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El artículo reflexiona sobre el potencial metodológico que tiene la etnografía en los estudios turísticos, todo esto desde un enfoque multimétodo que rescata el quehacer antropológico para la descripción e interpretación del turismo como un hecho social total. Se reconoce la necesidad de generar trabajos etnográficos de carácter colaborativo, es decir, fortalecer la perspectiva dialógica entre investigador e investigado. Adicionalmente, dejar en claro que la (re)construcción de realidades debe contrastar lo que se hace (acciones) y lo que se dice que se hace (discursos)

Reseña del libro Turismo, patrimonio e innovación en el contexto actual, editado por la Universidad de Colima

An increasing number of tourism researchers now advance the notion of tourism degrowth as a serious and viable alternative to the mainstream, growth-oriented approach to managing tourism development. The paper seeks to clarify, at a conceptual level, the well-being implications of tourism degrowth, positive and negative. Following a discussion of the basic principles of the degrowth approach, and identification of some major degrowth strategies, the paper overviews the nature of well-being, its sources and indicators. The potential impacts of tourism degrowth on resident well-being, are explored through a lens based on an established well-being framework. Taking sources of both material and non-material well-being into account, it is concluded that the degrowth process, when considered alongside a range of complementary interventions, can potentially make several important contributions to resident well-being. Identification and measurement of resident well-being outcomes in turn provides guidance as to the preferred strategies and types of interventions in support of tourism degrowth. In conclusion, the paper identifies issues for future investigation by tourism researchers.

The world is witnessing a rise in the number of international tourists travelling which is mainly caused by the fall in travelling costs and higher living standards. However, this has caused numerous negative impacts on the economy, the environment and the society. In the context of Mauritius, tourism has always been seen as among its key pillars that sustain its economy and helped it to flourish. Consequently, the purpose of this research is to assess the efficiency, robustness and accuracy of the legal framework on sustainable tourism in Mauritius in dealing with new emerging challenges. To achieve the research objective, the black letter research method was adopted to collect secondary data by analysing the related laws on tourism in the context of sustainability and a comparative analysis with some other countries’ rules on the researched topic was conducted. The countries selected for the comparison are the Maldives and Seychelles. It is observed that although there is a legal framework for tourism that is currently in place, there are still gaps in the laws that make it challenging for tourism businesses to operate sustainably. Among other issues relating to the environment and the economy, the socio-economic aspect has been neglected.

Nature-based tourism such as trekking and mountaineering has gained popularity in recent years due to the demand for experience-based tourism. Adventure tourism is one of the mainstays of Nepali economy and a major source of revenue. Trekking has brought employment and income opportunities and contributed to the living standard of local people. However, the influx of visitors has led to the depletion of natural resources and the degradation of environmental conditions in many areas. Therefore, it is crucial to establish a proper balance between social, economic, and environmental dimensions to ensure the viability of these tourism destinations. This study aims to assess the tourism potential and ecotourism attractions of Annapurna Base Camp through appreciative inquiry analysis. Based on the concept of ecotourism and its principles, we carried out the study keeping ecotourism in the center for exploring other possible forms of tourism at the study site. Through our primary and secondary data sources, we have designed a strategic plan to bring the results of appreciative inquiry into practice. The study emphasizes the adoption of strength-based approaches like appreciative inquiry in tourism studies that will help communities and destinations address social, environmental, and economic problems while ensuring their sustainability.

This study investigates the impact of the subjective and personal norms, environmental concerns, and altruism perceptions of recreationists on environment-friendly behaviors and environmental tourism behaviors. The population of the study consists of recreationists visiting the Ida Mountains in the western coast of Turkey. Visitors taking hiking trails as a recreational activity were included in the study and 221 complete responses were received. Partial Least Square Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) was applied to test research hypotheses. The findings show that (a) subjective norms, place attachment, environmental concern, and environmental altruism positively influence environment friendly behavior; (b) personal norms are non-significant antecedents of environment friendly behavior; and (c) environment friendly behavior is a significant antecedent of environmental tourism behavior. This shows that recreationists in Ida Mountains are more sensitive as they partake in tourism-related activities and pay attention to their attitudes and behaviors towards environmental problems when they interact with the environment. Revealing the effects of norms, place attachment, environmental concerns and altruism on environmentally friendly tourism behavior can support the development of sustainable tourism policies and programs. In this way, it can provide sustainability-related information to stakeholders in the tourism industry, policy makers and destination managers.

The paper explores valorisation of hotel service quality elements and puts them in the context of guests’ preferences related with luxury accommodation. The focus of the paper is perception of luxury hotel offer and influence of sustainability labels and excellence awards on tourists’ preferences. The purpose of the paper is a better understanding of consumers’ attitudes when choosing luxury hotel accommodation developed and awarded within the sustainability concept. The methodology includes qualitative and quantitative analysis of the defined quality elements, perception of luxury and impact of sustainable awards and certificates on consumers’ preferences. The research was conducted using an online questionnaire in the last quarter of 2021, and it was carried out on a sample of 102 respondents, guests of upscale and luxury hotels. The research results were processed using quantitative statistical methodology, including mean values, percentages, STDEV, VAR and the Chi-square test of probability, while the open-ended question was processed using qualitative methodology, and the results are presented through the new model. Interpersonal communication followed by physical facilities and characteristics of luxury hotels are highlighted as important parameters, as is the valorisation of sustainable labels and certificates. However, by testing of the research questions and expected values, the authors have learnt that guests, consumers of luxury hotel products, predominantly do not valorise sustainable awards and certificates as key factors of perception of luxury. The findings suggest that sustainable initiatives in modern hospitality are entailed; however, the perception of luxury is not conditioned by awards and certificates.The research results, as well as the acquired knowledge, could encourage hoteliers to a more meaningful and effective promotion of certificates and awards in order to present a series of investments, activities and sustainable initiatives that have resulted in a certificate of excellence. The research bridges a scientific and professional gap in understanding of advantages of labels and awards and presents a platform for future research.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las características del empleo al que acceden los inmigrantes en Sayulita, Nayarit, un destino de playa en México, así como la utilización en el territorio, de mecanismos de necropolítica que afectan sus condiciones laborales y de vida. Los resultados de investigación cualitativa obtenidos evidencian la precariedad, marginación, exclusión social y discriminación que padecen, aunque también la capacidad de agencia desarrollada para subsistir en un contexto de globalización y neoliberalismo exacerbado.

The current study's primary goal is to investigate the factors of tourist behavior in the context of creative tourism and determine their relationship with revisiting intention. The current investigation is exploratory-cum-descriptive. A purposive sampling technique was used to collect the data from tourists who visited Kashmir Valley for Creative Tourism purposes. A total of 388 usable responses were received after distributing 543 questionnaires. The data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale, and the purposive sampling method was employed. The data were screened, processed, and analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and SmartPLS 4.0. The investigation showed that motivation, experience, and perceived value of tourist behavior positively affect the revisiting Intention. Furthermore, the findings showed that active participation moderates the relationship between tourist behavior and revisit intention. The report also suggests that the Kashmir valley might be promoted as a unique tourist destination due to its cultural diversity. Thus, the tourism planners of the Kashmir Valley should promote it as a creative destination because of its unique opportunities.

CouchSurfing is a non-profit internet site through which people offer or get free lodging in the host’s home. The aim of the current article is to compare the various motivations of sharing behaviours occurring amongst Brazilian and Portuguese when guests, as far as the use of Couchsurfing as an alternative tourism activity is concerned. The current study offers a qualitative, exploratory and comparative approach addressing Brazilian and Portuguese guests. The results rely on 18 in-depth interviews with ten Brazilian and eight Portuguese guests. The content analysis was carried out based on theme categorization defined before data collection. As far as the similarities between the guests from both countries is concerned, the expectations of sharing cultural experiences and establishing social bonds, as well as the need to trust the host indicated the motivation to travel using the platform - this included both parties, the Portuguese and the Brazilians alike. Conversely, only the Brazilians indicated the motivation of use as means of reducing travel costs and meeting utilitarian needs such as sleeping. The study contributes to the sharing economy literature as it identifies that the Degree of Identification amongst the Peers, Perceived Risks, and Value Co-creation Perception are also elements that motivate sharing tourism.

The aim of the present article is to better understand how hospitality relationships are perceived by the host community of a touristic city, based on the belonging and welcoming dimensions. The City of Campos de Jordão (SP, Brazil) was the research object. The impacts of tourism on a locality have long been discussed, with the economic ones being the most commonly analyzed. However, as tourism has become a market, recent studies have also begun to address the social impacts, which are often generated by the adverse effects of this activity. The current research is based on phenomenology, and its methodology follows an integrative design based on qualitative techniques. Qualitative data were collected in 2021 and evidence the support given to tourism, although they also point towards signs of impoverished relationships between the local community and visitors, as well as to the lack of appropriation of public spaces by local residents.

Matera, a medium-sized town in Basilicata, Southern Italy, was European Capital of Culture in 2019, at the end of twenty years of strong tourist flows growth. On the one hand, tourism development was perceived as a significant opportunity for economic development and urban and real estate renovation and enhancement. On the other hand, especially in the last years, tourism impacts were often considered excessive. First, there is a review of the most used terms to define the impacts of tourism, and a description of the context and the evolution of tourist flows in the city in the last twenty years. Then, the paper aims to explain the actual impacts of tourism on the urban environment, analyzing the spatial distribution of tourist attractions and accommodations, and the real estate market, taking into consideration also the role of accommodation booking and sharing platforms. The analysis partially confirms the worries about the negative externalities of tourism; nonetheless, it also scales them down, thanks to a more accurate investigation on the peculiarities and the potential of the city, which make it hardly comparable with other cities.

The aim of this study is to determine the factors that prevent the development of medical tourism in Antalya. To explore the current medical tourism trend, a qualitative procedure was adopted. Besides analyzing the current situation of medical tourism in Antalya through a systematic searching on the available information and publications, in-depth interviews were conducted to collect data from relevant authorities and representatives of medical tourism associations in this country. The data were derived from interviews with 42 key informants. Data analysis of the study was conducted through employing the software NVivo-11. Data gathered at the end of the study were grouped into 8 main themes and 40 sub-themes. The results show that insurances, language and communication, management, policies and rules, prices and treatments, structural, transfer and terminology problems are the main barriers to the development of medical tourism. Several strategies are required in order to address and combat these barriers, such as governmental support, ethical practices, pricing and enhance personnel linguistic competence on an international scale. In this context, the study is expected to contribute to national and regional planning on medical tourism.

This research aims to analyze the place of Zoroastrian tourist attractions in developing the Iran's tourist industry. For this purpose, indicators were extracted by using a library method, mix method and consult with experts. T-Test and statistical analysis have been used to find the answers for the research questions. The results show that the Zoroastrian tourist attractions normally effect the development of tourist industry in Iran. Regarding the physical attractions, the states of Yazd, Fars, and Kermanshah, respectively, have the highest number, the states of Alborz, Golestan, Qazvin, and North Khorasan have the least number and finally the states of Qom, South Khorasan, Lorestan, Mazandaran, and Hormozgan have no tourist attractions. Also, among the considered places, the Centenarian Fete in Cham village in the state of Yazd has the most significant and the Fire Temple in the state of Kerman has the least effect on developing the tourist industry in Iran. All the chosen attractions are effective on all the criteria of developing the tourist industry except the dungeons of Yazd which have no effect on the criterion of "Injecting Happiness and Delight to the Society".

El ecoturismo se considera una forma sustentable del turismo que promete reducir los im-pactos negativos. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las publicaciones sobre los impactos del ecoturismo a través de una revisión sistemática (protocolo PRISMA). Se encontró que la mayoría aborda impactos ambientales y se enfocan en especies carismáticas, en tanto los aspectos sociales y económicos están poco representados. Existe poca evidencia publicada sobre los impactos positivos directos del ecoturismo, principalmente porque son difíciles de evaluar y pueden manifestarse a largo plazo.

The hospitality and tourism industry has changed significantly through the use of modern technologies, both for travellers and service providers. Digitalisation, AI capabilities, IoT, and mobile technologies have enabled a personalised booking, travel, and accommodation experience that provides travellers with timely and useful suggestions, information, and assistance. They have also opened up new opportunities for marketing and customer engagement, providing advanced analytics that enable the hospitality industry to reach a wider audience and deliver tailored offers and services. The objective of this study is to investigate users' attitudes towards the use of modern technologies, their willingness to disclose their private data in order to receive personalised content through digital communication, their perception of the benefits of personalised content, and the impact on their purchase intentions. The influence of gender and level of education on the responses to the survey and the possibility of forming groups in relation to the respondents’ profiles were analysed in more detail. The methods used in this study were a survey, k-means clustering, one-way ANOVA and a two-sample t-test. A questionnaire with 15 statements was used, and 217 responses were collected. User behaviour was segmented using the k-means clustering method, resulting in two homogeneous clusters indicating two main user attitudes. A two sample t-test was conducted to analyse whether there were significant differences between the responses of the different gender groups and between the different education groups. The results showed significant differences in both groups for several questions, as shown in the Results and Discussion section.

This paper explores the factors affecting the financial stability of publicly traded companies. The sample includes non-financial companies listed on the prime and official markets of the Zagreb Stock Exchange from 2018 to 2022. In order to conduct the analysis, a variety of firm-specific, industry-specific and macroeconomic factors were utilized, encompassing company size measured with sales, liquidity expressed with the quick ratio, leverage, earnings per share, Covid-19 dummy variable and inflation. Additionally, financial stability was measured using a variant of the Z-score indicator. The results of the analysis conducted using Arellano-Bond dynamic panel model reveal that variables that are statistically significant in explaining financial stability are size, liquidity, and earnings per share with all three having positive influence on the financial stability of Croatian listed non-financial companies.

In this paper, the authors start from the origin of the provisions on the effects of the insurer's insolvency on the legal position of injured parties in compensation procedures in motor vehicle liability insurance. Pointing to their particularity, but also the inadequate scope of protection of the injured parties in case of insolvency of the injured party's insurer or the cessation of insurance (with special reference to the analysis of the judgment of the European Court of Justice in case C-409/11), the authors point to the valid provisions of the newly established insurance system of civil liability with regard to the use of motor vehicles and the enforcement of the obligation to insure against such liability (according to the provisions of Directive (EU) 2021/2118) and the corresponding implementation of these into the national legal system by the Act amending the Compulsory Traffic Insurance Act from 2023.

The auditor's opinion is the key message of every audit report. The audit report is the main product of the engagement of external auditors. Through this engagement, the members of the audit team try to form a conclusion on whether the client's financial statements, which are the subject of an external audit, have been created in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework. The conclusion formed regarding truthfulness of presented financial statements is presented in a special section of the auditor's report - the auditor's opinion. That section, which contains the auditor's opinion, is a kind of seal of independent external auditors' engagement. Namely, the expressed auditor's opinion is a support for many users of information from financial statements for making business decisions. Precisely because of the importance of the auditor's opinion in business decision-making, space is opened for analyzing various factors that can influence that opinion. For the purposes of this research, the following factors were analyzed, among others: indebtedness, classification of the audit firm in the "Big Four", rotation of the audit firm and return on assets (ROA). In this regard, a model suitable for such research was designed and its testing was carried out on companies listed on the Zagreb Stock Exchange in the Republic of Croatia.

A special group of personal data is represented by biometric data. The protection of this data, in the Republic of Croatia, is provided by the General Data Protection Regulation and the General Data Protection Regulation Implementation Act. The right to one’s own figure is manifested through the biometric data of a certain person and represents a separate personality right. The right to one’s own figure can be violated by the unauthorized use of biometric data of the injured party, or, nowadays, by the frequent processing of personal data through video surveillance. The subject of the article is liability for non-property damage arising from the processing of biometric data through video surveillance of residential buildings, for private purposes, contrary to the provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation and the General Data Protection Regulation Implementation Act. The paper explores the assumptions of the liability of the injurer in the procedure for compensation for damages due to the violation of the personality rights, the criteria by which the court will be guided when determining the amount of compensation for damages and determining the extent of the damage caused to the injured party as a result of the unauthorized collection of personal data through video surveillance. The paper will try to provide guidelines for the regulation of these issues in a way that will satisfy the general, political interests and legal interests of the holders of personality rights.

The relevant article discusses the Albanian model of transitional comprehensive vetting of judges, state attorneys, and other judicial officials, considering the stance of the European Court of Human Rights presented in the case of Xhoxhaj v. Albania. The first part of the article briefly analyzes decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia abolishing the legal model of periodic security vetting of judges since the Court referred to the Xhoxhaj case. The second part evaluates the circumstances that led to establishing the pertinent reevaluation system in the Republic of Albania. The decision of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Albania, which justified the corresponding normative arrangement, is assessed in the third part. The central part of the article focuses on the Xhoxhaj judgment. Thus, its factual background, the reasoning offered by the majority, and dissenting opinions are thoroughly scrutinized. In conclusion, while appreciating comparative experiences, the article stresses that the fundamental constitutional rights should not be sacrificed for collective goals, no matter how important they are. After all, protecting the position of an individual is the gist of all modern constitutions.

The exit interview is a valuable tool for companies through which they can learn valuable information related to work processes, along with information’s about employees and the reasons for leaving the company, as well as potential or real security and reputational threats (outflows of business secrets, bad business practices, etc.) that companies may suffer or suffer damage. That is why this type of interview is very important, and often neglected in practice or conducted with insufficient quality. For this reason, this paper considers the importance of the structure and analysis of the content of the exit interview in companies for the success of this type of interview. When conducting exit interviews in companies, these interviews should certainly be structured, so the paper explains in detail and with examples all phases of a structured interview, starting with the phase of planning and preparation for conducting an exit interview, the introductory phase, the phase of free expression (thinking), the phase of asking questions, the final phase of the exit interview and the evaluation phase of the exit interview. Special attention was paid in the work to the preparation of the exit interview and the compilation of a written interview plan according to its phases, as well as asking relevant questions. Valuable insights gained from the exit interview are used in the improvement of business processes and can and should certainly be used when deciding on further employment in the company. Due to the multiple importance of conducting the exit interview, the paper also pointed out the security aspect of its conduct. Also, for the success of the exit interview, the assessment of the credibility of the content of such an interview, that is, the employee's statement, is important, which requires knowledge of verbal and non-verbal indicators of lying, some of the more significant of which are briefly discussed in this paper.

Maritime domain is of exceptional importance for the Republic of Croatia, and as a thing outside of commercial trade, it cannot be the subject of ownership, it is exploited or used through specific maritime law institutes, i.e. it is a public property of interest to the Republic of Croatia and has its special protection. The Croatian legislation, appreciating the needs of the development of maritime domain, as well as the obligations to protect this highly valuable area, regulates maritime law institutes with the aim of such protection. According to the "new" Law on Maritime Domain and Sea Ports from 2023, the role of maritime and port wardens was introduced on the maritime domain, based on the provisions regulating the jurisdiction and actions of community wardens. The legislator was aware even before, and the professional public has also warned about this, that through the legally prescribed issue of order on maritime domain, through the prescription of the Institute of Maritime and Port Wardens, it must include all those life and economic circumstances and phenomena, i.e. uses on maritime domain for which the current normative framework showed shortcomings. In this paper, the author presents important innovations in the standardization of powers on the maritime domain for the purpose of rules of conduct on the maritime domain, as well as an analysis of the powers of the new legal institute of the maritime and port warden. Furthermore, it points to various details in the powers of maritime and port warden, as well as the possible need for additional legal regulation of the matter in question.

Air quality is one of the most important public health problems faced by the inhabitants of the European Union. The negative effects of air pollution include an increased incidence of various diseases and conditions, primarily respiratory, cardiovascular, and malignant diseases. Various measures are designed and implemented in all sectors to reduce the harmful consequences of air pollution. Maritime transport, when contrasted with other methods of moving people and goods, has a lesser environmental impact and its utilization is steadily increasing. To avoid a concomitant significant increase in the negative impact on the quality of the atmosphere, it is important to continuously reduce emissions of harmful substances from ships. The paper describes the most important harmful substances and their effects on human health. Based on the results of research conducted in the last five years, the effects of pollutants emitted into the air from ships on the mortality and morbidity of European Union residents are listed, with an emphasis on the effectiveness of the implemented preventive measures.

This paper presents an action research whose aim was to implement the peer feedback activity in EFL writing in primary school contexts in Croatia. The study follows the methodology of action research conducted in five stages. The study aims to answer the following research questions: 1. Can the activity of peer feedback in writing be tailored to primary school students? 2. Can peer feedback activity be successfully implemented in primary educational contexts? The action research provided valuable insights into the complex area of teaching writing in the context of EFL, proving that its successful implementation will largely depend on the willingness of teachers to re-think their feedback-giving practice and embrace peer feedback as a part of their teaching routine.

An investment-ready entrepreneur is the one who is able to understand the specific preferences of investors and is able to satisfy or respond to these preferences in terms of risk and return, providing an appropriate placement structure and relevant information. Therefore, this research analyzes the financial and market potential of Croatian small and medium-sized enterprises in attracting venture capital. On the basis of existing research, a theoretical model called the financial-market potential of the enterprise was formed. Through multiple log-linear regression, its importance in attracting venture capital was examined from the perspective of entrepreneurs who attracted venture capital. The influence of the rate of return on assets, financing with own capital and quasi-market share on the amount of attracted venture capital is positive, while the influence of the rate of return on equity is negative, so the hypothesis of the existence of a positive influence of the financial-market potential of the enterprise on the amount of attracted venture capital was accepted. The scientific contributions of the conducted research lies in the development of scientific knowledge about the investment criteria of risk capital, the formation of a theoretical model of the financial-market potential of the enterprise, as well as in the empirical verification of the established model. The limitation of the research itself stems from the fact that the venture capital market in Croatia is insufficiently developed and the associated small number of investments. Therefore, the aforementioned research can be extended to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the future.

The aim and purpose of the study is to find out the attitudes and perceptions of employees related to the performance appraisals in their organizations, considering their affiliation with the public or private sector and the size of the organization. Within the study, research objectives are set regarding understanding recent attitudes related to organization and work classification, the frequency of performance evaluation, internal communication related to performance evaluation, employee involvement in the management of work performance, as well as characteristics of the system itself and general attitudes towards work performance evaluation. A survey questionnaire was used in the study, and the sampling method employed was the snowball sampling method. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, and ANOVA analysis were used for analysis. Potentially interesting conclusions were observed in the study, along with correlations between attitudes related to work performance evaluation, some of which are statistically significant, and the results can be applied to a broader population. One of the key conclusions is that an effective and clearly defined system of work performance evaluation and management is interconnected with operational procedures regarding the regular implementation of evaluation, communication regarding evaluation, the purpose of evaluation, and employee involvement, and that in Croatian companies, evaluation is not merely formal. Differences in employee attitudes between the public and private sectors, as well as across different organization sizes, are neither statistically significant nor different to a large extent, but they still provide insights into employee perceptions that can be useful in managing the work performance evaluation system and its implementation in decision-making processes within business entities.

In this paper, the authors present a complete insight into the legal regulation of copyright over architectural works. Along with the presentation of the current legislative framework, a historical overview of the legal regulation of copyright over architectural works in the territory of today's Republic of Croatia and its development is presented. The legal regulation of copyright over architectural works is discussed according to the new, currently valid Law on Copyright and Related Rights, with a simultaneous insight and comparison with the relevant provisions of the Law on Construction, which is in force at the time of writing this paper. Special attention has been given to the legal regulation of contracting for the creation of architectural works and the relationship between the Law on Copyright and Related Rights and the Law on Construction in the case of amendments to building permits. In addition to the presentation of the relevant legislation, recent domestic case law in legal issues of the relationship between public procurement and copyright and the right to use an architectural work is also presented, which case law can be useful primarily to legal practitioners, and then to investors and architects, as well as all those who participate in construction projects in some capacity. The legal arrangements of copyright over architectural works in the comparative legal systems of two countries, the Republic of Slovenia and the Republic of Serbia, are presented in an overview.

The research examines the causal relationship between tourism and gender equality for 10 South American countries in the period 2006-2019. Panel data modelling has been used to account for unobservable heterogeneity derived from time series and cross-sectional data. Estimates of the gender equality index have been made for both fixed and random effects for four models, considering as explanatory variables international tourism receipts (% of exports) which were kept constant in each of the estimates, in addition to real GDP per capita (model 2), education expenditures (model 3) and female labor participation in agriculture, industry and services (model 4). Based on the estimates we selected, through the Hausman test, those with fixed effects in three of the four models, which were corrected for the presence of autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity problems. The results show that tourism has a positive and significant effect on gender equality. With respect to the control variables, education expenditure and GDP per capita are found to be statistically significant, showing a direct relationship with gender equality, similarly to international tourism receipts. An inverse relationship is identified between gender equality and women's labor participation in agriculture and services.

The promotion of decent work plays a central role in the transformation of tourism into a sustainable activity. The literature on this topic has multiplied, but it is imperative to pay more attention to workers in the potentially most vulnerable sectors, such as those without employment contracts and without formal higher education. The aim of this study on independent workers in tourism is to investigate how they perceive their work as decent and to analyze their quality of life. In addition, the study aims to analyze the mediating effect of career adaptability on the relationship between decent work and quality of life. The sample consists of 228 tourism workers in Portugal, mainly women, aged between 19 and 71 years. The results support the hypothesis that decent work can improve the quality of life of workers in the tourism industry. They also show that decent work is associated with a greater likelihood that workers are able and feel confident to adapt to changing tasks, to engage in continuous training and to manage their careers, which has a positive impact on their quality of life. The importance of prioritizing decent work and psychosocial resources to cope with the changing working and working conditions of the independent workers in the tourism sector in Portugal is discussed.

This research focuses on analyzing the effect of high employment temporality on technical efficiency and productivity. Previous literature points out a set of benefits and drawbacks related to fixed-term contracts. To ascertain the influence of temporality on efficiency, the critical case of the hotel sector in the Canary Islands is studied where the temporary employment rate (40%). So this paper explores the effect of temporary employment on technical efficiency in the hotel sector of the Canary Islands (a Spanish region). The magnitude of this case study can be clearly checked, given that the Canary Islands is the most popular region in the European Union visited by residents. A production stochastic frontier is estimated by distinguishing between two types of employment: permanent and temporary. Results suggest that high levels of temporality tend to reduce technical efficiency and productivity. A high conversion rate from temporary to permanent jobs seems to increase efficiency. The contribution of this paper is threefold: (i) filling the gap in the literature on the influence of temporary employment on technical efficiency, evaluating its effect for a case study where job temporality is dramatically high, (ii) partial factor productivities for permanent and fixed-term workers are estimated, and (iii) exploring the influence of less studied variables like the level of conversion from fixed-term to permanent employment on efficiency. The findings can be relevant for human resources management for firms where temporary rates are high. Human resource management should consider the type of labor contracts used, as well as the perspectives of conversion into permanent ones for their temporary workers, given their potential influence in technical efficiency, labour productivity, and firm performance.

La importancia estratégica del turismo para la economía cubana conlleva a la necesidad de posicionar una imagen del destino que contribuya a incentivar a los consumidores a visitar y recomendar los destinos turísticos del país. Por ello, posicionar a través de Internet una imagen favorable, que responda a las necesidades de los consumidores turísticos resulta fundamental. En la revisión de la literatura efectuada no se evidencia la integración de los componentes cognitivo y afectivo de la imagen inducida en Internet, a través de agentes inducidos abiertos y encubiertos como elemento que favorezca el comportamiento del consumidor turístico. La investigación tiene como objetivo general desarrollar una tecnología para la gestión de la imagen inducida en Internet de destinos turísticos, que incida favorablemente en el comportamiento del consumidor turístico. Los aportes fundamentales se centran en la creación de un modelo de gestión, un procedimiento general y herramientas asociadas que lo operacionalizan. La validación del modelo se realizó a partir de un sistema de ecuaciones estructurales y la aplicación del procedimiento en destinos turísticos cubanos permitió validar la hipótesis de investigación. La aplicación permitió incrementar el aprovechamiento de los agentes de formación, la mejora en el posicionamiento de los componentes cognitivos y afectivos, así como influir positivamente en el comportamiento de los consumidores.

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar los hábitos de viaje que están dispuestos a cambiar los turistas para ser más respetuosos con el medio ambiente (MA) y mitigar su impacto en el cambio climático (CC). Partiendo de la perspectiva de la teoría crítica, en un primer momento analizamos los distintos tipos de acciones para la mitigación que van desde la inhibición de viajar hasta el negacionismo y la negativa a cambiar los hábitos, pasando por distintos tipos de mitigación como son la prevención, minimización, compensación para contrarrestar (ejemplo plantando árboles) e incluso pago por contaminar. Seguidamente exponemos los distintos factores individuales (sociodemográficos, culturales) y contextuales que están influenciando en la disposición a cambiar de hábitos. Tomamos los datos del Eurobarómetro y los analizamos con el programa Stata siguiendo la técnica de las Ecuaciones Estructurales Generalizadas (GSEM). Los resultados demuestran que existe una hipocresía climática y una clara diferencia comportamental entre el consumo turístico y el consumo cotidiano. Los más dispuestos a cambiar son las personas con formación elevada, las mujeres y los jóvenes. La riqueza de los países influye positivamente en la disposición a pagar más para proteger el medio ambiente o beneficiar a la comunidad local, pero influye negativamente en otros hábitos, lo cual demuestra que los habitantes de los países ricos no son necesariamente los más concienciados ni los que tienen unas actitudes más proclives para ser respetuosos con el MA y mitigar el CC.

Se presenta un estudio de corte cualitativo que tiene como objetivo generar un análisis de la transformación del paisaje en Malinalco a partir de las percepciones y significados sociales. La información se documenta a través de narrativas de actores locales que se desagregan, analizan y categorizan a partir de la Fenomenología Sociológica de Alfred Schütz y el modelo interpretativo de Lalive d’Epinay. Se exponen como resultados la identificación del proceso de transformación del paisaje descrito en tres dimensiones (temporal, social y espacial) y la delimitación de dos ethos de la población malinalquense: el poblador tradicional, quien conserva la memoria del paisaje considerado original; y el poblador contemporáneo, quien expone el paisaje híbrido que tiene lugar a partir de las revalorizaciones y nuevas funciones de los espacios representativos en el municipio. Dichas interpretaciones permiten concluir que las distintas modalidades de turismo en espacios rurales (como es el caso de estudio) permean en las dinámicas socio-culturales de la comunidad, impulsando los cambios y transformaciones que a primera vista se considerarían endógenos, y que repercuten de manera directa en las estructuras y significados sociales respecto a sus recursos (ahora atractivos turísticos), su entorno y, por ende, respecto al paisaje.

Este trabajo se centra en el análisis de las denominadas soft skills en los trabajadores de las empresas turísticas; habilidades que son clave para mejorar la satisfacción de los clientes y, por ende, para aumentar la competitividad empresarial. Los datos fueron obtenidos mediante una encuesta realizada a empresarios de distintos subsectores turísticos de varios países de Europa (alojamiento, restauración, agentes de viaje, atracciones turísticas y gestión de destinos). Son varios los objetivos de la investigación. En primer lugar, se pretende conocer el nivel que presentan los empleados en determinadas habilidades sociales agrupadas en habilidades personales, de comunicación y de gestión de la diversidad. En segundo lugar, también se pretende determinar la importancia que cada una de esas habilidades tendrá para las empresas turísticas en el futuro observando, al mismo tiempo, si existen diferencias entre los distintos subsectores turísticos. Por último, se examinan las herramientas o métodos de formación que emplean las empresas de cada uno de los subsectores analizados con sus trabajadores para lograr el desarrollo de estas habilidades sociales. Los resultados nos permiten conocer las habilidades sociales hacia las que deben orientar las empresas y organismos sus planes de formación. Las conclusiones obtenidas pueden también trasladarse al ámbito académico para que, desde los diferentes centros de formación e instituciones, hagan mayor hincapié en estas habilidades sociales que son la clave para un sector como el turístico.

Las reseñas gastronómicas en sitios WEB especializados se convirtieron rápidamente en una importante fuente de información para la reflexión y la toma de decisiones en el ámbito de la vinculación entre demanda y oferta del destino turístico. Tomando en consideración esta nueva realidad, la investigación realizó un acercamiento de la imagen gastronómica a través del análisis del corpus textual de reseñas en línea con el interés de averiguar -entre otros- las diferencias estructurales de la narrativa que se desprenden del origen geográfico de la fuente autoral. En el marco de estas motivaciones se planteó un marco metodológico basado en las técnicas lingüístico-computacionales y de minería de datos para analizar reseñas del sitio de Tripadvisor en el contexto del corredor costero Tijuana-Rosarito-Ensenada del estado de Baja California en México. Lo anterior permitió evidenciar tanto la frecuencia estructural como las lógicas combinatorias de las subdimensiones de la componente cognitiva de la imagen gastronómica y la vinculación con sus otras dimensiones afectivas y conativas. La diferencias de la estructuración narrativa se examinó estadísticamente para medir sus efectividad comparando los grupos de visitantes de Baja California, de otros estados de la república mexicana, del estado limítrofe de California, del resto de los estados de la unión americana y finalmente, de otros países. Los resultados del estudio dejen entrever una complementariedad con las dimensiones de la imagen derivadas de encuestas presenciales o virtuales, poniendo en relieve las secuencias narrativas de mayor frecuencia y combinación. Sobre estos materiales intervienen intereses y preferencias dispares para unos grupos de visitantes y compartidos para otros, dejando entrever una amplia maniobrabilidad para operar ajustes y reacomodos de la oferta gastronómica local. Estos hallazgos parecen también reforzar la necesidad de estudios que cruzan las diferentes fuentes de información.

El alto incremento del turismo urbano, a pesar de sus beneficios económicos, ha conllevado diversas consecuencias negativas, especialmente en áreas urbanas con alta concentración turística, manifestándose en fenómenos como la turistificación y turismofobia. Este artículo presenta la aplicación y testado de un método para detectar la masificación turística en las ciudades mediante cálculos clúster, con el uso de la herramienta Arcgis, y una evaluación multicriterio de la oferta turística y la extracción mediante big data de información sobre fotografías de la plataforma Flickr. Su objetivo es establecer una jerarquía de presión turística. Posteriormente, se examinan cambios demográficos para identificar desplazamientos y problemas en los barrios más afectados por la concentración turística. La metodología se aplica a las ciudades españolas de reconocido turismo urbano como Barcelona, Bilbao, Madrid y València. Los resultados obtenidos se consideran óptimos, al detectar barrios previamente identificados y descubrir otros con menor acumulación, pero con indicios de concentración turística. Se evidencia que, al alcanzar ciertos niveles de concentración turística, se generan consecuencias demográficas, como el desplazamiento de personas vulnerables, común a los cuatro casos de estudio. Este método, válido y replicable, puede extenderse a otras tipologías de turismo y es adecuado para comparativas y mediciones en espacios similares. Para escalas más pequeñas o estudios detallados, podría considerarse la ampliación del método y la integración de herramientas adicionales.

Las culturas del turismo derivadas de muchos de los destinos turísticos de sol y playa han terminado por representar un imaginario colectivo pop revalorizado en la diversificación actual de las prácticas turísticas, como en el caso de Mallorca donde su sociedad turística se ha convertido en un inspirador reclamo cultural pop. La presente investigación aborda el turismo desde la mirada epistemológica de la geografía cultural, para evidenciar la relevancia del estudio y del bagaje que representa la cultura del turismo. Desde el análisis metodológico interpretativo, se estudia el caso de la última campaña publicitaria de ropa prêt-à-porter de la firma H&M a partir de un vídeo (H&M Spring/Summer 2022). Este anuncio toma al turismo de sol y playa (Hôtel Hennes), así como de su música (Baccara), como muestra del proceso de revalorización del legado cultural turístico vinculado al imaginario cultural pop, en la Mallorca del siglo XX, aunque también extrapolable a otros muchos destinos turísticos de sol y playa. Esta perspectiva devuelve a las denominadas como destinaciones maduras, su lugar central, gracias a la revalorización de su bagaje de experiencias turísticas que les permiten adecuarse y reinventarse, con mayor facilidad, al convertirse su tradición turística en parte del reclamo. La diversificación actual del turismo lejos de significar un alejamiento de los modelos de turismo de masas (postfordista) replantea más bien una nueva perspectiva del turismo (neoproductivista) ya no entendida como actividad sino desde sus prácticas. Esta nueva situación permite reconsiderar el legado cultural del turismo pop desde una nueva perspectiva dinámica, innovadora y culturalmente enriquecedora por su diversidad de experiencias. Este caso es un ejemplo del inicio de un nuevo abordaje transversal del turismo, así como del reconocimiento de las culturas del turismo desde su propio legado y referente y no vinculadas a referentes de imaginarios pre-turísticos.

Este artículo presenta un estudio cualitativo sobre los cambios en las dinámicas turísticas con base en la interacción del sector público, privado y comunidades de acogida durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Cuatro comunidades rurales ubicadas en el Área de Biosfera del Macizo del Cajas (ABMC), ubicadas en el sur de Ecuador fueron consideradas como casos de estudio para entender si la resiliencia fue un mecanismo usado para afrontar la crisis. Como método de recolección de datos se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con residentes de las comunidades, autoridades y empresarios privados involucrados en los territorios de estudio. Los resultados indican que los valores simbólicos de las comunidades emergieron durante la crisis. Sin embargo, lo privado mantuvo su intención de mantenerse a flote y lo público intensificó las acciones que venían realizando antes de la pandemia. Se concluye que la COVID-19 destacó las reacciones fragmentadas hacia el turismo. Por lo tanto, la resiliencia comunitaria, centrada en los recursos y capacidades locales se adapta utilizando sus activos, mientras que la resiliencia del sector turístico aspira a regresar a la normalidad.

El turismo es una actividad feminizada que presenta diversas brechas de género; a partir de ellas se promueve la vulnerabilidad de las mujeres. El objetivo es analizar las emociones experimentadas por las mujeres en sus procesos de empoderamiento a través de la participación en el turismo. El propósito es presentar una propuesta conceptual para el estudio de las prácticas que promueven la vulnerabilidad para evitarlas. Para ello se realiza una revisión conceptual y se contrasta con los hallazgos de diversas investigaciones. Se destaca la necesidad de considerar las categorías que interactúan con el género, los impactos de la vulnerabilidad económica en otros tipos de vulnerabilidad. Las implicaciones a nivel conceptual visibilizan la importancia de las emociones, así como la vulnerabilidad epistémica y su posibilidad de reivindicación como constructos importantes para evitar la (re)producción de la vulnerabilidad en las organizaciones turísticas.

Con el objetivo de distinguir los impactos y cambios más significativos de la crisis del turismo generados por la pandemia de COVID-19, para el caso de México, se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo con fundamento en los conceptos de complejidad, contingencia y observación de segundo orden de Niklas Luhmann. Mediante la aplicación del método Delphi, se entrevistó a 24 especialistas en turismo con respecto a tres dimensiones de análisis: impactos producidos, cambios a mediano plazo y líneas de investigación pertinentes. Con los discursos obtenidos, se elaboró una codificación, un análisis de redes y una categorización de cada dimensión. Los resultados señalan un amplio consenso entre la comunidad académica del sistema de la ciencia en México sobre la adversidad del impacto laboral en el sector y la trascendencia del cambio tecnológico a través de la digitalización en el turismo

The perception of well-being through tourism improves the quality of life of tourists, and for senior tourists, this relationship is even more promising. While the association between tourism and mental health is clear, the processes involved are not always clarified. Thus, this systematic literature review aims to explore and systematise the benefits of senior tourism for well-being, happiness, and satisfaction with life. Following the PRISMA method, the search was undertaken on platforms SCOPUS and Web of Science, using the research terms “senior tourism”, “elderly tourism”, “well-being”, and “life satisfaction”. Articles were included, if published after 2018, peer-reviewed, in English, concerning an overview of senior well-being and tourism. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the final sample comprised 16 articles. Senior tourists experience higher well-being, happiness, and satisfaction with life when their goals are of high valence, more likely to be achieved, coherent with the activities, and when they feel pleasure associated with achieving those goals. Still, senior tourists' happiness, life satisfaction and well-being are associated with four central elements: interpersonal relationships; time and resource management; achievement of goals and objectives; and management of the personal meaning attributed to the experience. Theoretical and empirical implications are further discussed.

In today's rapidly changing work landscape, ensuring a good balance between work and personal is a critical concern for employees. This equilibrium significantly influences their overall well-being, affecting work attitudes and behaviours. Research on the tourism and hospitality (T&H) workforce has covered many topics, but there remains an evident gap in scholarly investigations specifically addressing the well-being of employees in this industry. This work intends to fill the void by undertaking a thorough systematic literature review (SLR) focusing explicitly on employee well-being within the T&H sector. This thorough technique helped us identify and evaluate the most relevant studies from an extensive literature. The main goal of this academic paper is to address the identified research gap and provide practical insights for various stakeholders. Policymakers could benefit from recognising T&H workers' challenges and opportunities. Practitioners, including businesses in this sector, can gain valuable guidance on implementing strategies that promote work-life balance among their workforce. Scholars will also discover a consolidated resource that informs their future research and assists them in contributing to employee well-being discussions. Our results may also help T&H organisations develop work-life-balanced workplaces. Our rigorous literature analysis and practical insights seek to improve employee well-being, organisational performance, and industry vitality.

The purpose of this investigation is to examine the current literature on the connection between tourism and quality of life in the Web of Science database. A total of 154 relevant studies were analyzed using predetermined criteria to identify primary areas for assessment and evaluation. The scientific articles were subsequently scrutinized via the VOSviewer software on 20 October 2023 to determine key parameters for analysis and interpretation. The research has revealed that in 2019, the highest number of studies on tourism and quality of life were conducted, with the most cited study being from 2022. Most of the studies on this topic comprise of articles in English publications, with frequently used keywords including “quality of life”, “tourism” and “tourism development”. Based on the findings, the following results were obtained. The highest number of publications and cooperation related to quality of life and tourism are contributed by the United States of America and the People’s Republic of China. “Tourism Management” journal has been the foremost contributor to the literature concerning quality of life and tourism. In this investigation, a neutral evaluation of worldwide research on tourism and its effects on quality of life was carried out. In this context, the research offers a thorough evaluation of quality of life and tourism, outlining opportunities for further investigation.

This article addresses the concept of quality of work life (QWL) in the tourism and hospitality industry, emphasising its significance for employee well-being and retention. The focus is on the psychosocial working environment, particularly interpersonal and social interactions at the workplace, described in the existing literature as stressors and coping mechanisms crucial for managing high job demands. This is especially relevant considering the long working hours, heavy workloads, and high pressure that typify tourism and hospitality jobs. The study draws on 56 in-depth interviews with three groups of purposefully selected participants at various career stages in the hotel sector to examine the role of interpersonal and supportive relations in the workplace and its impact on the perceived QWL. Findings indicate that a positive working environment and strong social capital are pivotal in buffering job demands. Participants highly value workplace social relations, considering them essential aspects of their work life. Interpersonal and supportive relations at work emerge as the most influential dimension positively affecting QWL. These findings may have implications for organisational practices and policies that foster a supportive workplace culture, ultimately contributing to the well-being and retention of employees in the industry.

The well-being of older people is currently a priority, due both to the rapid ageing of the population and the negative effects generated by the COVID 19 pandemic. Under the “Active and Healthy Ageing” approach, different sorts of activities, especially tourism, and their influence on improving the well-being of older people are analysed. The effects of tourist activities on people's well-being are supported in many studies, however, there are few works focused on older people and, specifically, the most disadvantaged who attend social programmes. The main research question in this study is to analyse whether participation in a social tourism programme has a positive influence on the subjective well-being of older people. Likewise, age, gender, frequency and duration of trips, and their impacts on well-being are all analysed. To do so, a sample of seniors who had participated in IMSERSO trips (Spanish Institute for the Elderly and Social Services) was surveyed to quantify their levels of well-being after the trip. The results showed that they presented high levels of subjective well-being and that age, gender, and frequency of trip were factors that impacted on that perception. With regard to the trip itself, those who travelled more frequently presented higher levels of well-being, while the influence of trip duration was not significant.

In a time marked by the urgent need to enhance the quality and productivity of Mongolia's hospitality sector, this research aimed to boost job performance through increased employee engagement and the identification of influencing factors. Initially, core indicators such as increased employee engagement, multitasking jobs, and organizational culture were analyzed to understand their individual and collective impacts on job performance. The study delved into the multitasking nature of hospitality employment where employees must juggle multiple tasks simultaneously, and the fluctuating nature of organizational culture aligns with Mongolia’s seasonal attributes. Given the industry's characteristics and workforce instability, the research conducted a comparative analysis focusing on human resource recruiting practice as the controlling variable. A total of 155 hospitality industry employees participated in this primary study on employee engagement within the sector. The study’s finding revealed that multitasking jobs and organizational culture positively impact job performance by enhancing employee engagement. Additionally, the research highlighted variations in employee engagement and job performance based on specific human resource recruitment methods employed initially.

This work aims to determine the effect of the travel preferences of domestic and foreign tourists visiting Gaziantep province in Türkiye and their participation in destination food and travel activities, as well as examining the mediating role of destination familiarity. The research model includes three sub-factors for travel lifestyle: preference for proximity and comfort, interest in new and local culture, and preference for activities and adventures. While preference for destination food activities has two sub-factors: interest in food activities and tasting local flavors. Additionally, destination familiarity and preference for destination travel activities are the measures used in the research model. The research sample consists of domestic and foreign tourists visiting Gaziantep between March and April 2022; 418 questionnaires were filled in by participants chosen by random sampling. Data analysis was made using SPSS and SmartPLS. As reflective and formative scales were used together in the data analysis, the partial least squares method (PLS-SEM) was used. The research results suggest that preference for proximity and comfort, interest in new and local culture, preference for activities and adventures, and destination familiarity have a positive significant effect on interest in food activities. While interest in the new and local culture and preference for activities and adventures, have a positive significant effect on tasting local flavors; preference for proximity and comfort and destination familiarity do not have such an effect. It was also found that preference for proximity and comfort, interest in the new and local culture, preference for activities and adventures, and destination familiarity have a positive and significant effect on preferences for destination travel activities. Lastly, interest in new and local culture and preference for activities and adventures have a positive significant effect on destination familiarity while preference for proximity and comfort do not.

The main objective of this study is to explore the dynamics of heritage tourism in Oud Batavia, the Old City of Jakarta, specifically focusing on perceived price, perceived authenticity and perceived value, and how they influence tourist satisfaction and revisit intentions. By using a quantitative design, data was collected from 406 valid responses through a questionnaire distributed in the Old City. The findings confirmed positive and significant relationships highlighting the importance of preserving historical buildings and emphasizing the role of perceived factors in enhancing the overall tourist experience. The study contributes valuable insights for stakeholders, urging the Jakarta city government and the Ministry of Tourism to focus on preserving cultural heritage buildings and employ adaptive reuse strategies to increase tourist visits. The limitations of the study include its exclusive focus on domestic tourists in the Old City of Jakarta, suggesting avenues for future research to explore broader topics such as city branding and foreign tourist perspectives. The study concludes with recommendations for strategies to commercialize historical tourist destinations and a call for United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization recognition of the Old City as a world historical heritage site.

In the dynamic landscape of global tourism, a notable shift has occurred with the rising importance of wellness tourism. This research aims to systematically identify and evaluate tourism destinations within Bangka Regency that have successfully implemented indicators of the wellness tourism model. The study employs scalogram analysis to assess the service capacity of these destinations for visitors, considering factors such as accessibility, facilities, attractions, destination cleanliness and the implementation of health protocols. The findings reveal a nuanced categorization of destinations into five groups. From the 14 samples, approximately 34.71% of the destinations exhibit extensive facilities (I), while 14.29% possess satisfactory (II), another 14.29% have adequate (III) and again of 14.29% have destinations with less than adequate (IV). Furthermore, 21.42% of the destinations are characterized by insufficient (V). The identified groupings offer insights for policymakers, stakeholders and businesses to enhance wellness tourism experiences, thereby contributing to the overall development of the tourism sector in the region.