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Abordamos la visión reduccionista de la salud, que gran parte de la población restringe a la inversión en infraestructura sanitaria, profesionales y medicamentos, sin considerar la interconexión con el medioambiente. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) advierte que un alto porcentaje de enfermedades son consecuencia del cambio climático, la contaminación y la destrucción del entorno natural (entre otros), que supondrían más de 250.000 muertes adicionales anuales. A pesar de esta alarmante situación, la sociedad permanece en gran medida inconsciente. Científicos y profesionales de la salud han alertado durante décadas sobre las consecuencias de la degradación ambiental para la salud humana: por ejemplo, muchos medicamentos provienen principalmente de plantas y animales que habitan en ecosistemas amenazados. El concepto de One Health destaca la interconexión entre la salud humana, animal y ambiental. La pandemia de covid-19 ejemplifica esta conexión. La crisis mostró la necesidad de un cambio de rumbo, pero la reacción fue temporal y se ha vuelto a priorizar la tecnología sobre el respeto por la naturaleza. El texto concluye que la responsabilidad de cambiar este enfoque recae tanto en los dirigentes políticos como en la propia sociedad. Se han de adoptar modelos de desarrollo respetuosos con el medioambiente para evitar el colapso y garantizar un futuro saludable. La adopción del concepto de One Health es esencial para este cambio., We address the reductionist view of health: that a major part of the population restricts to the investment in healthcare infrastructure, professionals and medications, without taking into account the interconnection with the environment. The World Health Organization (WHO) is warning that a high proportion of diseases are a consequence of the global climate change, the contamination, and the destruction of the natural environment (among others), which would represent over 250,000 additional deaths per year. Despite this alarming scenario, society remains unaware to a high extent. Scientists and health professionals have been warning for decades about the consequences of environmental degradation for human health; for example, many medications are primarily based on plants and animals living in threatened ecosystems. The One Health concept highlights the interconnection between human, animal and environmental health. The COVID-19 pandemic is an example of this connection. The crisis showed the need for a change in direction, but this reaction was temporary, and technology has been prioritized again over respect for nature. The conclusion of this text is that the responsibility for this change of approach lies both in political leaders as in the society itself. Models of development that respect the environment must be adopted, to prevent collapse and guarantee a healthy future. The adoption of the One Health concept is essential for this change.

Insect communities are facing contrasting responses due to global change. However, knowledge on impacts of communities’ reorganizations is scarce. Network approaches could help to envision community changes in different environmental scenarios. Saproxylic beetles were selected to examine long-term variations in insect interaction/diversity patterns and their vulnerability to global change. We evaluated interannual differences in network patterns in the tree hollow–saproxylic beetle interaction using absolute samplings over an 11-year interval in three Mediterranean woodland types. We explored saproxylic communities’ vulnerability to microhabitat loss via simulated extinctions and by recreating threat scenarios based on decreasing microhabitat suitability. Although temporal diversity patterns varied between woodland types, network descriptors showed an interaction decline. The temporal beta-diversity of interactions depended more on interaction than on species turnover. Interaction and diversity temporal shifts promoted less specialized and more vulnerable networks, which is particularly worrisome in the riparian woodland. Network procedures evidenced that saproxylic communities are more vulnerable today than 11 years ago irrespective of whether species richness increased or decreased, and the situation could worsen in the future depending on tree hollow suitability. Network approaches were useful for predicting saproxylic communities’ vulnerability across temporal scenarios and, thus, for providing valuable information for management and conservation programs.

Forests of the Mediterranean Basin provide a wide range of provisioning and regulating services that are currently jeopardised by land-use change. Although many ecosystem services are mediated by insects, most of the studies that have focused on how to enhance diversity in traditionally managed forests are about plants and vertebrates. Quercus pyrenaica woodlands of the Western Iberian Peninsula constitute a scenario in which traditional human practices (i.e., extensive livestock grazing, pollarding, firewood, forest thinning, etc.), and their progressive abandonment, have generated differences in landscape that affect habitat and microhabitat structures. We used saproxylic beetles (deadwood-dependent species) as biological indicators because they are the most diverse taxa and provide important ecosystem services related to deadwood decomposition, forest pest control and pollination. We modelled the response of two taxonomic (species richness and abundance), one ecological (species diversity of order 1) and two functional (functional richness and redundancy) diversity metrics to the environmental variables that result from traditional management or its abandonment at habitat and microhabitat levels. We included 16 explanatory variables related to forest structure, tree microhabitats and abiotic factors, which were grouped into eight principal components. Linear regression was the best fitting model for data. The resulting models were used to perform diversity predictions in different scenarios. We found that abandonment of some traditional forest management activities in the Mediterranean Region reduced taxonomic saproxylic beetle diversity, which may be further aggravated by climate change. We suggest minimal management actions to improve taxonomic and ecological saproxylic beetle diversity related to habitat and tree management (i.e., maintenance of >20% scrub coverage, >20 m3/ha of deadwood on soil and >20 hollow trees/ha). However, actions that boost saproxylic

Background: Flight performance and dispersal behaviour can differ between sexes, resulting in sex-biased dispersal. The primary sex ratio of populations may also explain dispersal bias between sexes, as this bias may evolve with the primary sex ratio to reduce intrasexual competition. Although dispersal bias between sexes is relevant to population dynamics, there are few studies on sex-biased dispersal in insects. We studied the flight performance and dispersal behaviour of seven saproxylic beetle species associated with tree hollows from a sex perspective. We also analysed the possible coevolution of flight performance with the primary sex ratio. Methods: Wing loading and wing aspect ratio were used as measures of the flight performance of species and sexes. Dispersal behaviour was explored by analysing the frequency of each sex in interception traps versus the primary sex ratio obtained by tree hollow emergence traps using contingency tables and posthoc standardized residuals. A more active flight behaviour was expected for the sex with higher capture frequency in the interception traps. To explore the causes of flight performance bias between sexes, we searched for possible correlations between wing loading or wing aspect ratio and primary sex ratio using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: Wing loading and wing aspect ratio differed between species and sexes, with flight performance being higher in males than in females for four of the seven species analysed. Dispersal behaviour and flight performance matched in the case of Elater ferrugineus; males showed higher flight performance and were the most collected sex in the interception traps (more active flyers). In contrast, the higher flight activity of Cetonia carthami aurataeformis females was not correlated with a higher flight performance than that of males. Moreover, we found that a bias in the primary sex ratio towards females is often correlated with a decrease in female flight performance. Conclus

Las oquedades de los árboles y la madera muerta en suelo son microhábitats clave para la diversidad saproxílica. En este trabajo se estudia la fauna de dermápteros asociada a ambos microhábitats y se analiza la distribución espacio-temporal de sus especies. El muestreo se ha realizado mediante el uso de trampas de emergencia y trampas de ventana, en 4 áreas naturales de la provincia de Salamanca dominadas por árboles maduros de Quercus. Se capturaron 955 individuos de tres especies. Sin embargo, el 96% de las capturas pertenecieron a una especie del complejo Forficula auricularia: F. dentata. Las elevadas abundancias de esta especie en madera muerta en suelo, oquedades de los árboles y en el dosel arbóreo podrían resaltar la importancia funcional de las especies del complejo de F. auricularia como depredadoras en estos microhábitats, por lo que podrían considerarse especies saproxílicas facultativas. Dos endemismos ibéricos, Mesochelidura bolivari y Forficula iberica, fueron también ocasionalmente capturados. Sin embargo, la ausencia de ninfas para estas dos especies nos indica que no usan estos microhábitats como lugar de reproducción. La distribución temporal de las especies mostró dinámicas poblacionales distintas, presentando un pico de actividad en primavera-verano para F. dentata, frente al máximo de actividad en otoño-invierno de las dos especies menos abundantes, lo que podría evitar una posible competencia con la especie dominante. Finalmente, cabe destacar que estos peculiares microhábitats que ofrecen los árboles vivos y la madera muerta en suelo, son relevantes en distinto grado para las especies de dermápteros., Tree hollows and downed logs are key microhabitats for saproxylic diversity. In this work the fauna of Dermaptera associated to both microhabitats was studied and the spatial-temporal distribution of the species was analysed. The sampling was carried out through the use of emergence traps and window traps in 4 natural areas of the Salamanca province dominated by mature trees of Quercus. In total, 955 individuals belonging to three species were collected. However, 96% of the captures belonged to a species of the Forficula auricularia complex: F. dentata. The great abundance of this species in downed logs, tree hollows and tree canopy could highlight the functional importance of the F. auricularia species complex as predators in these microhabitats, thus could be considered facultative saproxylic species. Moreover, two Iberian endemism, Mesochelidura bolivari and Forficula iberica were occasionally also captured. However, the absence of nymphs of these two species indicates us that they do not use these microhabitats for reproduction. The temporal distribution of the species showed different population dynamics, a peak of activity in spring-summer occurred for F. dentata, in contrast with the maximum activity in autumn-winter of the other less abundant species, which could be avoiding a possible competence with the dominant species. Finally, it should be emphasised that these peculiar microhabitats offered by trees and downed logs are relevant in different degree for the species of Dermaptera.

This paper focuses on the role of aphidophagous syrphids in different strategies of Integrated Pest Control in greenhouse crops. Southeastern Spain is the world area with the highest production of organic products. Our scientific experience and field experimentation in the use of syrphids for control of pest aphids, show compatibility and effectiveness on the combined use of syrphids with other strategies commonly used in integrated pest control.

1. Despite the fact that insects are suffering a global decline, little is known about the extent to which species loss affects functional diversity. Thus, to understand the relationship between taxonomic and functional diversity metrics, we focused on saproxylic beetles, which perform vital functions in forest ecosystems. 2. Beetles were collected monthly for a year using flight interception traps placed in three protected areas of mature evergreen Mediterranean Quercus forests. Five morphological traits, one phenological trait, and one physiological surrogate trait were measured, and trophic guild identities were determined. Two taxonomic and six functional metrics were assessed to determine their relationships. 3. Taxonomic and functional diversity patterns, as well as trait patterns, differed depending on the protected areas, as they were influenced by habitat and microhabitat characteristics. Generally, a high number of species tended to support high values of functional richness, but did not ensure high values of functional redundancy, thus affecting the resilience of communities. 4. A 5% of species loss strongly affected the functional redundancy of communities, making them more vulnerable. Functional richness, however, was not affected, since it was associated with a high number of redundant species. Thus, the way species loss affected communities is highly dependent on the presence of rare or redundant species. 5. Taxonomic and functional diversity metrics should be used as complementary tools for conservation purposes. In this way, the comparative analysis of taxonomic and functional patterns may help to predict the vulnerability of saproxylic assemblages to changes or disturbances.

Canthon (Canthon) cyanellus LeConte, 1859 es un escarabajo rodador necrófago con amplia distribución en los bosques tropicales del nuevo mundo. Su historia taxonómica es compleja y agrupa a especies que fueron designadas anteriormente y que fueron agrupadas en una sola especie por Halffter en 1961. Las poblaciones de esta especie son morfológicamente muy similares. La gran variación de coloración cuticular a nivel geográfico de esta especie ha sido empleada para definir a diferentes subespecies i.e., Canthon cyanellus cyanellus, C. cyanellus violetae Halffter, 1961 y C. cyanellus sallei Harold, 1853 sensu Halffter, 1961, por lo que a esta especie se le puede designar como el complejo Canthon cyanellus. Para entender los procesos evolutivos que han conducido a la diversificación y actual distribución del complejo “cyanellus” en el Neotrópico, se planteó estudiar su estructura filogeográfica en la Zona de Transición Mexicana (ZTM) empleando dos marcadores moleculares mitocondriales (16S y COI) y uno nuclear (ITS2). Las características de la genitalia del macho en escarabajos de este género han tenido valor taxonómico para separar subespecies o especies próximas; sin embargo, en C. cyanellus no han sido analizadas considerando la variación geográfica. Por esta razón, posteriormente se analizó la variabilidad de la morfología de la genitalia masculina (i.e. edeago: falobase y parameros) a nivel geográfico considerando su distribución en el Neotrópico. Ambos enfoques, el genético y morfológico, se compararon con la taxonomía del grupo. La longitud de los tres loci (i.e. ITS2 + 16S + COI) analizados fue de 2,196 pb con un total de 76 haplotipos. La diversidad genética fue más baja para ITS2, que para los loci mitocondriales. Los análisis de SAMOVA, ANOVAs y las redes de haplotipos indicaron alta estructura genética asociada con la distribución geográfica de las poblaciones. El cronograma inferido con los tres marcadores moleculares combinados indicó que los eventos de cla

Tree hollows and downed logs are key microhabitats for saproxylic diversity. In this work the fauna of Dermaptera associated to both microhabitats was studied and the spatial-temporal distribution of the species was analysed. The sampling was carried out through the use of emergence traps and window traps in 4 natural areas of the Salamanca province dominated by mature trees of Quercus. In total, 955 individuals belonging to three species were collected. However, 96% of the captures belonged to a species of the Forficula auricularia complex: F. dentata. The great abundance of this species in downed logs, tree hollows and tree canopy could highlight the functional importance of the F. auricularia species complex as predators in these microhabitats, thus could be considered facultative saproxylic species. Moreover, two Iberian endemism, Mesochelidura bolivari and Forficula iberica were occasionally also captured. However, the absence of nymphs of these two species indicates us that they do not use these microhabitats for reproduction. The temporal distribution of the species showed different population dynamics, a peak of activity in spring-summer occurred for F. dentata, in contrast with the maximum activity in autumn-winter of the other less abundant species, which could be avoiding a possible competence with the dominant species. Finally, it should be emphasised that these peculiar microhabitats offered by trees and downed logs are relevant in different degree for the species of Dermaptera.