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Background Since there is sound evidence that communication skills training (CST) programs modify communication behavior of oncology clinicians, they have been widely implemented over the last decades. However, more recently, certain aspects of this training have been criticized. Methods Based on this background, a call to re-launch a discussion about the future of CST led to the third European consensus meeting on communication in cancer care, organized by the Swiss Cancer League. During this meeting, which brought together European experts in the field of clinical communication and training of communication in the oncology setting, oncology clinicians, representatives of the European Society of Medical Oncology and a member of the European Oncology Nursing Society, the recommendations of the second European consensus meeting were updated and expanded. Results The expanded recommendations recall the guiding principles of communication in cancer care, underline the important role of clinician’s self-awareness, and of relational and contextual factors in clinical communication, and provide direction for the further development of communication training. Conclusion This third European consensus meeting defines key elements for the development of a next generation of communication training for oncology clinicians.

The Indian Ocean, the third largest among the world’s oceans, is experiencing unprecedented changes in sea surface temperature (SST). We present temporal and spatial dynamics of phytoplankton and their response to warming in the Indian Ocean (∼25°N to 30°S) during 1998–2019 using remote sensing data. Our study revealed that the area of the Indian Ocean Warm Pool (IOWP), defined as waters with SST values >28 °C, is significantly expanding in most regions, particularly in the most recent decade. The increase in IOWP area was greatest (∼74%) in the south-central basin. Furthermore, SST increased significantly in most areas of the Indian Ocean (10 out of 11 regions explored) over the 22-year study period with the highest increase of 0.7 °C observed in the south-central regions. Most other regions showed an average increase in temperature of 0.4–0.5 °C. At the same time, net primary production (NPP) showed large interannual variability in northern and central regions of the Indian Ocean, with slightly decreasing trends in a few northern regions. Overall, years of the first decade (1998–2008) showed more often cooler temperatures and higher productivity, except for a few years, whereas years of the last decade (2009–2019) showed more often warmer temperature and lower productivity, except in very recent years (2017–2019) when productivity was high. Mean Chl a concentrations increased in the last decade during the northeast monsoon period in the northwestern regions, suggesting increased NPP in December to March period as a future scenario in this highly productive area of the Indian Ocean. We also observed increasing SST in several major upwelling areas during the study period, whereas Chl a showed high interannual variability with no marked significant trends in most areas. Results from this study corroborate the importance of the southwest monsoon as a key driver of seasonal patterns in Chl a in major upwelling areas of the Indian Ocean.

Genetic counseling for cancer predisposition is associated with a potentially underestimated emotional impact. The Genetic Counseling Service of the Institute of Oncology of Southern Switzerland evaluated the degree of anxiety before and after counseling and its correlation with the level of satisfaction of counselees.

Introduction Delay between clinical presentation and treatment of breast cancer (BC) can significantly impact mortality. We aimed at drawing a picture of women with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) treated at our Breast Unit and at investigating factors associated with treatment delay. Material and methods A retrospective descriptive analysis, using a specific 28-item semi-structured questionnaire, was conducted in 67 patients diagnosed with T4 BC. Results Nearly a third of our patients had at least one known predisposing factor for LABC. 42% of patients did not perform routine medical breast checks, 49% reported indifference as the first feeling and 47% waited at least 3 months before seeking medical attention. The reasons for diagnostic delay were different in the various age groups. Doctor's delay in making the right diagnosis occurred in 60% of younger patients (≤40 years, n = 5), whereas among women aged 41–69years (n = 34) 50% suffered from psychiatric comorbidities. In patients ≥70 years (n = 28) social factors such as isolation, being widowed and living in a retirement home were present in most of the cases. Delay in seeking medical care was also associated with increasing age. Across all age groups, coping factors such as denial and indifference were also associated with an increase in the odds of delayed presentation, as opposed to fear. Conclusions Factors possibly explaining late medical consultation seem to differ according to age. Psychological factors are crucial in patients' delay whereas age and social factors are relevant in doctors' and system's delay.

PURPOSE Even though there is evidence that both patients and oncology clinicians are affected by the quality of communication and that communication skills can be effectively trained, so-called Communication Skills Trainings (CSTs) remain heterogeneously implemented. METHODS A systematic evaluation of the level of satisfaction of oncologists with the Swiss CST before (2000-2005) and after (2006-2012) it became mandatory. RESULTS Levels of satisfaction with the CST were high, and satisfaction of physicians participating on a voluntary or mandatory basis did not significantly differ for the majority of the items. CONCLUSIONS The evaluation of physicians' satisfaction over the years and after introduction of mandatory training supports recommendations for generalized implementation of CST and mandatory training for medical oncologists.

The Ecosystem Approach to Management (EAM) has emerged over the past decades, largely to promote biodiversity conservation, and more recently sectoral tradeoffs in the management of marine ecosystems. To ascertain the state of practice of EAM operationalization, a workshop was held, which included a pre-workshop online survey. The survey gauged international participants’ perspectives regarding capacity, knowledge, and application of EAM. When asked about the subject, most survey respondents had a general understanding of EAM, and provided a clear definition. Major perceived challenges to EAM objectives by those surveyed included limited knowledge, conflicting interests, insufficient communication, and limited organizational legal frameworks or governance structures. Of those directly involved in an ecosystem approach, the majority responded that processes were in place or developed for application of integrated knowledge toward assessing key issues within their respective sectors (i.e. fisheries, conservation, energy), and that capacity was generally high. Our results show that most respondents, irrespective of sector or geography, see value in considering an integrated, broader ecosystem approach as they manage their sector. Although many participants were from the North Atlantic region, our results suggest that much of the international community is converging toward continued understanding of broad-scale, integrated approaches to marine resource management.

Norwegian development cooperation in fisheries has been taken place since the early 1950s and the Nansen Programme, now operating as the EAF-Nansen Project, has been one of its major representatives. The Nansen Programme has cooperated with developing nations, institutions and national and regional projects over the last forty years, representing an important mechanism for development assistance in the field of fisheries for the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad). The scope of the cooperation has changed over the years to respond to emerging needs and challenges in partner countries. Since the Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) concept appeared in the global marine science and governance agenda, the Nansen Programme was seen as an important partner for the regional projects in Africa that emerged from the concept. The Nansen Programme has collaborated with the Agulhas and Somali Currents LME (ACSLME) project, the Benguela Current LME (BCLME) project and its successor the Benguela Current Commission (BCC) as well as the Canary Current LME (CCLME) project and the Guinea Current LME (GCLME) project. In South Asia, the Nansen Programme has also collaborated with the Bay of Bengal LME (BoBLME) project. This paper chronicles the nature of the collaboration and the mutual benefits accruing to all the parties.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)'s mandate is central to the sustainable use of natural resources and biodiversity on the planet. The Organization's normative role at the global level offers a neutral forum for development of international instruments and agreements relevant to agricultural production (including fisheries), in addition to facilitating their implementation through field activities. FAO's role in the LME Program recently has been increasing, offering the opportunity to link fisheries governance frameworks at the sectoral level (such as the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries—EAF), to broader ocean governance frameworks (such as ecosystem based management, EBM) as promoted within the LME movement. It is argued that these approaches are both needed and complementary and that links between the two can be fruitfully established as demonstrated by experiences made in FAO-led LME projects, i.e. the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem (BOBLME) and the Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem (CCLME).

This chapter focuses on the Swiss model of oncology communication skills training (CST), which was initiated in 1998 and has been declared mandatory in 2005 for physicians specializing in medical oncology. It first discusses the development and implementation of this CST, its setting, and the specific objectives of the training—illustrated by examples from interviews videotaped during a CST session. Particular attention is then paid to trainers’ observations of communication difficulties of participants (e.g. under- or overstructured interviews, information not adapted to the patient’s needs) and to the specific features of the Swiss CST, namely: interdisciplinary training (working with physicians and nurses); individual insight-oriented supervision; and mandatory training. The final section of the chapter is devoted to the different scientific projects investigating the Swiss CST (e.g. communication and psychodynamic aspects of the training (clinicians’ defence mechanisms), impact of the training on working alliance, and linguistic strategies).

Many of the world’s fish stocks are depleted as a result of overexploitation, pollution and habitat loss. The 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) sets a target for fisheries to maintain or restore stocks to levels that can produce the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) by 2015. We assessed the global stock status and found that 68% were at or above the MSY level in 2008 and that the 2015 target is unlikely to be met. We compiled data for eight indicators to evaluate the sustainability of fisheries and the gap to meet the WSSD target. These indicators show that the overall condition of global fisheries is declining, long-term benefits are being compromised, and pressures on fisheries are increasing despite fisheries policy and management actions being taken by coastal States. We develop a bio-economic model to estimate the costs and benefits of restoring overfished stocks. Our results show that the global fishing capacity needs to be cut by 36–43% from the 2008 level, resulting in the loss of employment of 12–15 million fishers and costing US$96–358 billion for buybacks. On the other hand, meeting the WSSD goal will increase annual fishery production by 16.5 million tonnes, annual rent by US$32 billion and improve biodiversity and functioning of marine ecosystems. However, progress towards rebuilding has been hindered by an unwillingness or inability to accept the short-term socio-economic consequences associated with rebuilding fisheries. Thus, there is a pressing need for integration of rebuilding plans into national political and economic decision-making.

In this paper, we synthesize information presented at the 2nd Fishery Dependent Information (FDI) Conference, held in Rome, Italy, from 2 to 6 March 2014. We review current issues and advances in the collection, interpretation and application of fishery-dependent data, and highlight emergent findings in the field. Key issues include (i) the design and collection of data associated with commercial and recreational fisheries and the use of these data to support conventional and novel approaches to fisheries science and management and (ii) the role of fishers in co-management and policy setting. We noted that since the 2010 FDI conference a paradigm shift towards full engagement of key stakeholders started to take place. It also became evident that trust between stakeholders, managers, and scientists is necessary to develop efficient fishery monitoring programmes. While building such trust among key players often begins in informal settings, eventually one must evolve structured, formalized, and agreed processes for such interactions. We also conclude that because of the diversity of fisheries any determination of "best practices" maybe difficult. Instead, we provide a list of "best principles" emerged from the conference.

A group formed in 1990 represents one of the various welcoming activities offered by the day center (DC) of the Lugano sector, which encompasses 120,000 inhabitants. The sector, however, carries out its activities mainly in the city's public places and suburbs on Friday afternoons and evenings. This is one of the most critical periods of the weekly schedule, when the demands of our psychiatric clientele are often particularly urgent and importunate. The group came to be called the "youth group" since its main focus is actually the youth population with major mental problems, specifically, problems of withdrawal and social isolation, with characteristics of what has come to be called the new chronicity. Some of the clients wanted to present the youth group in their own original way, and hence made a video document that expresses the following

The structure of the demersal assemblages (fish, crustaceans and cephalopods) of the continental shelf and upper slope off Congo and Gabon (from about 1 to 5-degrees-S) was studied based on the trawl survey of the RV 'Dr Fridtjof Nansen' in January-February 1989, by means of an ordination technique, Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA), implemented by the computer program DECORANA and a classification technique, Two-Way Indicator species Analysis (TWIA), implemented by the computer program TWINSPAN. Major faunal discontinuities were found between the shelf and the slope assemblages and, on the shelf, between the suprathermocline and the subthermocline assemblages. Correlation of DCA Axes 1 and 2 with the environmental variables showed in fact that temperature was most highly correlated with DCA Axis 1. The lack of any correlation with Axis 2 indicates that other factors (e.g. bottom type) also play an important role in explaining the various groups. Highest biomass densities (from bottom trawl catches) were found on the deeper shelf off Gabon and in the intermediate shelf off Congo.

The structure of the demersal assemblages (fish, crustaceans and cephalopods) of the continental shelf and upper slope of Angola (ca 5 to 17-degrees-S) was studied based on the trawl survey of the RV `Dr. Fridtjof Nansen' in February and March 1989, by means ot an ordination technique, Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA), implemented by the computer program DECORANA and a classification technique, Two-Way Indicator species Analysis (TWIA), implemented by the computer program TWINSPAN. Correlation of DCA axes with the environmental variables showed that the thermal, depth-dependent stratification explains the main groupings, while bottom type and latitudinal gradients are the main factors within each depth stratum. A major latitudinal faunal shift takes place in the area Tombua-Cunene (Angola) and is related to the southern limit of Equatorial Water for the shallow-water assemblages and to the frontal area between the warm, southward-flowing Angola Current and the northward-flowing cold Benguela Current for the subthermocline shelf assemblages. Highest biomass densities (from bottom trawl catches) were found in correspondence with the upper slope, consisting mainly of the bony fish Synagrops microlepis (Norman).

The structure of demersal assemblages (fish, crustaceans and cephalopods) of the continental shelf and upper slope between the Gulf of Tehuantepec and the Gulf of Papagayo was studied from data obtained in the course of surveys carried out by the RV 'Dr. F. Nansen' in 1987, by means of an ordination technique, Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) implemented by the program DECORANA, and a classification technique, Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWIA) implemented by the program TWINSPAN. Three major groups of species were identified: those distributed above the thermocline, those within the range of the thermocline and a third group below the thermocline, where oxygen content is extremely low. Highest biomass densities were found below the thermocline, consisting mainly of the galatheid crustacean Pleuroncodes monodon (H. Milne Edwards, 1837). Correlation of DCA Axis 1 with depth, temperature, salinity and oxygen showed that depth is the main gradient along which faunal changes occur.