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[EN] The submarine eruption of La Restinga, now known under the name of Tagoro volcano, began in early October 2011 offshore the southern coast of El Hierro island and ended in early March 2012. This eruption produced a volcanic cone, hornitos, a thick pyroclastic apron that prograded towards the base of the volcanic edifice and volcanic products that emerged from the sea floor over sea level, such as lava balloons and low-density vesicular pyroclasts (xeno-pumices/restingolitas) that popped up in the sea surface. All these submarine volcanic elements and processes, which have been monitored and studied by direct and indirect scientific techniques, have made it possible to gain scientific knowledge of the whole eruption, taking into consideration that no other submarine eruption had been studied before in Spain. Tagoro is the youngest Spanish submarine volcano included in the national geoheritage inventory (Spanish Inventory of Geological Sites of Interest), being representative and the best example of an underwater eruption, as well as one that has been studied and monitored by various research teams since the beginning of the magmatic unrest. It is essential that geoheritage inventories include submarine geosites as an essential part of geological knowledge of the planet. For this reason, a new methodology has been designed for assessment because most of the criteria used in terrestrial geosites are not applicable. This submarine volcano, despite its inaccessibility, is a geotouristic resource for the El Hierro UNESCO Global Geopark (UGGp), which uses new technologies for its interpretation, through virtual reality presentation so that the visitors can access it at the Interpretation Centre. It is necessary to promote educational and tourist use by means of new technologies such as augmented reality, an e-library and a specialized section on its website that can be easily accessed with QR codes located in La Restinga port and in the UGGp network of hotels and rura

[EN] Secondary volcanic hazards (SVH) are not usually considered in volcanic hazard analysis, nor are they specifically included in volcanic risk management plans. However, SVH may cause more damage than primary volcanic hazards (PVH). The magmatic unrest on El Hierro Island in 2011–2012 is a perfect example of how SVH can be one of the leading causes of damage during magmatic unrest. Rockfalls are common on the island of El Hierro, mainly controlled by the heterogeneous lithology and the steep topography. Heavy rainfall and strong wind are usually the main triggering factors. However, during the 2011–2012 El Hierro Island magmatic unrest most of them were triggered due to earthquakes. Rock falls caused roadblocks and damage to road infrastructure. Two reports analysing rockfall hazards and associated risks during the emergency were based on expert knowledge and highlighted the need for, a comprehensive inventory of rockfalls, their processes characterisation, recurring event timing estimations and an analysis of their triggering factors. The need for better rockfall understanding on El Hierro island and the extensive experience of the local Civil Protection agents that were already working with citizens during the volcanic emergency, led to the development of a Rockfall Citizen’s Observatory. The observatory aims to engage citizens in the study of this geological hazard, hence providing a substantial increase in the amount of high quality data for rockfall risk analysis.

[EN] Hydrovolcanism, resulting from the interaction of magma with water, is a frequent volcanic process found in many geotectonic settings and fundamental in the growth of oceanic islands. Examples of shallow to intermediate-depth hydrovolcanic activity are frequent in the Canary Islands and characterise volcanism from the seamount stage and emergent island stage to historical volcanism. We present a review of the existing information on subaqueous shallow and intermediate-depth hydrovolcanic eruptions on El Hierro prior to the 2011–2012 Tagoro hydrovolcanic eruption. New information is provided based on the study of subaerial and intermediate-depth volcanic deposits, as well as on the analysis of possible historical submarine eruptions. Our findings show that there is evidence of several shallow and intermediate-depth submarine eruptions around El Hierro Island, some having occurred in historical times. Knowledge of these eruptions is essential not only to better understand the evolution of the island, to establish future coastal and submarine eruptive scenarios, but also to improve volcanic risk analysis. This work highlights the fact that, when dealing with volcanic islands, it is essential to include not only the coastline as a boundary, but also to consider the subaerial and submarine part of the islands in a continuous fashion, always taking into account sea level changes in the past as well as in the future.

[EN] On 19 September 2021, a new monogenetic volcano (Tajogaite) erupted on the Island of La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain). After 85 days of Strombolian style eruption, with emissions of volcanic material, a pyroclastic cone 200 m high and 800 m in its basal diameter was formed. Successive lava flows descended the western slopes and reached the Atlantic Ocean on 29 September. On descending the coastal cliffs and entering the sea, the lava flows formed two lava deltas on the submarine island shelf, backed by fossilized coastal cliffs. This geological event has raised a new challenge: the environmental conservation of new volcanic landscapes in island territories with high anthropogenic pressure on land uses. This work uses comparative and numerical methods in geoheritage to support their conservation from a scientific basis. In a first phase, a cartographic inventory was made of all the volcanic formations similar to the new volcano in the geological framework of the Canary Islands. In a second phase, their representativeness (A), rarity (R), diversity (D), integrity (I), and observability (O) were quantitatively measured by means of dimensional estimators. The results obtained show that the new volcano presents a geological value of the first order in the context of the Canary Islands, which is one of the most prominent oceanic archipelago worldwide. Its value is based above all on its high conservation state with respect to the similar volcanoes in the Canary Islands. The high mismatch found between the intrinsic geological value and the environmental protection of this area, justifies the development and application of urgent basic guidelines for its protection, as well as the promotion of geotourism as opposed to alternative land uses.

[EN] This work constitutes the first geochemical, mineralogical and textural analysis of the early fumarolic deposits that appeared in the Tajogaite Volcano (La Palma island, Spain) one month after the official end of the eruptive process. Fourteen fumaroles grouped into 5 study areas have been characterized following a novel methodology that includes on-site microscopic observations and weak samples preservation for their laboratory characterization. Three main mineralogical zones were identified in the fumaroles: 1) sulphur-sulphate; 2) halides; and 3) salammoniac zone. Zones 1 and 2 are included in the S-gas domain and the predominance of sulphur-sulphate minerals or halides in the mineral deposits is dependent on the gas temperature (halides appear in the high temperature fumaroles). Zone 3 overlaps the (HCl-CO) and (HCl) -gas domains. The thermal analysis of the fumaroles provides the sequence of mineral suites according to the vent temperature. Sylvite-halite-tenorite are revealed as typical minerals of high-temperature fumaroles (>530 °C), whilst Ca, Mg and Na sulphates appear in low-temperature fumaroles (<200 °C). Salammoniac-Mascagnite forms in intermediate ranges (170–350 °C). Finally, three different fumarole types are recognized (punctual, diffuse and associated to fissures), establishing different environmental conditions for mineral precipitation. Differences are based on the gas flux mechanism, the gas-rock interaction intensity, temperature and gas concentrations. All these data will serve as a referenced starting point for later studies focused on fumarole evolution and the degassing process of volcanic systems in oceanic volcanic islands framework.

[EN] This paper analyses the performance of SAR-based results to support emergency management operations during the volcanic crisis of La Palma island. Tajogaite eruption began on September 19th 2021 affecting a high populated area and the surrounding farmland, used for different agricultural purposes. SAR datasets obtained from Sentinel-1, COSMO-SkyMED, PAZ-TerraSAR-X and Capella satellites, were processed to calculate amplitude, coherence and differential interferograms. These results have permitted to map the morphology of the volcanic cone, the evolution of lava flows and the regional displacements. The comparison of the results obtained with the different satellites has been useful to understand their performance during an emergency scenario triggered by a volcanic eruption. COSMO-SkyMED has provided the most useful information for the analysis of the cone morphology and the lava flows. Sentinel-1 showed the best performance for regional displacements monitoring, whereas PAZ results was the second best option for all the retrieved products.

[EN] Understanding the drivers of the onset, evolution, and end of eruptions and their impact on eruption style is critical in eruption forecasting and emergency management. The composition of erupted liquids is a key piece of the volcano puzzle, but untangling subtle melt variations remains an analytical challenge. Here, we apply rapid, high-resolution matrix geochemical analysis on samples of known eruption date spanning the entire 2021 La Palma eruption. Sr isotope signatures reveal distinct pulses of basanite melt driving the onset, restart, and evolution of the eruption. Elemental variations in matrix and microcrysts track progressive invasion, and draining, of a subcrustal crystal mush. Associated variations in lava flow rate, vent development, seismicity, and SO2 emission demonstrate that volcanic matrix resolves eruption patterns that could be expected in future basaltic eruptions globally.

[EN] The analysis of extreme geological events and the proposal of mitigation measures to prevent the concomitant hazard and risk effects, especially on the natural and cultural heritage, are addressed from the IGME-CSIC research group on “Geological extreme events and Heritage”, by applying pioneer and innovative methodological approaches, including: geology applied to emergency situations; earthquake geology and archaeo-seismology; geological hazard assessment in volcanic islands; cataloguing and surveying mass movements; flood and paleoflood hydrology and geomorphology; characterization and observation of geological events through UAS; education and training on geological risk; and citizen science. The main results achieved by the group components, along the last five years (2017-2021), amount to 400 high quality publications and the involvement in more than one hundred scientific projects (leading twenty of them); additionally to many contributions in congresses, meetings, conferences, research stays and social dissemination. Among the implementation fields of this research may be highlighted the territorial planning, emergency operations, and heritage management. It is the reason why many public administrations, private institutions, and social and commercial actors, are counted among the end users and the partners of this research group.

[EN] PRISMA is a technology demonstration and pre-operational mission of the Italian Space Agency. The space segment is an Earth observation satellite with medium resolution hyperspectral and panchromatic instrumentation, which allows the recognition of the geometrical characteristics of the scenes together with their spectral properties along the VNIR and SWIR ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. This work explores the possibilities of this mission for the study of the eruptive episode that took place on La Palma (Canary Islands) between 19 September and 13 December 2021. The multi-temporal analysis of the PRISMA images allowed us to carry out analyses of changes in the active processes that take place during volcanic eruptions. Thus, the characteristic spectral features and their temporal variation of the different active elements that appear in this eruptive scenario have been explored, such as volcanic gases, the ash and pyroclast column, the ongoing lava flows and the new lava delta. It has been possible to determine the influence of the presence of volcanic ash in these contexts, as well as the variations occurring in the lava delta. The analysis of CO2 spectral features together with MODTRAN simulations also allows an estimation of the concentration and distribution of this gas.

The HIRES-SOM project is a multidisciplinary project funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain, aimed at generating knowledge on soil organic matter (SOM) and microbiota to guide novel strategies for the sustainable management of volcanic soils. The investigation will be conducted within the framework of the recent Tajogaite eruption in La Palma Island, which constitutes an optimal benchmark both for scientific research on freshly erupted materials and for the management of affected soils of high added value. Insights into the generation and resilience of SOM and of the associated microbiota will be explored with advanced biogeochemical, microbiological, mineralogy and modelling techniques [1,2]. The main goals of the project are twofold. On the one hand, it intends to assess the state and evolution of the SOM and microbiota in soils calcined by the lava flows and covered by the pyroclastic ashes. On the other hand, fundamental understanding will be sought about the initial stages of pedogenesis and consolidation of organic matter on the eruptive materials. The project intends to identify primary microbial communities and molecular precursors of organic matter in volcanic ash, lava flows and eruption-affected soils. Moreover, accelerated microbial colonization of volcanic substrates under laboratory conditions will allow monitoring photoautotrophic microorganisms that colonize natural volcanic materials, with the ultimate innovative goal of devising methods for the rapid fertilization of porous pyroclastic ashes by indigenous microorganisms for sustainable soil regeneration. References: [1] Martinez-Haya et al, Energy Fuels 35 (2021) 8699; Talanta 185 (2018) 299; Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 22 (2020) 19725. [2] Miller A., et al, Sci Total Environ 426 (2012) 1; Geomicrobiol. J. 31 (2014) 236; Sedimentology 65 (2018) 1482; Sci Total Environ 698 (2020) 134321; Coatings 10 (2020) 1134.

On September 19, 2021, a volcanic eruption began on the island of La Palma that caused numerous material damages, economic losses and an enormous impact on the lives of the inhabitants of the Aridane valley and all people form La Palma. A few days before, an IGME-CSIC team travelled to the island to attend the emergency and collaborate in advising the emergency management authorities, with their expert knowledge in the field of geological risks, and specifically in this case, in volcanology. Technicians and researchers from different disciplines, in situ or remotely, worked together with other institutions to give the best possible response to society, based on scientific knowledge. The activities carried out include monitoring, on land and by air with drones, the advance of the lava flows, the territory affected by pyroclastic fallout, monitoring of active lava channels, temperature data measurements, sampling of volcanic products to analyse their composition and evolution, daily cartography of lava flows, study of the possibility of lahars occurrence due to ash remobilization, elaboration of models of cooling of lava flow, inventory of sites of geological interest in the new territory, assessment of the new geological heritage and proposal of places for protection or for touristic use by designing an access path to the cone in safe conditions for visitors, etc. Many of these investigations are ongoing today and will continue for several years, allowing us to be more prepared for the future ahead., El 19 de septiembre de 2021 comenzaba en la isla de La Palma una erupción volcánica que produjo numerosos daños materiales, pérdidas económicas y un enorme impacto en la vida de los habitantes del valle de Aridane y de todos los palmeros. Desde unos días antes, un equipo del Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME-CSIC) estuvo presente en la isla para atender la emergencia y colaborar en el asesoramiento a las autoridades gestoras de la emergencia, con su conocimiento experto en materia de riesgos geológicos, y en este caso de volcanología. Técnicos e investigadores de distintas disciplinas, in situ o en remoto, trabajaron de forma conjunta, con personal de otras instituciones para dar la mejor respuesta posible a la sociedad, desde el conocimiento científico. Las actividades realizadas incluyen el seguimiento en tierra y por aire con drones del avance de las coladas, del territorio afectado por caída de piroclastos, seguimiento de canales de lava activos, toma de datos de temperatura, toma de muestras de los productos volcánicos para analizar su composición y evolución, cartografía diaria de coladas, estudio de la posibilidad de ocurrencia de flujos hiperconcentrados (tipo lahar) por removilización de cenizas, elaboración de modelos de enfriamiento de coladas, elaboración del inventario de lugares de interés geológico del nuevo espacio, valoración del nuevo patrimonio geológico y propuesta de lugares para su protección y para su uso turístico, diseñando un sendero de acceso al cono en condiciones de seguridad para los visitantes. Varias de estas investigaciones continúan en la actualidad y seguirán durante varios años, lo que nos permitirá estar más preparados para el futuro que se avecina.

The physical processes that operate within, and beneath, a volcano control the frequency, duration, location and size of volcanic eruptions. Volcanotectonics focuses on such processes, combining techniques, data, and ideas from structural geology, tectonics, volcano deformation, physical volcanology, seismology, petrology, rock and fracture mechanics and classical physics. A central aim of volcanotectonics is to provide sufficient understanding of the internal processes in volcanoes so that, when combined with monitoring data, reliable forecasting of eruptions, vertical (caldera) and lateral (landslide) collapses and related events becomes possible. To gain such an understanding requires knowledge of the material properties of the magma and the crustal rocks, as well as the associated stress fields, and their evolution. The local stress field depends on the properties of the layers that constitute the volcano and, in particular, the geometric development of its shallow magma chamber. During this decade an increasing use of data from InSAR, pixel offset and structure-from-motion, as well as dense, portable seismic networks will provide further details on the mechanisms of volcanic unrest, magma-chamber rupture, the propagation of magma-filled fractures (dikes, inclined sheets and sills) and lateral and vertical collapse. Additionally, more use will be made of accurate quantitative data from fossil and active volcanoes, combined with realistic numerical, analytical and machine-learning studies, so as to provide reliable models on volcano behaviour and eruption forecasting.

Inauguración del II Encuentro CSIC Rosa Menéndez, presidenta del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), inaugura el II Encuentro del CSIC: 2022 CSIC ++. A este encuentro anual acudirá personal del CSIC, el cual podrá asistir a diversas sesiones que versarán sobre distintos aspectos tanto de actualidad científica relacionados con la propia institución como otros temas relativos a la misma.

Científicos del CSIC documentan que estos fenómenos se han producido en el pasado y que las condiciones a día de hoy no han cambiado

Accelerated erosion is an essential attribute of geological environments in the Mediterranean area, which distinguishes them from those of northern Europe. In addition, young mountain ranges (Alpine orogeny) are also common features in countries like Spain (average elevation 660 m). Therefore, Quaternary deposits are scarce, soils are thin (Leptosols, Regosols) and the bedrock frequently outcrops. Larger Spanish Quaternary formations are associated with local specific geological conditions, among which the following can be highlighted: Alluvial deposits of the main rivers (terraces and floodplains) over soft-rocks of the Cenozoic basins (e.g. Duero river). Estuarine and coastal sediments of the Gulf of Cádiz. Neogene - Quaternary sedimentary basins linked to the fault-systems of the Betic mountains (figure 1) Shore sediments, delta-fans and deltas in the Gulf of Valencia. Aeolian sediments in the central plateau. Volcanic rocks of Canary Islands. Other Quaternary materials, such as mountain glacial deposits, continental volcanic rocks or materials related to karstic processes are usually very small in size, but of great scientific interest (e.g. Atapuerca). Geological mapping in Spain start in 1849, with the creation of the "Commission for the Geological Map of Madrid and General of the Kingdom", later "Geological and Mining Institute of Spain (IGME)". The first maps were made with the same standards used at that time in Europe (mid nineteenth century), portraying the bedrock and the key Quaternary deposits in a single map. Due to the characteristics of the territory, the preparation of detailed thematic maps of Quaternary materials in a systematic way for the whole country, as is usual in Northern and Eastern Europe, would be as useless as expensive. Other thematic maps, such as geomorphological maps showing slope-slides and other erosion processes (in addition to key Quaternary deposits), are more helpful in Spain and are made regularly. Geological maps of the Qua

El archipiélago canario está situado cerca de la costa NO de África y es de naturaleza volcánica. Fuerteventura y Lanzarote son las islas más antiguas del archipiélago (23 y 15 Ma aproximadamente) seguidas por Gran Canaria (14 Ma), siendo en estas tres islas solamente donde vamos a encontrar depósitos fosilíferos pertenecientes a las series Mioceno y Plioceno (Meco et al., 2015). El episodio MIS5e (Eemiense), por el contrario, podemos encontrarlo en todas las islas (Meco et al., 2002; Zazo et al., 2003; Martín-González et al., 2016). Este trabajo se centra en el estudio de los depósitos fosilíferos asociados a ambos periodos que aparecen en la playa de El Confital, en la isla de Gran Canaria Los afloramientos se encuentran al suroeste de La Isleta, un islote eminentemente volcánico situado en el extremo NE de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria unido al edificio insular principal por un tómbolo de arena, el istmo de Guanarteme. Se trata de una plataforma litoral activa modelada sobre piroclastos de origen hidromagmático (Hansen, 2008), que ha sido alterada antrópicamente en tiempos recientes. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria constituye uno de los escasos ejemplos en los que se pueden observar yacimientos paleontológicos de diferentes edades. En la parte alta de la ciudad se encuentra la Formación Detrítica de Las Palmas, de edad Mio-Plioceno, que contiene una importante asociación fosilífera estudiada por diferentes autores (Rothpletz & Simonelli, 1890; Meco et al., 2007; Betancort, 2012; Martín-González et al., 2018); mientras que en la zona baja se encuentran los afloramientos pertenecientes al episodio transgresivo marino MIS5e (Meco et al., 2002). En la playa de El Confital podemos encontrar, en ambos extremos, los yacimientos del Eemiense, al sur, cuyo estudio paleontológico y estratigráfico preliminar fue realizado por Cabrera (1987) y del Mioceno, al noroeste, donde Meco et al. (2015) citan por primera vez la existencia del nivel con Ostrea offretti Linnaeus. En este trabaj

Uno de los parámetros que controla la geodinámica de una determinada zona geográfica es el campo de deformación. Los estudios de deformación frágil en las Islas Canarias son escasos, por esta razón este trabajo está centrado en el estudio de microfallas en la isla La Palma, mediante técnicas de análisis poblacional de fallas. Los resultados obtenidos después del análisis indican la presencia de dos campos de deformación perpendiculares entre sí. Uno de dirección NO-SE asociado con la apertura de la Dorsal Centroatlántica, al cual hemos denominado Campo Atlántico, y otro perpendicular que hemos nombrado como Campo Local = One of the parameters that control the dynamics of a zone in the crust is the strain field. The studies of brittle strain in Canary Islands are scarce, for this reason this paper is focussed in the study of microfaults by means of fault population analysis in La Palma Island. The results of the fault analysis show two perpendicular strain fields in the islands. The NW-SE strain field is associated with the extension of the mid Atlantic ridge, named the Atlantic Field. The other strain field has a mean direction which is perpendicular to the Atlantic Field, and has been named Local Field

El estudio del patrimonio geológico pone en valor los recursos paisajísticos y geológicos del territorio para una adecuada protección y transmisión del conocimiento a la sociedad, que cada vez más demanda un uso sostenible del medio. Este artículo supone una gran oportunidad para divulgar los resultados preliminares del primer estudio sistemático que se ha realizado en Canarias sobre patrimonio geológico submarino. Durante este trabajo se han descrito, hasta el momento, un total de 17 lugares de interés geológico (LIG) submarinos, de los cuales 9 son estructuras que constituyen una prolongación de la geología de superficie por debajo del nivel del mar, y otros 8 corresponden a elementos no relacionados con ella. Todos ellos forman parte de la actualización que se está realizando del inventario de LIG del Geoparque Mundial UNESCO de Lanzarote y Archipiélago Chinijo. El estudio supone un gran avance a nivel mundial en cuanto a la descripción del patrimonio geológico submarino, al ser uno de los pocos lugares del mundo donde se han inventariado y descrito LIG bajo el mar. Su principal función es proporcionar una herramienta para promover su conocimiento y facilitar su puesta en valor y aprovechamiento de cara a su uso y gestión como recurso geológico sostenible, especialmente para el turismo geológico de buceo.

Several tsunamites have been recognized in Canary Islands, being related to megalandslides. However, the island coasts have been affected by tsunamis generated by earthquakes, such us the 1755 Lisbon earthquake (Baptista & Miranda, 2009). So far no tsunami deposits have been associated with this type of processes.We present here the reinterpretation of a coastal sedimentary deposit previously interpreted as a Holocene littoral ridge (García-Talavera, 2002) from La Graciosa, the most northerly islet of the archipelago. This deposit erodes the underlying units and is situated to +2 m asl, being the longest distance from the coast 22 m. It is a cemented coarse-grained (pebble to boulder size) conglomerate embedded in a white bioclastic calcarenite matrix. The boulders are up to 1 m3 and from angular to well-rounded in shape. The biggest ones have a major axis dipping roughly perpendicularly into the cost line. Their lithology includes marine and aeolian calcarenites, black and reddish basaltic lavas, Vermetus (vermetid) reef fragments, beach rocks and paleosoils. The matrix incorporates marine molluscs, calcareous algae and terrestrial fossils (Rebuffoichnus sp. and ovicapride bones), as well as ceramic and metal fragments. The mixture of fossils and rocks of very diverse ages (including historical) and marine and terrestrial origin, suggests that this deposit was formed during a tsunami in historical times. The origin of this tsunami could be a historical earthquake with epicentre in the SW of the Iberian Peninsula.

Extremely voluminous landslides with a long run-out (also known as megalandslides) on oceanic volcanic islands are infrequent denudational processes on such islands. At the same time, they represent a major geological hazard that must be looked into to avoid negative consequences for the inhabitants of these islands. Their occurrence can be related to periods of intense seismo-volcanic activity, similar to that which occurred on El Hierro Island over 2011-2012. Landslides on volcanic islands are studied using onshore and offshore geological, geophysical and geomorphological records, considering their unique triggering conditions (e.g. lava intrusions, eruptive vents, magma chamber collapses). Previous work has pointed out similarities between specific cases of landslides on volcanic islands and deep-seated gravitational slope deformations (DSGSDs) which are typical in high mountain settings. Nevertheless, the methodological approaches and concepts used to investigate DSGSDs are not commonly applied on volcanic islands studies, even though their use may provide new information about the development stage, recent movements and future hazards. Therefore, this approach for studying the San Andrés landslide (SAL) on El Hierro (Canary Islands) has been developed applying a detailed morphological field mapping, an interpretation of digital elevation models, structural measurements, kinematic testing, and a precise movement monitoring system. The acquired information revealed a strong structural influence on the landslide morphology and the presence of sets of weakened planes acting as the sliding surfaces of the SAL or secondary landslides within its body. The presence of secondary landslides, deep erosive gullies, coastal cliffs and high on-shore relative relief also suggests a high susceptibility to future landslide movement. Direct monitoring on the landslide scarps and the slip plane, performed between February 2013 and July 2014, using an automated optical-mechanical

Risk management stakeholders in high-populated volcanic islands should be provided with the latest high-quality volcanic information. We present here the first volcanic susceptibility map of Lanzarote and Chinijo Islands and their submarine flanks based on updated chronostratigraphical and volcano structural data, as well as on the geomorphological analysis of the bathymetric data of the submarine flanks. The role of the structural elements in the volcanic susceptibility analysis has been reviewed: vents have been considered since they indicate where previous eruptions took place; eruptive fissures provide information about the stress field as they are the superficial expression of the dyke conduit; eroded dykes have been discarded since they are single non-feeder dykes intruded in deep parts of Miocene-Pliocene volcanic edifices; main faults have been taken into account only in those cases where they could modified the superficial movement of magma. The application of kernel density estimation via a linear diffusion process for the volcanic susceptibility assessment has been applied successfully to Lanzarote and could be applied to other fissure volcanic fields worldwide since the results provide information about the probable area where an eruption could take place but also about the main direction of the probable volcanic fissures.

The first complete volcano-structural map of El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain) has been developed in order to provide a tool for volcano-tectonic analyses and volcanic hazard evaluation on the island. This map is a synthesis of collated and interpreted field data and bathymetric maps. We have integrated information obtained from: (1) high-resolution digital elevation models, (2) bathymetric information, (3) topographic, geologic and geomorphological maps, (4) aerial photographs and orthoimages, (5) previous reports and scientific publications, and (6) new detailed field surveys. The 1:100,000-scale map includes the main volcano-structural elements such as vents, eruptive fissures, dykes, faults, and landslides scars. This information has been used for analysing the volcano-tectonic evolution of El Hierro and for estimating the probability of new vent opening on the island (i.e. volcanic susceptibility). We expect that this map will underpin future geological studies and future volcanic risk assessment.

Uno de los parámetros que controla la geodinámica de una determinada zona geográfica es el campo de deformación. Los estudios de deformación frágil en las Islas Canarias son escasos, por esta razón este trabajo está centrado en el estudio de microfallas en las islas de Lanzarote y Tenerife, mediante técnicas de análisis poblacional de fallas. Los resultados obtenidos después del análisis indican la presencia de dos campos de deformación perpendiculares entre sí. Uno de dirección NO-SE asociado con la apertura de la Dorsal Centroatlántica, al cual hemos denominado Campo Atlántico y otro perpendicular que hemos nombrado como Campo Local.

Risk management stakeholders in high-populated volcanic islands should be provided with the latest high-quality volcanic information. We present here the first volcanic susceptibility map of Lanzarote and Chinijo Islands and their submarine flanks based on updated chronostratigraphical and volcano structural data, as well as on the geomorphological analysis of the bathymetric data of the submarine flanks. The role of the structural elements in the volcanic susceptibility analysis has been reviewed: vents have been considered since they indicate where previous eruptions took place; eruptive fissures provide information about the stress field as they are the superficial expression of the dyke conduit; eroded dykes have been discarded since they are single non-feeder dykes intruded in deep parts of Miocene-Pliocene volcanic edifices; main faults have been taken into account only in those cases where they could modified the superficial movement of magma. The application of kernel density estimation via a linear diffusion process for the volcanic susceptibility assessment has been applied successfully to Lanzarote and could be applied to other fissure volcanic fields worldwide since the results provide information about the probable area where an eruption could take place but also about the main direction of the probable volcanic fissures.

The first complete volcano-structural map of El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain) has been developed in order to provide a tool for volcano-tectonic analyses and volcanic hazard evaluation on the island. This map is a synthesis of collated and interpreted field data and bathymetric maps. We have integrated information obtained from: (1) high-resolution digital elevation models, (2) bathymetric information, (3) topographic, geologic and geomorphological maps, (4) aerial photographs and orthoimages, (5) previous reports and scientific publications, and (6) new detailed field surveys. The 1:100,000-scale map includes the main volcano-structural elements such as vents, eruptive fissures, dykes, faults, and landslides scars. This information has been used for analysing the volcano-tectonic evolution of El Hierro and for estimating the probability of new vent opening on the island (i.e. volcanic susceptibility). We expect that this map will underpin future geological studies and future volcanic risk assessment.

The geological record is a suitable tool for the study of eruptive activity in volcanoes. The hydromagmatic explosive eruptions can generate deformation in sediments, which were deposited on the volcanic cone. The ydromagmatic sediments can be liquefied when the energy released by the explosion exceeds seismic magnitudes of 5-5.5 (sand sediment size) or 7.5 (gravel sediment size). Using these thresholds to liquefaction we propose a new Hydromagmatic Explosivity Index (HEI).

The first complete volcano-structural map of El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain) has been developed in order to provide a tool for volcano-tectonic analyses and volcanic hazard evaluation on the island. This map is a synthesis of collated and interpreted field data and bathymetric maps. We have integrated information obtained from: (1) high-resolution digital elevation models, (2) bathymetric information, (3) topographic, geologic and geomorphological maps, (4) aerial photographs and orthoimages, (5) previous reports and scientific publications, and (6) new detailed field surveys. The 1:100,000-scale map includes the main volcano-structural elements such as vents, eruptive fissures, dykes, faults, and landslides scars. This information has been used for analysing the volcano-tectonic evolution of El Hierro and for estimating the probability of new vent opening on the island (i.e. volcanic susceptibility). We expect that this map will underpin future geological studies and future volcanic risk assessment.

This contribution deals about a new project started by the Geological and Mining Institute of Spain with a dual purpose. First, to update the geological data of the Quaternary Map of Spain at 1:1,000,000 scale, and also to update its format and data model. Second, to contribute with cartographic data about the Quaternary geology at 1: 2,500,000 of the Spanish european territory (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands) for carrying out a new digital version of the International Quaternary Map of Europe (IQUAME-2500), an international project based on a multi-institutional collaborative framework. In order to achieve these goals, multiple factors shall be taken into account such as the diverse scientific-technical requirements, the sources of the key data, the different tasks to be performed and the potential synergies with other data sets about Quaternary geology.

© 2015 Elsevier B.V. Using new surface structural data as well as subsurface structural data obtained from seventeen water galleries, we provide a comprehensive model of the volcano-tectonic evolution of El Hierro (Canary Islands). We have identified, measured and analysed more than 1700 volcano-structural elements including vents, eruptive fissures, dykes and faults. The new data provide important information on the main structural patterns of the island and on its stress and strain fields, all of which are crucial for reliable hazard assessments. We conducted temporal and spatial analyses of the main structural elements, focusing on their relative age and association with the three main cycles in the construction of the island: the Tiñor Edifice, the El Golfo-Las Playas Edifice, and the Rift Volcanism. A radial strike distribution, which can be related to constructive episodes, is observed in the on-land structures. A similar strike distribution is seen in the submarine eruptive fissures, which are radial with respect to the centre of the island. However, the volcano-structural elements identified onshore and reflecting the entire volcano-tectonic evolution of the island also show a predominant NE-SW strike, which coincides with the main regional trend of the Canary archipelago as a whole. Two other dominant directions of structural elements, N-S and WNW-ESE, are evident from the establishment of the El Golfo-Las Playas edifice, during the second constructive cycle. We suggest that the radial-striking structures reflect comparatively uniform stress fields during the constructive episodes, mainly conditioned by the combination of overburden pressure, gravitational spreading, and magma-induced stresses in each of the volcanic edifices. By contrast, in the shallower parts of the edifice the NE-SW, N-S and WNW-ESE-striking structures reflect local stress fields related to the formation of mega-landslides and masking the general and regional radial patterns.