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188 results on '"Galea, Joseph M."'

9. Consensus Paper: Towards a Systems-Level View of Cerebellar Function: the Interplay Between Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia, and Cortex

Author

Caligiore, Daniele, Pezzulo, Giovanni, Baldassarre, Gianluca, Bostan, Andreea C., Strick, Peter L., Doya, Kenji, Helmich, Rick C., Dirkx, Michiel, Houk, James, Jörntell, Henrik, Lago-Rodriguez, Angel, Galea, Joseph M., Miall, R. Chris, Popa, Traian, Kishore, Asha, Verschure, Paul F. M. J., Zucca, Riccardo, and Herreros, Ivan

Published
2017
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27. Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (ctDCS)

Author

Grimaldi, Giuliana, Argyropoulos, Georgios P., Bastian, Amy, Cortes, Mar, Davis, Nicholas J., Edwards, Dylan J., Ferrucci, Roberta, Fregni, Felipe, Galea, Joseph M., Hamada, Masahi, Manto, Mario, Miall, R. Chris, Morales-Quezada, Leon, Pope, Paul A., Priori, Alberto, Rothwell, John, Tomlinson, S. Paul, and Celnik, Pablo

Subjects
safety, language, learning, Neuronal Plasticity, cerebellum, Cerebellar Ataxia, Motor Cortex, Reviews, emotion, modeling, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, ctDCS, motor, working memory, cognitive, nervous system, plasticity, Animals, Humans, direct current stimulation, transcranial
Abstract

The cerebellum is critical for both motor and cognitive control. Dysfunction of the cerebellum is a component of multiple neurological disorders. In recent years, interventions have been developed that aim to excite or inhibit the activity and function of the human cerebellum. Transcranial direct current stimulation of the cerebellum (ctDCS) promises to be a powerful tool for the modulation of cerebellar excitability. This technique has gained popularity in recent years as it can be used to investigate human cerebellar function, is easily delivered, is well tolerated, and has not shown serious adverse effects. Importantly, the ability of ctDCS to modify behavior makes it an interesting approach with a potential therapeutic role for neurological patients. Through both electrical and non-electrical effects (vascular, metabolic) ctDCS is thought to modify the activity of the cerebellum and alter the output from cerebellar nuclei. Physiological studies have shown a polarity-specific effect on the modulation of cerebellar-motor cortex connectivity, likely via cerebellar-thalamocortical pathways. Modeling studies that have assessed commonly used electrode montages have shown that the ctDCS-generated electric field reaches the human cerebellum with little diffusion to neighboring structures. The posterior and inferior parts of the cerebellum (i.e., lobules VI-VIII) seem particularly susceptible to modulation by ctDCS. Numerous studies have shown to date that ctDCS can modulate motor learning, and affect cognitive and emotional processes. Importantly, this intervention has a good safety profile; similar to when applied over cerebral areas. Thus, investigations have begun exploring ctDCS as a viable intervention for patients with neurological conditions.

Published
2016

31. Dopamine-Dependent Loss Aversion during Effort-Based Decision-Making.

Author

Xiuli Chen, Voets, Sarah, Jenkinson, Ned, and Galea, Joseph M.

Subjects
LOSS aversion, BEHAVIORAL assessment, PARKINSON'S disease, IMPULSE control disorders
Abstract

From psychology to economics, there has been substantial interest in how costs (e.g., delay, risk) are represented asymmetrically during decision-making when attempting to gain reward or avoid punishment. For example, in decision-making under risk, individuals show a tendency to prefer to avoid punishment rather than to acquire the equivalent reward (loss aversion). Although the cost of physical effort has recently received significant attention, it remains unclear whether loss aversion exists during effort-based decision-making. On the one hand, loss aversion may be hardwired due to asymmetric evolutionary pressure on losses and gains and therefore exists across decision-making contexts. On the other hand, distinct brain regions are involved with different decision costs, making it questionable whether similar asymmetries exist. Here, we demonstrate that young healthy human participants (females, 16; males, 6) exhibit loss aversion during effort-based decision-making by exerting more physical effort to avoid punishment than to gain a same-size reward. Next, we show that medicated Parkinson's disease (PD) patients (females, 9; males, 9) show a reduction in loss aversion compared with age-matched control subjects (females, 11; males, 9). Behavioral and computational analysis revealed that people with PD exerted similar physical effort in return for a reward but were less willing to produce effort to avoid punishment. Therefore, loss aversion is present during effort-based decision-making and can be modulated by altered dopaminergic state. This finding could have important implications for our understanding of clinical disorders that show a reduced willingness to exert effort in the pursuit of reward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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38. Individual differences in explicit and implicit visuomotor learning and working memory capacity

Author

Christou, Antonios I., Miall, R. Chris, McNab, Fiona, and Galea, Joseph M.

Abstract

The theoretical basis for the association between high working memory capacity (WMC) and enhanced visuomotor adaptation is unknown. Visuomotor adaptation involves interplay between explicit and implicit systems. We examined whether the positive association between adaptation and WMC is specific to the explicit component of adaptation. Experiment 1 replicated the positive correlation between WMC and adaptation, but revealed this was specific to the explicit component of adaptation, and apparently driven by a sub-group of participants who did not show any explicit adaptation in the correct direction. A negative correlation was observed between WMC and implicit learning. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that when the task restricted the development of an explicit strategy, high WMC was no longer associated with enhanced adaptation. This work reveals that the benefit of high WMC is specifically linked to an individual’s capacity to use an explicit strategy. It also reveals an important contribution of individual differences in determining how adaptation is performed.

Published
2016

44. Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (ctDCS):A Novel Approach to Understanding Cerebellar Function in Health and Disease

Author

Grimaldi, Giuliana, Argyropoulos, Georgios P, Bastian, Amy, Cortes, Mar, Davis, Nicholas J, Edwards, Dylan J, Ferrucci, Roberta, Fregni, Felipe, Galea, Joseph M, Hamada, Masahi, Manto, Mario, Miall, R Chris, Morales-Quezada, Leon, Pope, Paul A, Priori, Alberto, Rothwell, John, Tomlinson, S Paul, Celnik, Pablo, Grimaldi, Giuliana, Argyropoulos, Georgios P, Bastian, Amy, Cortes, Mar, Davis, Nicholas J, Edwards, Dylan J, Ferrucci, Roberta, Fregni, Felipe, Galea, Joseph M, Hamada, Masahi, Manto, Mario, Miall, R Chris, Morales-Quezada, Leon, Pope, Paul A, Priori, Alberto, Rothwell, John, Tomlinson, S Paul, and Celnik, Pablo

Abstract

The cerebellum is critical for both motor and cognitive control. Dysfunction of the cerebellum is a component of multiple neurological disorders. In recent years, interventions have been developed that aim to excite or inhibit the activity and function of the human cerebellum. Transcranial direct current stimulation of the cerebellum (ctDCS) promises to be a powerful tool for the modulation of cerebellar excitability. This technique has gained popularity in recent years as it can be used to investigate human cerebellar function, is easily delivered, is well tolerated, and has not shown serious adverse effects. Importantly, the ability of ctDCS to modify behavior makes it an interesting approach with a potential therapeutic role for neurological patients. Through both electrical and non-electrical effects (vascular, metabolic) ctDCS is thought to modify the activity of the cerebellum and alter the output from cerebellar nuclei. Physiological studies have shown a polarity-specific effect on the modulation of cerebellar-motor cortex connectivity, likely via cerebellar-thalamocortical pathways. Modeling studies that have assessed commonly used electrode montages have shown that the ctDCS-generated electric field reaches the human cerebellum with little diffusion to neighboring structures. The posterior and inferior parts of the cerebellum (i.e., lobules VI-VIII) seem particularly susceptible to modulation by ctDCS. Numerous studies have shown to date that ctDCS can modulate motor learning, and affect cognitive and emotional processes. Importantly, this intervention has a good safety profile; similar to when applied over cerebral areas. Thus, investigations have begun exploring ctDCS as a viable intervention for patients with neurological conditions.

Published
2016

46. Consensus Paper: Towards a Systems-Level View of Cerebellar Function: the Interplay Between Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia, and Cortex

Author

Caligiore, Daniele, primary, Pezzulo, Giovanni, additional, Baldassarre, Gianluca, additional, Bostan, Andreea C., additional, Strick, Peter L., additional, Doya, Kenji, additional, Helmich, Rick C., additional, Dirkx, Michiel, additional, Houk, James, additional, Jörntell, Henrik, additional, Lago-Rodriguez, Angel, additional, Galea, Joseph M., additional, Miall, R. Chris, additional, Popa, Traian, additional, Kishore, Asha, additional, Verschure, Paul F. M. J., additional, Zucca, Riccardo, additional, and Herreros, Ivan, additional

Published
2016
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