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The market for wrist-worn devices is growing at previously unheard-of speeds. A consequence of their fast commercialization is a lack of adequate studies testing their accuracy on varied populations and pursuits. To provide an understanding of wearable sensors for sports medicine, the present study examined heart rate (HR) measurements of four popular wrist-worn devices, the (Fitbit Charge (FB), Apple Watch (AW), Tomtom runner Cardio (TT), and Samsung G2 (G2)), and compared them with gold standard measurements derived by continuous electrocardiogram examination (ECG). Eight athletes participated in a comparative study undergoing maximal stress testing on a cycle ergometer or a treadmill. We analyzed 1,286 simultaneous HR data pairs between the tested devices and the ECG. The four devices were reasonably accurate at the lowest activity level. However, at higher levels of exercise intensity the FB and G2 tended to underestimate HR values during intense physical effort, while the TT and AW devices were fairly reliable. Our results suggest that HR estimations should be considered cautiously at specific intensities. Indeed, an effective intervention is required to register accurate HR readings at high-intensity levels (above 150 bpm). It is important to consider that even though none of these devices are certified or sold as medical or safety devices, researchers must nonetheless evaluate wrist-worn wearable technology in order to fully understand how HR affects psychological and physical health, especially under conditions of more intense exercise.

The study was funded by grants awarded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (DEP2016–78559-R; sub-program DEPO; DEP2012-40156) for competitive investigation., The anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are the most frequently consumed performance enhancing drugs (PED) in sports. In the anti-doping field, the detection of AAS is carried out by the analysis of the athlete’s urine using methodologies based on liquid/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Unfortunately, the detection of unknown compounds is not possible. BDS’s AR CALUX® bio detection technology was studied as an indirect method to detect the administration of a single dose of testosterone (T). Twelve T and placebo single dose administered men volunteers underwent a triple-blind crossover clinical trial. The UGT2B17 deletion was present among the volunteers and evenly distributed in heterozygous (ins/del), wild-type homozygous (ins/ins), and mutated homozygous (del/del) groups. A significant statistical difference in terms of bioluminescence was observed after the testosterone (T) administration for the three types of polymorphic groups. The ratio of means between the pre- and post-T administration periods, depending on the type of polymorphism, was in group ins/ins 3.31 (CI. 95%: 2.07–5.29), group ins/del 4.15 (CI 95%: 3.05–5.67), and group del/del 2.89 (CI 95%: 2.42–3.46). The results of the study are very promising, as they may offer us the possibility of designing a detection approach that, based on intra-individual monitoring of androgenic values, in the UGT2B17 deletion type., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Fac. de Medicina, TRUE, pub

The myths surrounding women’s participation in sport have been reflected in respiratory physiology. This study aims to demonstrate that continuous monitoring of blood oxygen saturation during a maximal exercise test in female athletes is highly correlated with the determination of the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) or anaerobic threshold (AnT). The measurements were performed using a pulse oximeter during a maximum effort test on a treadmill on a population of 27 healthy female athletes. A common behavior of the oxygen saturation evolution during the incremental exercise test characterized by a decrease in saturation before the aerobic threshold (AeT) followed by a second significant drop was observed. Decreases in peripheral oxygen saturation during physical exertion have been related to the athlete’s physical fitness condition. However, this drop should not be a limiting factor in women’s physical performance. We found statistically significant correlations between the maximum oxygen uptake and the appearance of the ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2), the desaturation time, the total test time, and between the desaturation time and the VT2. We observed a relationship between the desaturation time and the VT2 appearance. Indeed, a linear regression model between the desaturation time and the VT2 appearance can predict 80% of the values in our sample. Besides, we suggest that pulse oximetry is a simple, fairly accurate, and non-invasive technique for studying the physical condition of athletes who perform physical exertion., Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte, Depto. de Radiología, Rehabilitación y Fisioterapia, Fac. de Medicina, TRUE, pub

Arterio-venous oxygen difference is very high at rest (70-80%) and is the main determinant to set an increase in coronary blood fiow as the major mechanism to meet myocardial oxygen requirements during exercise. Cor­ onary blood fiow is not evenly distributed throughout the myocardium during cardiac cycle: it is higher in the subepicardium during systole and higher in the suben­ docardium during diastoJet and mainly depends on two factors: heart rate (HR) and blood pressure.

La oximetría de pulso es un método con el que se establece la saturación del oxígeno en sangre periférica en función de la determinación del nivel de absorción de luces rojas, al hacerlas incidir sobre la hemoglobina. Es una tecnología que está basada en la propiedad de la hemoglobina de presentar diferentes espectros de absorción según cuál sea su estado (oxigenado o reducido). Es, por tanto, una técnica de laboratorio no invasiva, no cruenta, que resulta una buena herramienta para el control continuo de la saturación de oxígeno en sangre periférica. Sin embargo, presenta ciertas restricciones y desventajas. Algunas se deben a la propia estructura y composición del aparato en sí, y otras a factores externos, entre los que se encuentran el movimiento o la hiperpigmentación de la piel. Su aplicación en la prueba de esfuerzo ha sido de reciente uso, utilizándose en ergometría en la clínica (especialmente en cardiología y neumología), y, en menor medida, en el ámbito de la medicina deportiva, donde se han encontrado interesantes resultados para el estudio de la condición física de los deportistas. La mayoría de los estudios llevados a cabo con pulsioximetría dentro del ámbito de la medicina deportiva y en la clínica se han realizado en poblaciones masculinas, encontrándose pocos trabajos centrados en mujeres. Estudios previos atribuyen limitaciones en el rendimiento físico de las mujeres deportistas a consecuencia de diferencias anatómicas y fisiológicas del sistema respiratorio. El objetivo de esta tesis ha sido determinar la saturación transcutánea de oxígeno en mujeres deportistas de distintas razas (negra y caucasiana) y analizar la correlación de dicha determinación con los umbrales ventilatorios aeróbico y anaeróbico..., Oximetry is a method used to assess peripheral blood oxygen saturation based on the determination of the level of red light absorption, directly influenced by the hemoglobin levels. This technology is based on the property of hemoglobin that shows different absorption spectra depending on its state (oxygenated or reduced). Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive laboratory technique, and a useful tool for continuous monitoring oxygen saturation in peripheral blood. However, it shows some limitations and disadvantages - some due to the structure and composition of the device itself, and others, a consequence of external factors such as movement or skin hyperpigmentation. Its application in stress tests has been recently used; mainly in the clinical setting (especially in cardiology and pulmonology), and to a lesser extent, in the field of sports medicine, where interesting results have been found in the study of athletes’ physical condition. Most studies carried out with pulse oximetry within the scope of sports medicine and in the clinic, have been carried out in male populations, with few studies seen in female populations. Some of these studies attribute limited physical performance to women, and suggest that the cause is due to anatomic and physiological in their respiratory system in comparison to men...

[ES] Sensor, dispositivo, sistema y método no invasivo para determinar parámetros de ejercicio durante la realización de un ejercicio físico. Sensor (1) no invasivo en forma de anillo para determinar la saturación de oxígeno en sangre y la frecuencia cardiaca de un individuo que realiza ejercicio físico que comprende un emisor de señales para su transmisión a través del tejido y del volumen sanguíneo arterial del dedo del individuo, un receptor de las señales transmitidas y una primera unidad de comunicación (4) que envía inalámbricamente estas señales a una segunda unidad de comunicación (9) de un dispositivo electrónico remoto (7). En el dispositivo (7) se determina la concentración máxima de lactato en caso de realización de un ejercicio progresivo e intenso y el intervalo de frecuencia cardiaca de entrenamiento a partir del valor de las desaturaciones de oxígeno del volumen sanguíneo arterial. La invención se refiere también a un sistema que comprende un sensor (1) y un dispositivo (7) así como al método para determinar zonas de trabajo mediante dicho sistema., [EN] A non-invasive, ring-shaped sensor (1) for determining blood oxygen saturation and heart rate of a person performing a physical exercise comprises a signal transmitter that transmits signals through the tissue and the arterial blood volume in the finger of the person, a receiver for receiving the transmitted signals and a first communication unit (4) that sends these signals wirelessly to a second communication unit (9) of a remote electronic device (7). In the device (7) the maximum lactate concentration, in the case of the performance of a progressive and intense exercise, and the training heart rate range are determined on the basis of the oxygen desaturation value in the arterial blood volume. The invention also relates to a system that comprises a sensor (1) and a device (7), as well as to the method for determining working zones using this system.

[EN] A non-invasive, ring-shaped sensor (1) for determining blood oxygen saturation and heart rate of a person performing a physical exercise comprises a signal transmitter that transmits signals through the tissue and the arterial blood volume in the finger of the person, a receiver for receiving the transmitted signals and a first communication unit (4) that sends these signals wirelessly to a second communication unit (9) of a remote electronic device (7). In the device (7) the maximum lactate concentration, in the case of the performance of a progressive and intense exercise, and the training heart rate range are determined on the basis of the oxygen desaturation value in the arterial blood volume. The invention also relates to a system that comprises a sensor (1) and a device (7), as well as to the method for determining working zones using this system., [ES] Sensor, dispositivo, sistema y método no invasivo para determinar parámetros de ejercicio durante la realización de un ejercicio físico. Sensor (1) no invasivo en forma de anillo para determinar la saturación de oxígeno en sangre y la frecuencia cardiaca de un individuo que realiza ejercicio físico que comprende un emisor de señales para su transmisión a través del tejido y del volumen sanguíneo arterial del dedo del individuo, un receptor de las señales transmitidas y una primera unidad de comunicación (4) que envía inalámbricamente estas señales a una segunda unidad de comunicación (9) de un dispositivo electrónico remoto (7). En el dispositivo (7) se determina la concentración máxima de lactato en caso de realización de un ejercicio progresivo e intenso y el intervalo de frecuencia cardiaca de entrenamiento a partir del valor de las desaturaciones de oxígeno del volumen sanguíneo arterial. La invención se refiere también a un sistema que comprende un sensor (1) y un dispositivo (7) así como al método para determinar zonas de trabajo mediante dicho sistema.

Increased peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) can reduce cardiovascular risks associated with obesity. Our aim was to analyze the effect of a weight loss program on cardiovascular fitness in overweight (W) and obese (O) subjects.

En este libro se recoge una selección de las comunicaciones presentadas en el IV Congreso Internacional ‘Deporte, Dopaje y Sociedad’ que se celebró en Madrid del 26 de febrero al 1 de marzo de 2014 y que fue organizado conjuntamente por la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid y la Agencia Española de Protección de la Salud en el Deporte. Los textos están escritos en español, francés e inglés y abordan el estudio del fenómeno del dopaje desde el ámbito especifico de las Ciencias Humanas y Sociales a través de disciplinas como Historia, Derecho, Sociología, Psicología, Economía, Ciencias de la Información y otras disciplinas relacionadas.

Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive optical technique that can be used to quantify the arterial blood pulse rate. Signal corruption by motion artifacts limits the practical accuracy and applicability of instruments for monitoring pulse rate during intense physical exercise. This study develops and validates an algorithm, which is based on linear filtering and frequency-domain and heuristic analyses, for extracting the heart rate from a PPG signal in the presence of severe motion artifacts. The basis of the hearth beat frequency selection is the observed high harmonic content of movement artifact signals with respect to the PPG-derived heartbeat. The algorithm, implemented in an experimental PPG measurement device, is developed by analyzing a set of PPG data recorded from a group of athletes exercising on a treadmill. An extensive set of tests is carried out during maximal exercise tests on a treadmill to validate the proposed algorithm by comparison with a reference electrocardiography measurement system. The Bland-Altman method is used to compare and evaluate PPG signals. The accuracy of the heartbeat measurement is better than ± 6.5 beats per minute (bpm) (< 4.2 %) even under maximal exercise conditions.

The objective of this study is the continuous measurement of blood oxygen saturation in athletes while performing an exercise stress test. The knowledge of the evolution of oxygen saturation during exercise could be a useful parameter for evaluating the improvement in sports performance. The continuous measurement of blood oxygen saturation by means of pulse oximetry requires less sophisticated apparatus than current measurements. The study was performed in 51 voluntary healthy athletes (25 males and 26 females). Measurements have been performed with two pulse oximeters, one commercial portable of last generation (Pulsos-3i of Minolta) and another one that is a prototype developed at the Institute of Microelectronics of Madrid, during a treadmill test and the recovery period. The results obtained with this type of measurements presented high correlation coefficients (r= 0.88) in both sexes between VO2 max and the time of duration of the test and between the time the second threshold appeared and the time in which the lowest value of saturation of oxygen in blood (r=0.87) appeared. This is of great interest because saturation of oxygen could be a value with future potential in the determination of the second ventilatory threshold.