short tandem repeats (STRs) in their core promoter, which may be of adaptive/selective evolutionary advantage in this species. The longest tetra-nucleotide repeat identified in a human gene core promoter belongs to the CYTH4 gene. This GTTT-repeat is specific to Hominidae and Old World monkeys, and the shortest allele of this repeat, (GTTT), is linked with neural dysfunction and type I bipolar disorder in human. In the present study, we sought a possibly broader role for the CYTH4 gene core promoter GTTT-repeat in neural functioning and investigated its allelic distribution in a total of 949 human subjects, consisting of two neurodegenerative disorders, multiple sclerosis (MS) ( n = 272) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) ( n = 257), and controls ( n = 420). The range of the alleles of this GTTT-repeat in the human sample studied was between 6- and 9-repeats. The shortest allele, (GTTT), was significantly in excess in the MS and AD patients in comparison with the controls ( p < 0.004). The 6/6, 6/7, and 7/7 genotypes were in excess in the MS and AD patients, whereas the overall frequency of all other genotypes (consisting of at least one longer allele, i.e., 8- or 9-repeat) was higher in the controls ( p < 0.005), indicating a dominant and protective effect for the longer alleles against neurodegeneration. This is the first indication of the involvement of a primate-specific STR in neurodegeneration in humans. We propose an adaptive evolutionary role for the expansion of the CYTH4 gene core promoter GTTT-repeat in the human brain, which is supported by a link between the shortest allele of this repeat with neuropsychiatric disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence of primate-specific genes and gene regulatory mechanisms linked to bipolar disorder (BD) lend support to evolutionary/adaptive processes in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Following a genome-scale analysis of the entire protein coding genes annotated in the GeneCards database, we have recently reported that cytohesin-4 ( CYTH4 ) contains the longest tetra-nucleotide short tandem repeat (STR) identified in a human protein-coding gene core promoter, which may be of adaptive advantage to this species. In the current study, we analyzed the evolutionary trend of this STR across evolution. We also analyzed the functional implication and distribution of this STR in a group of patients with type 1 BD (n = 233) and controls (n = 262). We found that this STR is exceptionally expanded in primates (Fisher exact p < 0.00003). Association was observed between type I BD and the 6-repeat allele of this STR, (GTTT) 6 (Yates corrected Χ 2 = 12.68, p < 0.0001, OR: 1.68). This allele is the shortest length of the GTTT-repeat identified in the human subjects studied. Consistent with that finding, excess homozygosity was observed for the shorter alleles, (GTTT) 6 and (GTTT) 7 , vs. the longer alleles, (GTTT) 8 and (GTTT) 9 in the BD group (Yates corrected Χ 2 = 5.18, p < 0.01, 1 df, OR: 1.96). Using Dual Glo luciferase system in HEK-293 cells, a trend for gene expression repression was observed from the 6- to the 9-repeat allele (p < 0.003), and the GTTT-repeat significantly down-regulated gene expression, per se (p < 0.0006). This is the first evidence of a link between a primate-specific STR and a major psychiatric disorder in human. It may be speculated that the CYTH4 GTTT-repeat in primates may have conferred selective advantage to this order, reflected in neural function and neurophenotypes. The role of the CYTH4 gene in the pathogenesis of type I BD remains to be clarified in the future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]