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FAMILY IDIOIBLIDAE BUCKERIDGE & NEWMAN, 2006 Diagnosis: As provided by Buckeridge & Newman (2006). Comment: The characters characterizing the family cannot at present be verified as apomorphies., Published as part of Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, P��rez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A. & H��eg, Jens T., 2021, The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms, pp. 789-846 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 on page 827, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160, http://zenodo.org/record/5637275, {"references":["Buckeridge JS, Newman WA. 2006. A revison of the Iblidae and the stalked barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica), including new ordinal, familial and generic taxa, and two new species from New Zealand and Tasmanian waters. Zootaxa 1136: 1 - 38."]}

Ibla Leach, 1825 (two species) SUBFAMILY NEOIBLINAE BUCKERIDGE & NEWMAN, 2006, Published as part of Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, P��rez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A. & H��eg, Jens T., 2021, The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms, pp. 789-846 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 on page 827, {"references":["Buckeridge JS, Newman WA. 2006. A revison of the Iblidae and the stalked barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica), including new ordinal, familial and generic taxa, and two new species from New Zealand and Tasmanian waters. Zootaxa 1136: 1 - 38."]}

Jurapecten dhondtae sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3CEF9EA0-184A-4352-87FA-CC5F76FED11A Fig. 8A–H, J–V benthopectinid sp. 1 (? spp.) – Jagt 2000: 393, pl. 6 figs 1–4. Cheiraster ? sp. – Blake & Jagt 2005: 190, pl. 5 figs 1–7. Diagnosis Jurapecten in which the marginal ossicles possess a coarsely rugose sculpture and the inferomarginals bear a single, large, laterally directed spine base. Etymology Named after Annie V. Dhondt (1942–2006), specialist of Cretaceous bivalves and close friend. Material examined The inferomarginal illustrated here (Fig. 8F) is the holotype (NHMM JJ 10490a), while the other figured ossicles in lot NHMM JJ 10490 are paratypes. Additional material includes around 50 isolated ossicles (lot NHMM JJ 9591). All material is from the upper Maastrichtian (Maastricht Formation, Emael Member, Lava Horizon) at the CBR-Romontbos Quarry, Eben Emael (Liège, northeast Belgium). Description Superomarginals (Fig. 8A–D) block-like, nearly equidimensional, elongating distally. Outer face with sculpture of dense rugosities of similar size and single, crater-rimmed spine base positioned towards abactinal-distal margin. Inferomarginals (Fig. 8E–H, J–K) asymmetrical, proximal margins broader than distal margins; inter-inferomarginal articulation facet close to actinal surface of plate (Fig. 8J), forming short projection. External face of inferomarginal with sculpture of coarse, rounded rugosities and single, large crater-rimmed spine base, positioned centrally, or slightly towards abactinal margin. Ambulacrals (Fig. 8Q–V) with elongated, bar-like ambh, broad, flat ambb, with large, flat surface for dadam and ada3, padam on short wing.Abactinal ridge and inferomarginal articulation absent (Fig. 8V). Adambulacrals (Fig. 8L–M) with concave abactinal face, actinal face with single subambulacral spine base. Enlargement of dadam (Fig. 8P) shows irregularly ridged region, similar to that seen on extant Pectinaster filholi (Perrier, 1885) (Fig. 8I). Remarks The marginal ossicles (Fig. 8A–H, J–K) are closely similar to those of Pontaster tenuispinus (von Düben & Koren, 1846) (compare with Fig. 4J–M, O–Q) in shape, sculpture and spine base development, but the ambulacrals (Fig. 8Q–V) possess elongated heads and lack abactinal ridges and inferomarginal articulation structures, and compare better with those of Jurapecten hessi and J. infrajurensis sp. nov. (see Figs 6J–M, 7M–O). The partially preserved specimen (NHMM MD 4105), described and illustrated by Blake & Jagt (2005), may be conspecific, but recrystallisation of all ossicle types precludes detailed comparison of the sculpture of infero- and superomarginal ossicles and ambulacral ossicles are too poorly preserved. The type material of J. dhondtae sp. nov., from the middle Emael Member, is ca 200 000 years younger than NHMM MD 4105, from the basal Gronsveld Member (compare Keutgen 2018).

Alkaidia sumralli Blake & Reid, 1998 Figs 16A–C, 17B–E, H, K Alkaidia sumralli Blake & Reid, 1998: 529, fig. 9/1–14. Alkaidia sumralli – Ewin & Gale 2020: 13, figs 10.1–10.2, 13.3, 13.8, 13.11–13.12. Diagnosis Alkaidia in which the primary radial ossicles are elongated and the terminal ossicle is not deeply notched on its proximal margin. Material examined The holotype (Texas Memorial Museum, number 1786 TX1) is from the Grayson Formation (lower Cenomanian) at the Waco shale pit (Waco, Mclennan County, Texas, USA).Additional material comprises a magnificent individual (NHMUK PI EE 15225), collected by Frank Holterhoff from the Grayson Formation (lower Cenomanian) of Dottie Lynn, Fort Worth, Texas and illustrated here (Fig. 16A–C), as well as numerous dissociated ossicles from the same locality (NHMUK PI EE 18005–18007, 18009). Remarks The affinities of A. sumralli have recently been discussed in some detail by Ewin & Gale (2020) and the evidence for its inclusion in the Forcipulatida (Zorocallina) and the family Terminasteridae can be summarised briefly as follows: the presence of abundant, straight ‘duck-billed’ forcipulate pedicellariae is a characteristic of the Zorocallina (Fig. 16D); the construction of the abactinal surface is closely similar to that of zoroasterids and terminasterids, which also have large, Y-shaped first superomarginals and a row of robust, lobed, quadrangular radial ossicles which imbricate proximally and each carry a centrally placed conical spine (Ewin & Gale 2020). Additionally, the morphology of the adambulacrals and ambulacrals, and the nature of their articulation is similar in zoroasterids, Terminaster and Alkaidia (Fig. 17). Ada1a and ada2 are concave on the adamulacrals (Fig. 17A–C) and positioned on a process on the ambulacrals (Fig. 17G–H, J–K). The dadam and padam facets are subequal in size, broad and short (Fig. 17A–C). The abactinal construction is never seen in extant benthopectinids, in which the abactinal ossicles in the arms are small and parapaxilliform or very small, and never imbricate. Additionally, in benthopectinids the abactinal surface is invariably flat, and the arm section is not subcylindrical.

Henricia ? venturana Durham & Roberts, 1948 Henricia ? venturana Durham & Roberts, 1948: 437, pl. 66 figs 1, 3. Remarks The unique holotype, from the Upper Cretaceous Chico Formation of the North Fork of Matilija Creek, Ventura County (California, USA), is contained in the palaeontological collections of the University of California. Part (number 4866B) and counterpart (4866A) show the abactinal and actinal surfaces, respectively. The type specimen is an external mould of a near-complete asteroid with moderately long, narrow arms and a small disc, which has lost the abactinal ossicles and exposes the ambulacrals on the abactinal surface. Unfortunately, parts of the moulds have been worn by erosion and few details are well preserved. The ambulacral heads are elongated, and the adambulacral ossicles are clearly visible, as are probable small marginal ossicles bearing spines. The groove is very wide. Although Blake (1984) assigned the taxon to the Benthopectinidae, there does not seem to be any compelling evidence for its taxonomic affinity, and it is considered here to be an indeterminate asteroid., Published as part of Gale, Andy S. & Jagt, John W. M., 2021, The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal, pp. 149-190 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 on page 186, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405, http://zenodo.org/record/5032970, {"references":["Durham J. W. & Roberts W. A. 1948. Cretaceous asteroids from California. Journal of Paleontology 22: 432 - 439.","Blake D. B. 1984. The Benthopectinidae (Aseroidea: Echinodermata) of the Jurassic of Switzerland. Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 77 (3): 631 - 647."]}

Genus Nearchaster Fisher, 1911 Nearchaster Fisher, 1911: 91. Type species Acantharchaster aciculosus Fisher, 1910, by original designation., Published as part of Gale, Andy S. & Jagt, John W. M., 2021, The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal, pp. 149-190 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 on page 160, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405, http://zenodo.org/record/5032970, {"references":["Fisher W. K. 1911. Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. Part 1. Phanerozonia and Spinulosa. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 76: 1 - 420. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.76. i"]}

Nearchaster spinosus (Blake, 1973) comb. nov. Mistia spinosa Blake, 1973: 48, pl. 16 figs 30–44, pl. 17 figs 1–21, 35–36. Brisingid (?) – Zullo et al. 1964: 334. Material examined UCMP A-5018 (holotype no. 10675) is the type and only specimen; it exposes a partly disarticulated abactinal surface showing the disc and proximal portions of four arms. Large marginal spines and smaller abactinal ones are visible. Marginals, adambulacrals, ambulacrals and abactinal ossicles of the holotype were figured individually by Blake (1973). Occurrence Keasey Formation (Lower Oligocene) near Mist, Oregon (USA). Description The abactinal surface of UCMP A-5018, embedded in matrix (Blake 1973: pl.16 fig. 44), shows part of the disc and four proximal arms. Although the outline is retained, the ossicles are jumbled and largely dissociated, such that adambulacrals and ambulacrals are visible on the actinal surface. The marginal spines, largely in place, are elongated and tapering. The abactinal spines are much smaller, perhaps one-fifth the size of those on the marginals. The adambulacrals are well preserved, subrectangular, with 2–3 large subadambulacral spine bases, and the concave inner (abactinal) surface and ridge bearing ada2 and ada3, characteristic of benthopectinids. The ambulacrals have the typical hourglass shape of benthopectinids, and asymmetry of the interambulacral muscles (P1 small, P2 large) is seen. The marginals are longer than broad with a convex, mound-like outer surface which carries 1–2 large spine bases and a number of sparsely scattered smaller ones. The inner surface of the marginals is flat. The abactinal ossicles are parapaxillae, with centrally placed, single spine bases, surrounded by a ring of smaller spines. Remarks As recognised by Blake (1973), the distinctive characters of the ambulacral, adambulacral and marginal ossicles place this form firmly in the Benthopectinidae. Comparison with extant benthopectinid species studied here indicates that Mistia spinosa shares important characters with the Recent Pacific genus Nearchaster, including the following: 1. Adambulacrals are nearly identical in shape to those of Nearchaster aciculosus, and both carry 2–3 bases for subambulacral spines. 2. Marginals are closely similar to those of N. aciculosus in both shape and distribution of spine bases. The overall form of the body, with large marginal spines, and shorter abactinal spines on the disc is broadly similar to the development in the genera Benthopecten, Nearchaster and Myonotus Fisher, 1911 (see Fisher 1911: pls 22–26). The proportionate sizes and distributions of spines in Mistia spinosa are closest to those in Benthopecten claviger Fisher, 1910, Myonotus intermedius (Fisher, 1910) and Nearchaster aciculosus (Fisher, 1910) (see Fig. 2E–F herein). The abactinal parapaxillae of Mistia spinosa are very close in structure to those of N. aciculosus, with a central spine base surrounded by a ring of smaller ones. In conclusion, Mistia spinosa is a benthopectinid which has remarkably detailed similarities of ossicle morphology to the present-day Pacific species Nearchaster aciculosus and it is therefore provisionally placed in that genus. The genus thus has a history in the Pacific Ocean of at least 33 million years., Published as part of Gale, Andy S. & Jagt, John W. M., 2021, The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal, pp. 149-190 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 on pages 160-161, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405, http://zenodo.org/record/5032970, {"references":["Blake D. B. 1973. Ossicle morphology of some Recent asteroids and description of some West American fossil asteroids. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 104: 1 - 59.","Zullo V. A., Kaar R. F., Durham J. W. & Allison E. C. 1964. The echinoid genus Salenia in the eastern Pacific. Palaeontology 7: 331 - 349.","Fisher W. K. 1911. Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. Part 1. Phanerozonia and Spinulosa. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 76: 1 - 420. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.76. i"]}

Alkaidia Blake & Reid, 1998 Alkaidia Blake & Reid, 1998: 529, fig. 8. Type species Alkaidia sumralli Blake & Reid, 1998, by original designation. Diagnosis Terminasteridae with elongated rhombic superomarginals directed obliquely towards radials; inferomarginals with tall, distally swollen central spine bases and prominent groove for spine attachment; radials (except primary radial) rhombic in outline. Assigned species In addition to the type species, A. megaungula Ewin & Gale, 2020. Remarks Alkaidia ranges from the Barremian to Cenomanian and appears to be restricted to the western Tethys.

Chrispaulia wrightorum sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: DC13434F-62E3-47A9-9F62-327F77141670 Fig. 13F–G ? Benthopecten sp. – Spencer & Wright in Moore 1966: U48. Diagnosis Chrispaulia with smooth marginal ossicles, in which the distal superomarginals possess a single large spine pit close to their distal, abactinolateral border. Etymology After the late brothers C.W. and E.V. Wright, who collected the specimen. Material examined The arm fragment (NHMUK PI EE 17997) from the Albian Red Chalk (Hunstanton Formation) at Speeton, Yorkshire (United Kingdom) is the holotype and single specimen known to date. The specimen was originally articulated; it was subsequently reconstructed on plasticene by the Wright brothers. Description Arm elongated, narrow; supero- and inferomarginals opposed, shortening rapidly distally (Fig. 13F–G). Superomarginals bearing single, distally directed, crater-like spine base on distal, abactinolateral margin. Supero- and inferomarginals smooth, grooves for cribriform organs between infero-/superomarginal pairs poorly defined. Remarks Chrispaulia wrightorum sp. nov. differs from all congeners in the smooth marginal ossicles, lacking rugosities., Published as part of Gale, Andy S. & Jagt, John W. M., 2021, The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal, pp. 149-190 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 on page 175, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405, http://zenodo.org/record/5032970

Genus Jurapecten Gale, 2011 Jurapecten Gale, 2011a: 84, pl. 19. Type species Jurapecten hessi Gale, 2011, by original designation. Diagnosis Benthopectinids which possess strongly rugose marginals; rugosities conjoined by thin radiating strips of imperforate stereom; ambulacrals lack abactinal ridges and inferomarginal articulation. Assigned species In addition to the type species, J. infrajurensis sp. nov. and J. dhondtae sp. nov., both described below. Remarks Jurassic–Cretaceous benthopectinids are locally common among isolated ossicles in washed residues. All share the same distinctive sculpture type of prominent imperforate rugosities, conjoined by radiating strips of stereom (e.g., Figs 6N–O, 7G, I–J), absent on extant genera. In the extant genera Pontaster and Cheiraster, the rugosities on the superomarginals are smaller and more widely spaced (e.g., Fig. 4J–M, Q), although the inferomarginal sculpture is similar to that seen in Jurapecten (Fig. 6C–E). Jurapecten also lacks a number of characters seen in all extant taxa, including an abactinal ridge on the ambulacrals (compare Fig. 7N–O with Fig. 5I, K–L, Q), and there is no ambulacral articulation surface with the inferomarginal (compare Fig. 7N–O with Fig. 5I, K, Q). Additionally, the ambulacral heads are more elongated in Jurapecten (e.g., Figs 6J, L, 8Q–U). The absence of the abactinal ridge, to which the longitudinal arm muscles attach in all living genera (Clark 1981), is a plesiomorphic feature of Jurapecten., Published as part of Gale, Andy S. & Jagt, John W. M., 2021, The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal, pp. 149-190 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 on page 161, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405, http://zenodo.org/record/5032970, {"references":["Gale A. S. 2011 a. The phylogeny of post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea (Neoasteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology 85: 1 - 112.","Clark A. M. 1981. Notes on Atlantic and other Asteroidea. 1. Family Benthopectinidae. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology) 41: 91 - 135."]}

Chrispaulia spinosa sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4C003A9F-1F91-44BC-91AB-2910B8EA756A Fig. 13D–E, H–O Diagnosis Chrispaulia in which distal inferomarginals bear an oblique row of large, bifid spine attachment sites, which carried long, flattened spines. Etymology Latin for ‘bearing spines’, in reference to the row of spine attachment sites on distal inferomarginals. Material examined A distal arm fragment (Nds LH 105.107), comprising five marginal pairs, with articulating spines preserved, is the holotype; it is from the lower Hauterivian (Endemoceras amblygonium ammonite Zone) at Engelbostel near Hannover (northern Germany). Paratypes (NHMUK PI EE 17998–18004) are 35 marginal ossicles and a single oral ossicle from the upper 3 metres of the Tealby Clay (Hauterivian) at Nettleton, Lincolnshire (United Kingdom). Description Arms elongated, narrow, tapering slowly (Fig. 13D–E); proximal superomarginals tall, block-like, bearing a single, abactinally directed, crater-like spine base. Central region of external face narrow, poorly defined, lateral surfaces broad with small rugosities for attachment of tiny cribriform spines (Fig. 13H–I, N; spines still articulated in Fig. 13D). Distal superomarginals with or without an abactinally situated, distally directed large spine base (Fig. 13I–J), rugose (Fig. 13D) or smooth (Fig. 13I–J). Distal infero- and superomarginals thin, imbricating proximally; distal inferomarginals with oblique row of large, bifid spine bases, which bore flattened, lanceolate spines (Fig. 13D). Sharply defined grooves for cribriform organs between each infero-/superomarginal pair. Oral ossicle (Fig. 13O) with broad actinal face, bearing large rugosities for attachment of sos; large elongate oradm, low, broad apophyse. Remarks Chrispaulia spinosa sp. nov. differs from its congeners in its possession of 3–4 bifid spine pits on distal inferomarginals.

Genus Chrispaulia Gale, 2005 Chrispaulia Gale, 2005: 2, fig. 4a–c. Type species Nymphaster radiatus Spencer, 1905, by original designation (see Fig. 13A–C). Diagnosis Arms long, narrow; disc small, with rounded interbrachial arcs; superomarginals meeting over radius along length of arm; distal marginals imbricate (emended from Gale 2005). Assigned species In addition to the type species, Chrispaulia jurassica Gale, 2011 (Gale 2011a), C. wrightorum sp. nov. and C. spinosa sp. nov. Remarks The record in the Treatise of Invertebrate Paleontology (Part U; Spencer & Wright 1966) of a benthopectinid from the “Albian of England ” is based on an arm fragment from the Albian Red Chalk of Yorkshire, United Kingdom (C.W. Wright, pers. comm. to ASG, 1978). We have examined this specimen (NHMUK PI EE 17997), which comprises five marginal ossicles reconstructed on plasticene. The shape of the ossicles indicates that this specimen belongs to the genus Chrispaulia; it is here described as a new species, C. wrightorum sp. nov. (see below). In addition, we record another species from the Hauterivian (Lower Cretaceous) of northeast England and northern Germany., Published as part of Gale, Andy S. & Jagt, John W. M., 2021, The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal, pp. 149-190 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 on pages 174-175, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405, http://zenodo.org/record/5032970, {"references":["Gale A. S. 2005. Chrispaulia, a new genus of mud star (Asteroidea, Goniopectinidae) from the Cretaceous of England. Geological Journal 40: 383 - 397. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / gj. 1019","Gale A. S. 2011 a. The phylogeny of post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea (Neoasteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology 85: 1 - 112.","Spencer W. K. & Wright C. W. 1966. Asterozoans. In: Moore R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part U, Echinodermata 3: U 4 - U 107. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press, Boulder, CO and Lawrence, KS."]}

Family Terminasteridae Gale, 2011 Terminasteridae Gale, 2011a: 92, fig. 8. Diagnosis Zorocallinids with extra-axial arm constructed of seven rows of ossicles organised with one row of radials, two rows of adradials, two rows of superomarginals and two rows of infromarginals; both marginal rows extend to arm tip. Assigned genera Alkaidia Blake & Reid, 1998 and Terminaster Hess, 1974. Remarks The family Terminasteridae is sister group to the Eocene–Recent Zoroasteridae Sladen, 1889, which is widespread in bathyal to abyssal depths of the present-day oceans., Published as part of Gale, Andy S. & Jagt, John W. M., 2021, The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal, pp. 149-190 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 on pages 182-183, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405, http://zenodo.org/record/5032970, {"references":["Gale A. S. 2011 a. The phylogeny of post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea (Neoasteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology 85: 1 - 112.","Blake D. B. & Reid R. III. 1998. Some Albian (Cretaceous) asteroids (Echinodermata) from Texas and their paleobiological implications. Journal of Paleontology 72 (3): 512 - 532. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 002233600002429 X"]}

Benthopectinidae Verrill, 1894 Fig. 6A–B, F ? Benthopectinidae Verrill, 1894: 217. Material Seventeen marginal ossicles; the inferomarginal figured (Fig. 6A) is MHI 2183/7; the other inferomarginal and oral ossicle illustrated here are MHI 2183/8 and 9. All are from the Maantang Formation (Carnian, Upper Triassic; sample C30) at Jiancougou, Sechuan Province, China. Description The inferomarginal and oral ossicles are strongly reminiscent in shape and external sculpture of those of benthopectinids; compare Fig. 6A–B with benthopectinid marginals (Fig. 6C–E), and the oral (Fig. 6F) with those of benthopectinids (Fig. 6G–I). The inferomarginals share a number of similarities to those of benthopectinids (Fig. 6A–E), notably the coarse, longitudinally arranged rows of rugosities, the presence of a large spine (or pedicellaria) base close to the abactinal margin of the plate, and the marked asymmetry of the distal inferomarginals, in which the distal height is less than the proximal one. The oral ossicles (Fig. 6F) are remarkably similar to those of benthopectinids in the evenly convex actinal margin, the distally angled apophyse and the shape of the adambulacral articulation (Fig. 6G–I). However, the material available to date is too limited, and in the absence of ambulacrals and adambulacrals, this referral is very tentative., Published as part of Gale, Andy S. & Jagt, John W. M., 2021, The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal, pp. 149-190 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 on page 174, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405, http://zenodo.org/record/5032970, {"references":["Verrill A. E. 1894. Descriptions of new species of starfishes and ophiurans, with a revision of certain species formerly described; mostly from the collections made by the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 17 (1000): 245 - 297. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.1000.245"]}

Genus Punkaster gen. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D63466E2-7CA4-4896-BFD2-4D156A280AA8 Type species Punkaster spinifera gen. et sp. nov. Diagnosis Highly derived form in which the marginal ossicles are very elongated, proximal infero-and superomarginal pairs occasionally fused, and marginals may possess 1–2 large rounded bases for attachment of conical spines. Adambulacrals with deep rounded notch to allow extension of tube feet and very large furrow spines. Etymology From the similarity of the marginal spination to the 1980s punk hairdos. Assigned species In addition to the type species, P. ruegenensis gen. et sp. nov. (see below). Remarks The highly unusual marginal ossicles of this new genus (Fig. 9E, I–J, M, P) have been known for over 60 years, but they remained undescribed and it has hitherto not been possible to assign them to any family. The new material includes ambulacral and adambulacral ossicles, which demonstrate a likely affinity with benthopectinids in the elongated, bar-like ambulacral heads and, especially, in the nature of the ambulacral/adambulacral articulation. This is typically benthopectinid, in the abradial position of ada3, the position of padam on a short wing-like process and the presence of ada2 on a steep ridge. The abactinal ossicles are closely similar to parapaxillae of modern benthopectinids. The presence of an abactinal ridge on the ambulacrals of P. spinifera gen. et sp. nov. may indicate that the species possessed longitudinal muscles in the arms. The genus perhaps represents a highly specialised offshoot from the mainline benthopectinids., Published as part of Gale, Andy S. & Jagt, John W. M., 2021, The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal, pp. 149-190 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 on page 168, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405, http://zenodo.org/record/5032970

Plesiastropecten hallovensis Peyer, 1944 Fig. 14 Plesiastropecten hallovensis Peyer, 1944: 320, pls 7–8. Plesiastropecten hallovensis – Blake 1984: 633, fig. 1a–h. Diagnosis As for genus. Material examined The holotype (MZA L13a) is a complete asteroid in a claystone matrix, comprising part and counterpart, from the Lower Jurassic (Hettangian, liasicus ammonite Zone) of Hallau, Canton Schaffhausen, Switzerland (Peyer1944). It is contained in the collections of the Museum zu Aller Heiligen, Schaffhausen, and has suffered from considerable over-preparation. Additional material includes a suite of specimens from the same locality and horizon, most notably, specimen MZA L 13b/32a-e, which is a partially dissociated individual of which one arm is well preserved (Blake 1984: fig. 1a–g). This specimen is coated with a glue-like substance which obscures much detail and requires specialist preparation. The present description is based on these two individuals. Description The overall form is well shown by the type specimen (Fig. 14A); the arms are moderately long and tapering, the interbrachial angles acute (R:r = approximately 6:1). The arms bear an even fringe of closely spaced marginal spines. The marginals are numerous, narrow and short with a three-tiered structure, resembling tiny ‘cottage loaves’ of bread (Fig. 14F). They are clearly visible in MZA L 13b/32a-e, and are robustly paxilliform, bearing a single large spine pit centrally. The abactinal ossicles are conspicuous and relatively large, convex to flat and carry four to six, lobe-like lateral projections. Each abactinal has a single, large and centrally placed crater-like spine pit (Fig. 14B, D). The ossicles imbricate, and the lobes are notched on their inside (actinal) surfaces for contact with adjacent ossicles. These ossicles are more or less radially symmetrical in the disc, but elongated in the arm, where the abactinal ossicles are arranged in three rows comprising radials and two adradials (Fig. 14B). In the distal arm, the large radial and adradials are separated from adjacent ossicles of the same row by smaller inset ossicles. The adambulacrals were prepared in a small part of specimen MZA L 13b/32b. They are very broad and short (3:1), and carry 5–6 large, horseshoe-shaped spine bases arranged in a single transverse row (Fig. 14E). The adambulacrals of opposing rows are slightly angled (150°) in a proximal direction. The ambulacrals are only seen in abactinal view, and the ambh forms a conspicuous, elongated triangular proximal wing which overlaps the more proximal adjacent ambulacral (Fig. 14D). The ambb is oval and symmetrical. The marginal spines are conspicuous, forming an even comb-like fringe to the starfish. Each marginal plate carries a single tapering spine with a unique construction. The cross section is a shallow U-shape, and the abactinal surface bears a groove. The rounded actinal surface is made up of 4–6, length-parallel coalescing rods of trabecular stereom. The lateral margins of the spines carry outwardly directed short barbs, probably lost on the holotype through over-preparation. The base of the spine is swollen and rounded, and a simple socket on the base articulates with a boss on the marginal. The abactinal spines are shorter, and round in cross section; these are also composed of elongated trabeculae. The 5–6 adambulacral spines articulate with horseshoe-shaped bases, and are long and gently curved. Remarks The robust paxilliform construction of the marginals is not found in any benthopectinid asteroid, but is characteristic of modern solasterids and the Jurassic genus Plumaster, and each marginal carries only a single spine. We cannot agree with Blake (1984) that these resemble marginals of benthopectinids, other than in that they carry large spines. The large, oval or rounded, imbricating abactinal ossicles which are alternately large and spine-bearing and small and spineless in the arm are quite different from the parapaxillae of benthopectinids. The construction of the marginal and abactinal spines, with elongated trabeculae running along the length of the spines and a semicircular, concavo-convex cross section bearing two rows of lateral thorns, are dissimilar to benthopectinid spines, which are conical, cylindrical and carry numerous, irregular, distally directed thorns. The concavo-convex construction is otherwise seen only in the multi-armed Early Jurassic Plumaster ophiuroides (Wright, 1863). The transversely broad, short adambulacrals, carrying 5–6 large curved adambulacral spines, are quite unlike adambulacrals of benthopectinids which are narrow and rather elongated, but are similar to those of Plumaster (Gale 2011b: figs 13–14). The elongated, imbricating proximal flanges of the ambulacral heads are not found in any benthopectinid, where the ambulacral heads are short, upright and do not imbricate, as in all paxillosidans (Gale 2011a), but are similar to those of Plumaster (Gale 2011b: fig. 14b–c). Other than a superficial similarity in shape and the presence of elongated marginal and abactinal spines (also found in other asteroids), Plesiastropecten hallovensis does not show any of the characteristics of the Benthopectinidae, but bears a close similarity to the Pliensbachian–Aalenian multiarmed genus Plumaster, with which it shares broad, short adambulacrals with 5–6 large transversely arranged, hyaline spines and the flanged, imbricating abactinal ossicles (Gale 2011b)., Published as part of Gale, Andy S. & Jagt, John W. M., 2021, The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal, pp. 149-190 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 on pages 178-179, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405, http://zenodo.org/record/5032970, {"references":["Peyer B. 1944. Beitrage zur Kenntnis von Rhat und Lias. Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 36: 303 - 326.","Blake D. B. 1984. The Benthopectinidae (Aseroidea: Echinodermata) of the Jurassic of Switzerland. Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 77 (3): 631 - 647.","Gale A. S. 2011 b. Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) of Savigna, Department [sic] du Jura, France. In: Meyer C. A. & Costeur L. (eds) Special Issue: Echinoderms - from the early","Gale A. S. 2011 a. The phylogeny of post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea (Neoasteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology 85: 1 - 112."]}

Plesiastropecten Peyer, 1944 Plesiastropecten Peyer, 1944: 320, pls 7–8. Type species Plesiastropecten hallovensis Peyer, 1944, by monotypy. Diagnosis Five-rayed plumasterid, in which the abactinal ossicles are stellate and which bears a fringe of elongated marginal spines., Published as part of Gale, Andy S. & Jagt, John W. M., 2021, The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal, pp. 149-190 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 on page 178, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405, http://zenodo.org/record/5032970, {"references":["Peyer B. 1944. Beitrage zur Kenntnis von Rhat und Lias. Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 36: 303 - 326."]}

Punkaster spinifera gen. et sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 89D1989C-BB8C-459E-84D4-40874052C57C Figs 9–11, 12J–K Zwischenplatten QA, RA – Müller 1953: 45, pl. 10 figs qa–ra. indeterminate “cryptozonid” – Jagt 1999: pl. 2 figs 1–2, 4. benthopectinid sp. 2 – Jagt 2000: 394, pl. 6 figs 5–6, 8, 10–12, pl.7 figs 1–2. Diagnosis Punkaster gen. nov. in which the marginal ossicles carry 1–2 cylindrical spine bases, which bore conical spines. Etymology Derived from the Latin ‘ spinifera ’, meaning bearing spines. Material examined A set of>100 associated ossicles (marginals, a single terminal, abactinals, actinals, orals, circumorals, odontophores, adambulacrals, ambulacrals, marginal spines, adambulacral spines and oral spines) from ca 12 metres below the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary in the upper Maastrichtian Højerup Member (Tor Formation; Surlyk et al. 2006) at Kulsti Rende, Stevns Klint, eastern Denmark, is the holotype (NHMM JJ 11736). Additional material includes disarticulated, yet associated, ossicles of another individual from the same locality and stratigraphical unit, as well as isolated marginal ossicles from several localities exposing Cenomanian–Maastrichtian rocks in the United Kingdom (Kent, Hampshire), Belgium, Germany (Rügen, SNSB-BGSP collections; Aachen area) and the Czech Republic, including ossicles from the lower Campanian Chalk of Downend, Hampshire (Gale 1980). Description Marginals are highly distinctive plates; supero- and inferomarginals elongated, broadly rectangular in lateral-abactinal aspect, with a length-parallel central rounded ridge, single oninferomarginals, bifurcating towards distal and proximal margins of superomarginals. Central, raised part of ridge carrying 2–3 spine bases, borne on cylindrical protrusions projecting from surface of ossicles. Superomarginals (Fig. 9E, I, P) with thin, narrow abactinal portion and opposing inferomarginals. Inferomarginals (Fig. 9J, M) with distinctive facet on internal surface for contact with adambulacrals. External surface of supero- and inferomarginals with complex sculpture comprising numerous small, rounded rugosities interconnected by network of stereom. Marginal spines (Fig. 10D–E) conical, thorny. Adambulacrals boot-shaped in actinal and abactinal aspect, large adp forming heel, narrow distal extension (Fig. 10A, H); adradial margin deeply concave to accommodate large tube feet. Three to four attachment sites for fs, sads not present; probable fs large, lanceolate (Fig. 9A–D). Abactinal surface (Fig. 11D) of adambulacrals showing ada3 on abradial margin, poorly defined ada2. Ambulacrals (Figs 9H, Q–R, 10J–M) in proximal position (Fig. 10J) short, broad, distal ambulacrals with elongated ambh (Fig. 10L). Abactinal ridge present (Fig. 10M). Ambulacrals (Figs 9Q–R, 10K, 11C) with separate wing for padam, ada3 on abradial margin, dadam large, ada2 poorly defined, ada1 large. Oral ossicles robust, subtriangular, actinal surface trapezoidal, concave centrally (Fig. 10P). Proximal margin with three oral spine bases and two suboral spine bases on distal margin; apo stout, with shallow rng. Abactinal ossicles flattened parapaxillae, with irregular lobed outlines and bevelled rim (Fig. 9F–G, S). Raised central area with finely rugose stereom which probably carried small spines. Some abactinals with single, outwardly directed spine base. Remarks Punkaster spinifer gen. et sp. nov. differs from P. ruegenensis gen. et sp. nov. (see below) in the unfused proximal supero- and inferomarginals and in the presence of large marginal spine bases. As seen in our reconstruction (Fig. 11), the marginals were paired, not alternating, and carried a transverse fan of 4–6 outwardly directed, large conical thorny spines (Fig. 11A). The species had very large tube feet, protected by large, lanceolate furrow spines (Fig. 11B)., Published as part of Gale, Andy S. & Jagt, John W. M., 2021, The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal, pp. 149-190 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 on pages 168-172, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405, http://zenodo.org/record/5032970, {"references":["Muller A. H. 1953. Die isolierten Skelettelemente der Asteroidea (Asterozoa) aus der obersenonen Schreibkreide von Rugen. Geologie, Beiheft 8: 3 - 66.","Jagt J. W. M. 1999. An overview of Late Cretaceous and Early Palaeogene echinoderm faunas from Liege- Limburg (Belgium, The Netherlands). In: Dhondt A. V. & Alekseev A. S. (eds) D. P. Naidin Festschrift (INTAS 94 - 1414). Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre 69 (Supplement A): 103 - 118.","Jagt J. W. M. 2000. Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeogene echinoderms and the K / T boundary in the southeast Netherlands and northeast Belgium - Part 5: Asteroids. Scripta Geologica 121: 377 - 503.","Surlyk F., Damholt T. & Bjerager M. 2006. Stevns Klint, Denmark: uppermost Maastrichtian chalk, Cretaceous - Tertiary boundary, and lower Danian bryozoan mound complex. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 54: 1 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.37570 / bgsd- 2006 - 54 - 01","Gale A. S. 1980. Penecontemporaneous folding, sedimentation and erosion in Campanian Chalk near Portsmouth, England. Sedimentology 27: 137 - 151. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3091.1980. tb 01165. x"]}

Punkaster ruegenensis gen. et sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9762A572-434A-4D16-86F8-644D05201BC4 Fig. 12A–I, L–M Diagnosis Punkaster gen. nov. in which the proximal supero- and inferomarginals form fused pairs; distally, they are separate. Large marginal spine bases absent. Etymology Named after the island of Rügen (northeast Germany) in the Baltic Sea. Material studied The interradial marginal pair (Fig. 12A) is the holotype (SNSB-BGSP 2020 XLV 31); the other eight ossicles illustrated here are paratypes (SNSB-BGSP 2020 XLV 32–39), all from the upper lower Maastrichtian Chalk of Rügen, northeast Germany. Additional material includes over 30 marginal ossicles and other ossicles from the same locality (lot SNSB-BGSP 2020 XLV 32). Description Proximal marginals fused, bilobed; actinal part formed by a low, elongated, concave inferomarginal, abactinal part a subrectangular flange, formed by superomarginal (Fig. 12A–E, H–I). Infero- and superomarginals separated by a notch of variable size. Proximal/distal profile L-shaped, articulation facets for adjacent marginal plates oval (Fig. 12D). External sculpture of coarse reticulate stereom network, with rugosities, and small cylindrical projections which carried spines. Distal inferomarginals (Fig. 12F–G) rectangular, elongated, with similar sculpture to proximal plates. Presumed adambulacral (Fig. 12L–M) boot-shaped, with deep podial notch and narrow distal portion. Large fs bases present, central actinal face slightly inset, coarsely reticulate, rugose. Remarks The marginal ossicles are most unusual in that supero- and inferomarginal pairs are fused, perhaps uniquely amongst asteroids. The overall shape and sculpture of the ossicles suggest affinity with the type species, Punkaster spinifera gen. et sp. nov. (see above), but the present form differs in the fused proximal marginals and in the absence of large spine bases., Published as part of Gale, Andy S. & Jagt, John W. M., 2021, The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal, pp. 149-190 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 on pages 172-174, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405, http://zenodo.org/record/5032970

Jurapecten hessi Gale, 2011 Figs 6C, G, 7K–Y Jurapecten hessi Gale, 2011a: 84, pl. 19 figs 1–6, 8–12, pl. 20 figs 6–10, 12–14, 19. Jurapecten hessi – Gale 2011b: 76, fig. 6a–h. Diagnosis Jurapecten in which the marginals bear a sculpture of discrete, rounded rugosities and 1–3 larger spine bases on inferomarginals. Ambulacral base short. Material examined The type specimen, NHMUK EE 13594, consists of a set of associated ossicles from the upper Oxfordian (Couches d’Effingen, bifurcatus ammonite Zone, stenocycloides ammonite Subzone) at Savigna, near Orgelet (Département du Jura, France; see Gale 2011 a, 2011b). Additional material comprises several hundred ossicles and groups of associated ossicles from the type locality (NHMUK collections). Remarks There is little new information or material since the original description by Gale (2011 a, 2011b); differences with J. infrajurensis sp. nov. are discussed under that species (see below)., Published as part of Gale, Andy S. & Jagt, John W. M., 2021, The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal, pp. 149-190 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 on page 162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405, http://zenodo.org/record/5032970, {"references":["Gale A. S. 2011 a. The phylogeny of post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea (Neoasteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology 85: 1 - 112.","Gale A. S. 2011 b. Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) of Savigna, Department [sic] du Jura, France. In: Meyer C. A. & Costeur L. (eds) Special Issue: Echinoderms - from the early"]}

Xandarosaster hessi Blake, 1984 Fig. 15A–C Xandarosaster hessi Blake, 1984: 638, figs 2a–i, 3. Material examined The single specimen available (NMB M9683) comprises fragments of three arms and dissociated ossicles, intimately entwined with an isocrinid crinoid on a single slab, from the Bajocian of Reigoldswil (Canton Baselland, Switzerland). The specimen is very fragmentary and is not easy to interpret, because pressure solution has welded scraps of calcite onto most ossicles, making discrimination of features difficult. Description The ossicles of the ambulacral groove are the best preserved and most distinctive part of this specimen (Fig. 15A). The ambh imbricate strongly proximally, and are elongated and triangular. The ambulacrals are waisted, and the ambb carry short asymmetrical flanges for padam and dadam, and articulation surfaces ada1 and ada2. The adambulacrals are rectangular and very elongated, being approximately three times longer than broad; half to two-thirds of the actinal face is occupied by a V-shaped depression for the adadm (Fig. 15B–C). An oblique ridge runs from the proximal part of the V to the distal abradial margin. Proximal adambs carry two large swollen spine bases set obliquely on the proximal face of the ossicle, and more distal adamb have a single spine base. Several oral ossicles are visible. These are very broad and gently convex on the external surface, and an adambulacral articulation ridge and deep V-shaped concavity for the oradm muscle are present. The abactinal ossicles are of even, small size, have a lobed base and carry a large centrally placed, rounded spine boss. Possible marginals are elongated-rectangular and imbricate distally, with a very large round spine base on the proximal part of the external face. The abactinal and marginal spines are conical and moderately long, and have swollen bases. They are made up of elongated trabeculae of stereom. Remarks The ambulacral/adambulacral articulation of X. hessi is utterly dissimilar to that of benthopectinids. The ambh is broad and short in X. hessi, with a strong, short transverse actinal ridge. In benthopectinids, the ambb is triangular and elongated. Xandarosaster hessi has short, oval and nearly symmetrical facets for padam and dadam, which are triangular and strongly asymmetrical in benthopectinids. In X. hessi ada2 and adada are fused and ada3 is absent. In benthopectinids, all three facets are discrete, and ada2 and adada are placed on a ridge adjacent to a concavity on both ambulacrals and adambulacrals. The construction of the spines, with elongated hyaline trabeculae, is unlike that of benthopectinids in which the spines are made of thorny stereom with distally directed barbs. Moreover, the elongated, strongly imbricating, asymmetrical ambh are not present in benthopectinids, where the heads are short and do not imbricate. In summary, X. hessi does not possess a single character of the Benthopectinidae, but has features unique to the Spinulosida (sensu Gale 2011a), including spines constructed of elongated hyaline trabeculae and elongated, triangular proximal ambh which strongly imbricate proximally. Its affinity with other spinulosidans is uncertain, although some aspects of the ambulacrals and adambulacrals are broadly comparable with those of solasterids. The very elongated rectangular adambulacrals are unique to X. hessi. Adambulacrals of this type, currently indeterminate (Fig. 15D), are also found uncommonly in Jurassic sedimentary rocks such as the lower Oxfordian of Andelot-Morval, France., Published as part of Gale, Andy S. & Jagt, John W. M., 2021, The fossil record of the family Benthopectinidae (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), a reappraisal, pp. 149-190 in European Journal of Taxonomy 755 on pages 181-182, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.755.1405, http://zenodo.org/record/5032970, {"references":["Blake D. B. 1984. The Benthopectinidae (Aseroidea: Echinodermata) of the Jurassic of Switzerland. Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae 77 (3): 631 - 647.","Gale A. S. 2018. Origin and phylogeny of the velatid asteroids (Echinodermata, Neoasteroidea) - new evidence from the Jurassic. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 137: 279 - 318. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13358 - 018 - 0155 - z","Gale A. S. 2011 a. The phylogeny of post-Palaeozoic Asteroidea (Neoasteroidea, Echinodermata). Special Papers in Palaeontology 85: 1 - 112."]}

FAMILY CTENOSCULIDAE THIELE, 1925 Diagnosis: Mesoparasites of sea stars, forming cysts. Ovoid or subspherical carapace, with short posteroventral or ventral aperture. Antennules minute or absent. Labrum with short frontal side; mandibles absent; maxillae bifid, non-hooked. Thorax big, elongated, with dorsal projections or long horns. Six pairs of large, leaf-like, simplified thoracopods, mostly biramous, sometimes uniramous. Abdomen four-segmented. Penis vestigial or absent. Adult males unknown. Ctenosculum Heath, 1910 (one species) Endaster Grygier, 1985 (one species) Gongylophysema Grygier, 1987 (one species), Published as part of Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, P��rez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A. & H��eg, Jens T., 2021, The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms, pp. 789-846 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 on page 823, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160, http://zenodo.org/record/5637275

SUBFAMILY AMPHIBALANINAE PITOMBO, 2004 Amphibalanus Pitombo, 2004 (22 species) Fistulobalanus Zullo, 1984 (12 species) Tetrabalanus Cornwall, 1941 (one species), Published as part of Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, P��rez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A. & H��eg, Jens T., 2021, The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms, pp. 789-846 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 on page 836, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160, http://zenodo.org/record/5637275, {"references":["Pitombo FB. 2004. Phylogenetic analysis of the Balanidae"]}

SUBFAMILY LITHOGLYPTINAE AURIVILLIUS, 1892 Auritoglyptes Kolbasov & Newman, 2005 (one species) Balanodytes Utinomi, 1950 (11 species) Lithoglyptes Aurivillius, 1892 (four species), Published as part of Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, P��rez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A. & H��eg, Jens T., 2021, The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms, pp. 789-846 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 on page 825, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160, http://zenodo.org/record/5637275, {"references":["Kolbasov GA, Newman WA. 2005. Revision of the Lithoglyptidae sensu Tomlinson, 1969 and Lithoglyptes Aurivillius, 1892 (Cirripedia, Acrothoracica), including a new species from Bermuda. Zootaxa 1013: 35 - 64."]}

���FAMILY AUSTROBALANIDAE NEWMAN & ROSS, 1976 Diagnosis: Four-plated shells with thin-walled parietes; paries smooth internally, lacking ���an inflected basal margin���; scutum without adductor ridge, articular ridge moderately prominent, adductor pits for depressor muscles absent; tergum with articular furrow wide, spur confluent with basirostral angle. Comment: Chan et al. (2017a) conducted a molecular analysis of pachylasmatids, bathylasmatids and tetraclitids. Austrobalanus formed a basal relationship with the clade containing bathylamatids and tetraclitids. Molecular evidence therefore supports the family status of Austrobalanidae. ��� Austrobalanus Pilsbry, 1916 (Eocene���Recent) (three species), Published as part of Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, P��rez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A. & H��eg, Jens T., 2021, The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms, pp. 789-846 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 on page 836, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160, http://zenodo.org/record/5637275, {"references":["Newman WA, Ross A. 1976. Revision of the balanomorph barnacles; including a catalog of the species. Memoirs of the San Diego Society of Natural History 9: 1 - 108.","Chan BKK, Corbari L, Rodriguez Moreno PA, Tsang LM. 2017 a. Molecular phylogeny of the lower acorn barnacle families (Bathylasmatidae, Chionelasmatidae, Pachylasmatidae and Waikalasmatidae) (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha) with evidence for revisions in family classification. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 180: 542 - 555."]}

†SUPERFAMILY ELMINOIDEA SUPERFAM. NOV. (OLIGOCENE–RECENT) Diagnosis: Six- or four-plated shells with solid parietes, without chitinous laminae or stringers and interlaminate figures; radii solid; basis membranous. Comment: This superfamily contains only a single family but is created for formal reasons, because the Elminiidae diverge phylogenetically between the Chthamaloidea and the clade consisting of the Coronuloidea + Balanoidea.

������FAMILY EOLEPADIDAE BUCKERIDGE, 1983 (TRIASSIC���LOWER CRETACEOUS) Diagnosis: Eolepadomorpha that possess a rostrum. Eolepas Withers, 1928 (seven species) Toarcolepas Gale & Schweigert, 2015 (three species), Published as part of Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, P��rez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A. & H��eg, Jens T., 2021, The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms, pp. 789-846 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 on page 827, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160, http://zenodo.org/record/5637275, {"references":["Buckeridge JS. 1983. Fossil barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica) of New Zealand and Australia. New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin 50: 1 - 151 + pls.","Withers TH. 1928. Cataloque of fossil Cirripedia in the Department of Geology, I. Triassic and Jurassic. London: British Museum of Natural History.","Gale AS, Schweigert G. 2015. A new phosphatic-shelled cirripede (Crustacea, Thoracica) from the Lower Jurassic (Toarcian) of Germany - the oldest epiplanktonic barnacle. Palaeontology 59: 59 - 70."]}

SUBFAMILY METALASMATINAE JONES, 2000 Metalasma Jones, 2000 (one species), Published as part of Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, P��rez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A. & H��eg, Jens T., 2021, The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms, pp. 789-846 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 on page 834, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160, http://zenodo.org/record/5637275, {"references":["Jones DS. 2000. Crustacea Cirripedia Thoracica: Chionelasmatoidea and Pachylasmatoidea (Balanomorpha) of New Caledonia, Vanuatu and Wallis and Futuna Islands, with a review of all currently assigned taxa. In: Crosnier A, ed. Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM 21. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Serie A, Zoologie 184: 141 - 283."]}

†SUBFAMILY BATHYLASMATINAE NEWMAN & ROSS, 1971 (PALAEOCENE–RECENT) † Bathylasma Newman & Ross, 1971 (Palaeocene– Recent) (one species) † Mesolasma Foster, 1981 (Oligocene–Recent) (one species) †† Tessarelasma Withers, 1936 (Miocene) (two species) Tetrachaelasama Newman & Ross, 1971 (two species)

��� ORDER POLLICIPOMORPHA ORD. NOV. (JURASSIC���RECENT) Diagnosis: Capitulum includes a large number (20��� 40+) of imbricating, secondary lateral plates, which decrease in size towards the basal margin. Comment: This group was abundant and widespread in the Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous (Zeugmatolepadidae; see Gale, 2014a, 2020a). Extant Pollicipedidae (Capitulum and Pollicipes) extend back into the Cretaceous and, with Lithotryidae, form a group that always cluster closely together in the molecular analyses., Published as part of Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, P��rez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A. & H��eg, Jens T., 2021, The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms, pp. 789-846 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 on page 828, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160, http://zenodo.org/record/5637275, {"references":["Gale AS. 2014 a. New thoracican cirripedes (Crustacea) from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of the UK. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 125: 406 - 418.","Gale AS. 2020 a. New thoracican cirripedes (Crustacea) from the Cretaceous of Europe and North Africa. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie 295: 243 - 248."]}

FAMILY MYCETOMORPHIDAE HØEG & RYBAKOV, 1992 Diagnosis: As provided by Høeg et al. (2020). Comment: Originally hosted in the now abandoned ‘Akentrogonida’; molecular analyss now places Mycetomorpha within or as sister group to the Peltogastridae, and thus widely separated from the other akentrogonid-type rhizocephalans. Host: Caridea. Mycetomorpha Potts, 1912 (two species)

������FAMILY PACHYDIADEMATIDAE FAM. NOV. Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: l s i d: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: A16DF979-F1B2-4678-87F3-D3753B05F90B ��� ��� Pa ch y d i a d e m a Wi t h e r s, 1 9 3 5 (T y p e g e n u s) (Cretaceous) (one species), Published as part of Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, P��rez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A. & H��eg, Jens T., 2021, The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms, pp. 789-846 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 on page 833, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160, http://zenodo.org/record/5637275

���FAMILY NEOLEPADIDAE YAMAGUCHI, NEWMAN & HASHIMOTO, 2004 (AMENDED) Diagnosis: Eight-plated capitulum comprising two scuta, two terga, two upper latera, a carina and a rostrum. The large rostrum articulates with the rostral margin of the scutum, and the carina with the lower carinal margin of the tergum. Comment: The number of shell plates has evolved secondarily from forms with additional lateral plates. In the amended diagnosis, the family does not include Neoverruca and Imbricaverruca. Note that we do not here consider ������ Litholepas klausreschi Nagler, Haug, Glenner & Buckeridge, 2017 as a member of this family. ��� Ashinkailepas Yamaguchi, Newman & Hashimoto, 2004 (Pleistocene���Recent) (three species) Leucolepas Southward & Jones, 2003 (one species) Neolepas Newman, 1979 (three species) ������ Stipilepas Carriol, 2016 (Eocene) (one species) Vulcanolepas Southward & Jones, 2003 (five species), Published as part of Chan, Benny K. K., Dreyer, Niklas, Gale, Andy S., Glenner, Henrik, Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, P��rez-Losada, Marcos, Kolbasov, Gregory A., Crandall, Keith A. & H��eg, Jens T., 2021, The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms, pp. 789-846 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 on pages 831-832, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160, http://zenodo.org/record/5637275, {"references":["Carriol R-P, Bonde N, Jakobsen SL, Hoeg JT. 2016. New stalked and sessile cirripedes from the Eocene Mo Clay, northwest Jutland (Denmark). Geodiversitas 38: 21 - 32."]}