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On a beaucoup parlé ces dernières années des Gaulois buveurs de vin. Il est vrai que les importations des premiers vins en Gaule ont eu un franc succès rapporté avec détails par les auteurs grecs et latins. Cependant, si les Gaulois n’ont pas écrit sur leurs habitudes en matière de boisson, ils n’en disposaient pas moins de boissons alcoolisées traditionnelles que sont l’hydromel et la bière. Ces dernières ont laissé moins de traces que les amphores vinaires et pourtant elles étaient la base de ce que consommaient princes, chefs de guerre ou commun des mortels. À travers une enquête minutieuse fondée sur les textes, les vestiges archéologiques et l’iconographie, nous tenterons de restituer la part fondamentale de ces boissons injustement méconnues dans la consommation gauloise préromaine, pour mettre en lumière leur rôle prépondérant. The custom of consuming alcoholic beverages is already well-known in pre-Roman Gaul. Mead and beer are the first drinks of this type to be tasted by the Gauls, long before wine. Examples of mead consumption show the high rank of its consumers and the strong relationship between mead and power. Beer is drunk at the great feasts of pre-Roman Gaul but it is also widespread throughout society. It’s the national drink. Wine is first and foremost a drink imported from afar, exotic and expensive for the Gauls. Italian wine imports, which were very abundant in pre-Roman Gaul, were followed by first-rate Gallic wine production under the Empire.

Les tombes tardo-républicaines et impériales de la nécropole de Cumes livrent de nombreuses traces de pratiques funéraires. Parmi ces gestes, décodés par une fouille méthodique, le dépôt de vases à parfum de type « unguentarium » est très fréquent. Cet article examine un corpus de cinq vases et un tube à libation provenant d’un contexte fouillé exhaustivement et dont la datation est bien assurée. Par le truchement de la chimie organique, une indentification du contenu de ces objets est proposées. Les analyses physico-chimiques mettent en évidence des traces de la triade vin/poix/graisse animale, des traces de vin, de jus de raisin et de composés parfois surprenants. En s’appuyant sur quelques sources littéraires et grâce à plusieurs contextes offrant des parallèles convaincants, plusieurs interprétations seront proposées pour expliquer la présence de cette diversité de marqueur chimique et pour identifier le contenu dans les réceptacles. The Late Republican and Imperial tombs of the necropolis of Cumae reveal many traces of funeral practices. These were decrypted through methodical excavations and include the votive deposition of perfume bottles (unguentaria) which is very common. This paper examines a corpus of five vessels and a libation tube originating from a thoroughly excavated context with secure dating. Using organic chemistry, an identification of the content of these objects is proposed. The physicochemical analyses reveal traces of the wine/pitch/animal fat triad, as well as traces of wine, grape juice and sometimes unexpected compounds. Based on literary sources and several other contexts providing convincing parallels, several interpretations are given in order to explain the presence of this diversity of chemical markers and to identify the contents of these receptacles.

In questo contributo l’autore analizza i modi di produzione e di consumo di alimenti di origine vegetale (cerali, legumi e frutti spontanei) e animale (allevamento e caccia) durante l’età nuragica (XVIII-VIII secolo a.C.). In this paper the author analyzes the production methods and the consumption of food of vegetable origin (cereals, legumes and natural fruits) and animal origin (breeding and hunting) during the nuragic age (18th-8th Century BC).

Les produits biologiques liés à l'alimentation, aux libations, aux fumigations, aux soins et à la beauté du corps jouent un rôle considérable dans la vie des peuples de la Méditerranée antique et ont aussi leur place dans les différentes étapes des rituels funéraires, de la préparation du corps jusqu'à la visite à la tombe. Produits périssables, ils ne laissent que peu de témoignages archéologiques sous la forme de restes fauniques et végétaux et de contenants en céramique, en métal ou en verre. Cet ouvrage collectif, riche de la collaboration d'une cinquantaine d'archéologues français, italiens et suisses, est la publication du programme MAGI, financé par l'ANR. Grâce à l'association de trois unités mixtes de recherche publiques et d'un laboratoire privé, le programme a mis en œuvre durant quatre ans, de 2013 à 2017, une approche transdisciplinaire combinant chimie organique et archéobotanique pour identifier les matériaux et produits biologiques en contexte funéraire en Gaule, en Italie péninsulaire et en Sardaigne, de la fin de l'âge du bronze jusqu'au début de l'époque romaine, et cerner leurs usages rituels.

Les récipients, qu’ils soient en céramique, en pierre, en métal ou en verre, gardent toujours trace de leurs anciens contenus sous forme d’imprégnations ou de dépôts invisibles sur la paroi interne, invisible. L’extraction des constituants chimiques laissés par les contenus, par des méthodes chimiques adaptées, et leur analyse par des techniques performantes alliant chromatographie et spectrométrie de masse, permettent de définir des empreintes chimiques. Les connaissances acquises en phytochimie, pharmacognosie, biogéochimie, biologie végétale et animale, mais aussi par l’archéologie expérimentale permettent de relier les marqueurs anciens identifiés à leurs sources biologiques. Nous présentons ici un bilan des résultats obtenus dans le cadre du programme de recherche MAGI (2014-16), des connaissances issues des sources littéraires, de la botanique et de l’archéobotanique et des logiques utilisées pour l’identification des cires végétales et animales, des huiles végétales et des matériaux résineux. Containers, whether ceramic, stone, metal or glass, always retain a trace of their ancient contents, in the form of invisible deposits or impregnations on the internal walls. The extraction of the chemical constituents left by these contents, using fine-tuned, adapted chemical methods in phytochemistry, pharmacognosy, biogeochemistry, plant or animal biology, but also by experimental archaeology, allow us to link the identified ancient markers to their biological sources. We present here the results obtained within the MAGI project (2014-2016) for the identification of plant waxes, oils and resins. Using the literary, botanical and archaeobotanical sources for the candidate biological materials, we present the scientific rationale and arguments used for the interpretation of the markers.

Le musée du Louvre possède deux petits vases globulaires sans anses à col allongé, issus de la collection Campana et provenant vraisemblablement des fouilles entreprises par le marquis sur le site de Cerveteri, portant inscrits l’un le terme CUPRUM, l’autre le terme RUTA. Ces deux inscriptions ont été parfois attribuées à l’osque, souvent considérées comme fausses, tandis que les vases étaient datés d’une période tardive. Mais le caractère étrusque de ces documents ne fait pas de doute, leur authenticité ne paraît pas contestable, les vases – même s’ils relèvent d’une catégorie de céramique encore mal étudiée – remontent à l’époque archaïque. Les mots cuprum et ruta sont donc à considérer comme étrusques mais sont des mots d’emprunt, transcrivant les dénominations grecques du henné et de la rue. Ces deux vases ont dû contenir des produits liquides ayant pour base ces deux plantes. Des analyses biomoléculaires, menées en novembre 2011 dans le cadre du programme Perhamo/MAGI, ont permis d’apporter quelques précisions sur les contenus de ces vases. Ils sont formés d’une base grasse composée, pour l’un, de graisse animale (celui avec inscription RUTA) et, pour l’autre, d’huile végétale (avec un produit laitier et de l’oléorésine de conifère). La rue représentait le principe actif d’un liniment tandis que le henné a sans doute servi à la fabrication d’une huile médicinale faisant office d’embrocation. On s’interrogera ici sur la signification de ces deux produits, connus pour leur usage médicinal, dans la tombe où ils avaient été placés – puisqu’il est hors de doute que les deux vases ont été trouvés dans une tombe et, de facture identique, ont appartenu à un même mobilier funéraire. This study concerns two Etruscan vessels from the Campana collection in the Louvre Museum. The importance of both small lekythoi of the 5th century derives from the original and unusual painted inscription that allows the identification of their original contents. For each vessel, the name of a plant provides information about its function: cuprum (henna) for the first and ruta (herb of grace) for the second. A multidisciplinary approach, combining ceramological and epigraphic research with ORA (Organic Residue Analyses), increases our understanding of this category of micro-containers. Usually regarded as perfume bottles, these lekythoi were in reality used for a medicinal purpose.

Si presentano i risultati delle indagini di archeologia preventiva condotte dalla Soprintendenza Archeologia della Puglia, tra 2012 e 2014 in occasione della realizzazione di un impianto eolico, in località Monte Chiancone nel territorio del comune di Pietramontecorvino (FG), dove sono state messe in luce diverse evidenze archeologiche pertinenti ad un abitato daunio, localizzato su un pianoro sommitale posto presso le pendici del Monte Chiancone (265 m s.l.m.) a ridosso del torrente Triolo. Di rilevante importanza era stato, già nella prima campagna di saggi preventivi del 2012, il rinvenimento di una tomba (n. 1) a fossa terragna pertinente ad un guerriero, di eccezionale rilievo per la ricchezza del corredo inquadrabile nel V sec. a.C. e per la pregnanza ideologica e simbolica degli oggetti che lo compongono. Le indagini estensive, invece, svolte nel 2014 hanno permesso di mettere in luce un nucleo insediativo di età daunia, in cui si inserisce anche questa sepoltura, occupato tra la fine del VI e il IV sec. a.C., con diverse evidenze, sia in rapporto all’architettura domestica, che in relazione alla dimensione funeraria. Dall’analisi del corredo della tomba del guerriero, condotto anche nell’ambito del Progetto MAGI, appare evidente e caratterizzante il consumo del vino rosso e bianco, evidente richiamo all’ideologia del banchetto, a cui si associa il riferimento al consumo delle carni, gestito da un elemento di spicco all’interno del gruppo di appartenenza, che si connota appunto come guerriero. Evidente, in questo, appare la penetrazione di elementi allogeni (dalla posizione supina dell’inumato, alla prevalenza del vasellame in impasto a scapito di quello in argilla depurata dipinta) in un’area tradizionalmente afferente al territorio daunio, ma situata nell’estremo settore settentrionale dello stesso, pertanto, già proiettata verso le valli fluviali interne che collegano con l’attuale Molise e con la Campania settentrionale interna, il Sannio dunque, della piena età storica. Rescue archaeology carried out by the Soprintendenza Archeologia della Puglia, between 2012 and 2014, prior to the construction of a wind power plant, in the locality of Monte Chiancone in the territory of Pietramontecorvino (FG) have brought to light various archaeological materials pertaining to a Daunian settlement, located on a summit plateau close to the slopes of Monte Chiancone (265 m) at the edge of the Triolo torrent. A remarkably important discovery already made during the first rescue campaign in 2012 was a ground tomb (n. 1) belonging to a warrior. It is of exceptional interest due to the wealth of the assemblage dated to the 5th century BC and to the ideological and symbolic significance of its goods. The extensive investigations carried out in 2014 have made it possible to uncover a settlement nucleus of the Daunian period, which this burial also relates to, occupied between the end of the 6th and 4th century BC, with different archaeological materials connected to both the domestic architecture and the funerary domain. The analysis of the assemblage found in the warrior tomb indicates clearly and distinctively the consumption of red and white wine, an evident allusion to the banquet ideology, along with a reference to meat consumption, controlled by a leading man within the social structure, who is indeed identified as a warrior. What we see here is the penetration of allogenic elements (from the supine position of the inhumation, to the predominance of impasto pottery with respect to the painted ware made with fine clay) into an area that traditionally relates to the Daunian territory – but is located on the northernmost segment of it and thus projected towards the river valleys that connect with the present Molise Region and the inner areas of northern Campania, that is, the region of Samnium in historical times.

L’insediamento di Sa Osa dista due chilometri dall’attuale linea di costa e 500 metri dall’attuale corso del fiume Tirso. Lo scavo del 2008-2009 ha rivelato un insediamento nuragico senza nuraghe e quasi senza strutture murarie, di lunga durata (dal Bronzo Medio al Bronzo Finale-Primo Ferro), apparentemente precario, in realtà adattato all’ambiente instabile, anzi specializzato nello sfruttamento delle risorse locali. Nei pozzi del settore meridionale la falda acquifera superficiale ha creato un ambiente favorevole alla conservazione dei resti organici. Soprattutto il pozzo N (Bronzo Recente) ha restituito pesci, ossa animali, frammenti di legno e sughero grezzo e lavorato, semi d’uva, fico, melone, grano duro, fave e prugne selvatiche; l’uva appare in avanzato stadio di domesticazione. Resti vegetali simili sono stati rinvenuti anche nei pozzi U e V (Bronzo Medio), in cui i semi d’uva hanno un aspetto prevalentemente selvatico. Analisi chimiche organiche sono state condotte su alcune ceramiche provenienti dal pozzo N. Le pareti interne dei vasi hanno mostrato forti concentrazioni di marcatori vegetali, sia di preparazioni a base di piante o di conservazione di vegetali, sia di oli estratti. L’analisi ha anche contribuito a determinare la funzione di alcune possibili lucerne a piede; su alcune sono state identificate tracce di combustibili oleosi degradati per riscaldamento, che confermano l’ipotesi delle lucerne, mentre su un’altra gli acidi biliari presenti orientano verso un utilizzo legato agli organi digestivi. The settlement of Sa Osa lies two kilometres away from the present coastline and 500 metres from the present flow of the river Tirso. The excavation carried out in the years 2008-2009 discovered a nuragic settlement without a nuraghe and almost without any structures, occupied from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age. The site seemed precarious but actually adapted to the changing environment and even specialized in the exploitation of the local resources. In the southern sector of the site, the superficial aquifer created an environment inside the wells that was favourable to the preservation of the organic remains. Well N (Late Bronze Age) in particular revealed remains of fishes and animal bones, fragments of raw and carved wood and cork, grape seeds, figs, melons, durum wheat, broad beans and wild plums; grapes appear in an advanced stage of domestication. Similar vegetal remains have been recovered from wells U and V (Middle Bronze Age), where the grape seeds look mainly wild. Organic chemical analyses were carried out on some pottery from well N. The internal walls of the vessels showed strong concentrations of vegetal markers – plant-based preparations or for vegetal conservation and extracted oils. The analysis also helped determine the function of some possible foot-lamps; on some of these traces of oily fuels were identified, eroded through heating, which confirm the hypothesis of the lamps, while the biliary acids present on another suggest use connected to the digestive organs.

Malgré un statut ambigu, aux frontières des mondes sauvage et domestiqué, le lait est utilisé dans l’arsenal des prescriptions des médecins antiques, particulièrement ceux de la collection hippocratique (ve av.-iie apr. J.C). Plusieurs types de lait sont prescrits. Le lait de vache et d’ânesse le plus communément mais aussi le lait de femme – particulièrement dans les recettes gynécologiques – et de manière plus anecdotique, le lait de brebis, de chèvre, de jument ou de chienne. Le lait est rarement prescrit seul, souvent délayé, agrémenté de miel, de sel, il est recommandé mêlé à d’autres ingrédients minéraux et végétaux ou alors en traitement unique, sous la forme de « cure de lait ». On s’interrogera sur ces prescriptions qui usent de ces laits, sous quelles formes, pour quels usages et avec quelles intentions curatives ou symboliques, notamment dans le traitement des maladies féminines. Nous verrons que ces recettes se trouvent à mi-chemin entre la prescription médicale et le remède de « bonnes femmes ».L’emploi thérapeutique du lait est toujours en vigueur chez les médecins de l’époque romaine. Ces derniers évoquent un vase « en forme de sein » permettant d’administrer du lait mélangé à des malades comme à des enfants. L’existence de petits récipients appelés communément par les archéologues « biberons » seraient-ils l’incorporation de ce vase, un moyen mis au point par les potiers et verriers antiques pour palier au lait d’une nourrice ou administrer une recette thérapeutique ? Rare témoin de la représentation de cet objet énigmatique, un relief d’époque augustéenne faisant référence à l’âge d’or et aux mythes de fondation des villes semble le suggérer. Despite its ambiguous status, hovering on the borders of the wild and domesticated worlds, milk was used by ancient physicians in their portfolio of prescriptions, particularly those in the Hippocratic collection (5th century BC to 2nd century AD). Several kinds of milk were prescribed. The most common being cow’s or donkey’s milk, but women’s milk was also employed – particularly in gynaecological recipes – and, more anecdotally, sheep’s, goat’s, mare’s or bitch’s milk. Milk was rarely prescribed on its own, often diluted or mixed with honey or salt, it was recommended either mixed with other mineral and vegetable ingredients or as a sole treatment when in the form of a “milk cure”. This paper questions who used these various types of milk, in what forms, for what purposes and with which curative or symbolic intentions, particularly in relation to the treatment of women’s ailments. These recipes are in fact situated halfway between a medical prescription and an “old wive’s” remedy.The therapeutic use of milk continues among doctors in Roman times. The latter brings to mind a “breast shaped” vessel which could be used to administer mixed milk to patients and children alike. Could the existence of such small containers, commonly referred to by archaeologists as “feeding bottles”, be the introduction of this vessel, a means developed by ancient potters and glassmakers to make up for the lack of a nurse’s milk or to administer a therapeutic recipe? A rare testament to the representation of this enigmatic object, a relief from the Augustan period referring to the Golden Age and the myths of the foundation of cities seems to suggest so.

La ricerca che riguarda la produzione e il commercio dei medicamenta nelle regioni attorno al bacino centro-orientale del Mediterraneo si basa essenzialmente sullo studio dei bolli impressi nel caso dei microcontenitori ceramici oppure su quello di brevi iscrizioni a rilievo ricavate da matrice bivalve nel caso dei microcontenitori metallici (realizzati quasi sempre in piombo). Tra i medicamenta viene qui approfondito il caso del λύκιον, un pregiato collirio oculare decantato dalle fonti. In particolare si è scelto di analizzare il caso del produttore Διονύσιος, un farmacopòla o forse un medico, perché si è rivelato il più problematico nell’ambito della Ricerca. Infatti non sappiamo se questo nome che ricorre su alcuni bolli e iscrizioni di microcontenitori sia da riferire a un solo personaggio o a omonimi. Del resto tali esemplari non sono coerenti tra loro e documentano produzioni seriali e partite di contenitori diverse tra loro di cui, oltretutto, non possiamo conoscere le dimensioni numeriche. Inoltre non riusciamo a delimitare la durata delle produzioni di Διονύσιος e neppure i confini della diffusione commerciale dei suoi prodotti. Quanto alla cronologia le generiche indicazioni di cui disponiamo suggeriscono per il complesso degli esemplari esaminati un periodo compreso attorno al III sec. a. c. Il caso di Διονύσιος tuttavia, proprio per le questioni che suscita può essere considerato emblematico nell’ambito della specifica Ricerca perché ne evidenzia i limiti attuali e costringe ad adeguare continuamente strumenti e metodi da adottare e da adattare per consentire il suo ulteriore sviluppo. The themes relating to the production and trade of medicamenta in the regions around the Mediterranean are discussed through the analysis of a few examples of stamps impressed on ceramic micro-containers. Among these productions, that of λύκιον, precious eye-drops mainly used for curing eye diseases, has yet to be defined, but the wealth and quality of the data make it the most striking case. The name of the pharmakopôles, or perhaps the doctor, Διονύσιος is known among the makers of λύκιον. We do not know whether this name refers to one person or more than one person of the same name. We know the productions, attested by a few examples, which are not always coherent, but we do not know their size or how long they lasted, or the precise confines of the area in which they were used. As for the chronology, we only have generic indications, due to the uncertain finds contexts, which date the small group of artefacts examined here to the 3rd century B.C. This paper asks whether the examples can be attributed to one pharmakopôles, but the conclusion admits that uncertainties remain, even though one asks oneself how many pharmakopôles named Διονύσιος could have been active in this specific production sector, in a particular geographic area and in a relatively short period. The case of Διονύσιος, with the questions and perplexities it raises, is representative of a set of problems that merit further investigation, adopting and adapting a methodology that is still in the process of being perfected.

Il caso studio riguarda alcune anforette etrusche tardo-arcaiche, di altezza compresa tra gli 8 e i 10 cm circa e capacità di 100 e 150 ml, riferibili al Gruppo Copenhagen ABc 1059 rinvenute a Roma nell’antica necropoli esquilina nelle tombe 3 e 12 di Piazza Vittorio scavate nel 2002 dall’allora Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma. E’ stato possibile evidenziare due sottogruppi con caratteristiche ben distinte: il primo, di probabile produzione ceretana e tarquiniese-vulcente (anche se non si escludono altri centri di produzione minori), presenta fasce sul corpo e un’eventuale decorazione accessoria (palmetta sul collo, linguette sulla spalla, raggiera alla base); il secondo, riferibile all’ambito tarquiniese (o anche vulcente?), presenta due palmette erette sui due lati del corpo e due pendule al di sotto delle anse. La cronologia dei due sottogruppi, in base ai contesti noti, appare circoscritta alla fine del VI-inizi del V sec. a.C. Tenendo esclusivamente conto della morfologia e della metrologia del vaso, è stata avanzata l’ipotesi che le anforette fossero state utilizzate come unguentari. Destinata a personaggi femminili e deposta a diretto contatto con il corpo (lungo il fianco sinistro o presso i piedi; talora anche all’interno del loculo parietale) l’anforetta era considerata un oggetto di uso personale, piuttosto legato alle pratiche svolte nel corso della cerimonia funebre per ungere la salma o il corpo dei partecipanti. Nello studio si discutono i risultati delle indagini di gas cromatografia ad alta risoluzione con spettrometria di massa realizzate al fine di indagare il contenuto di questi piccoli vasi. This case study concerns some late-archaic Etruscan amphorae, with a height between 8 and 10 cm and a capacity of 100 to 150 ml, related to the Group Copenhagen ABc 1059, found in Rome in the ancient Esquiline necropolis in tombs 3 and 12 of Piazza Vittorio, excavated in 2002 by the formerly Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma. These amphorae can be divided into two subgroups with distinct characteristics: the first, probably of Caeretan and Tarquinian-Vulcian production (although other minor production centres are not excluded), has bands on the body and a possible accessory decoration (a palmette on the neck, tongues on the shoulder, radial pattern at the base); the second, connected to the Tarquinian area (or also Vulcian?), has two palmettes on both sides of the body and two below the handles. The chronology of the two subgroups, according to known contexts, is the end of the 6th to the beginning of the 5th century B.C. Taking into account the morphology and metrology of the vessel, I suggested in 2009 that these small amphorae were used for ointments. Intended for women and placed in direct contact with the body (along the left side or near the feet; sometimes even inside the parietal niche) the amphora was considered an object of personal use, linked to the practices carried out during the funeral ceremony to anoint the corpse or the bodies of the participants. The study discusses the results of high-resolution gas chromatography investigations with mass spectrometry carried out in order to investigate the contents of these small vessels.

La tombe de Lavau (Aube, France), fouillée par l’Inrap dans l’hiver 2014-2015, était protégée par un très vaste monument funéraire, associant un large fossé à un tumulus de 40 m de diamètre. La sépulture, restée inviolée, est celle d’un personnage de très haut rang, ayant vécu dans la première moitié du ve siècle av. n.è., inhumé avec de riches parures sur la caisse d’un char à deux roues. Placé dans l’angle nord-est de la tombe, un dépôt de vaisselle rassemble une dizaine d’objets : chaudron, ciste à cordons, bassins, oenochoé en bronze et oenochoé attique, passoire, cuillère et gobelet en argent et or. Dans le chaudron, les analyses chimiques ont permis d’identifier de la poix de conifère, du vin rouge et de cire d’abeille. Tapissé de poix, le chaudron a donc sans doute contenu un vin miellé. La nature de la boisson et l’usage nécessaire d’un accessoire filtre, la nature et le sens donné aux décors des objets (Achéloos du chaudron, scène de banquet figurant Dionysos sur l’oenochoé grecque, serpent cornu de la passoire), la nature exogène des pièces de vaisselle ou des décors ou encore leur agencement particulier dans la tombe (propice à évoquer les scènes de banquet peints dans les tombeaux étrusques) sont de nature à nous laisser percevoir une très bonne connaissance de l’élite celtique des pratiques de commensalité méditerranéennes (banquet et symposium). The tomb of Lavau (Aube, France), excavated by Inrap in the winter of 2014-2015, was protected by a very large funerary monument, associating a large ditch with a 40 m-diameter mound. The burial, which remains untouched, is that of a very high-ranking person, who lived in the first half of the 5th century BC, buried with rich ornaments on a two-wheeled chariot. Placed in the northeast corner of the tomb, a tableware collection comprises a dozen objects: cauldron, cistus with cords, basins, bronze oenochoe and attic oenochoe, colander, spoon and cup in silver and gold. In the cauldron, chemical analyzes identified conifer pitch, red wine and beeswax. With a pitch lining, the cauldron probably contained a honeyed wine. The nature of the drink and the necessary use of a filter accessory, the nature and the meaning given to the decorations of the objects (Acheloos from the cauldron, banquet scene depicting Dionysus on the Greek oenochoe, horned serpent from the colander), the exogenous nature of the dishes or decorations or their particular arrangement in the tomb (evoking the banquet scenes painted on Etruscan tombs) increase our understanding of Celtic elite practices of Mediterranean commensality (banquet and symposium).

Scopo del seguente contributo è quello di presentare alla comunità scientifica internazionale i risultati delle recenti indagini all’abitato punico di Pani Loriga, nella Sardegna sud-occidentale. Gli scavi avviati dal CNR sul versante settentrionale della collina hanno messo in luce un grande edificio polifunzionale composto da oltre dieci vani, il cui impianto originale risale alla fine del VI-inizi del V sec. a.C. La struttura, ancora in corso di scavo, presenta alcune situazioni particolarmente pertinenti alle tematiche affrontate nell’ambito del Convegno MAGI. Infatti, nel vano 7, è stato messo in luce una specie di pozzetto chiuso da una lastra di scisto, sul fondo del quale sono state rinvenute ossa animali e un ritaglio di piombo pertinenti molto verosimilmente ad un rituale di fondazione. Le ossa sono state disposte con cura all’interno della struttura e grazie all’analisi di Jacopo De Grossi è possibile affermare che si tratta di parti selezionate di diverse specie animali: sono documentati gli ovicaprini, il bue e il cervo. Nel vano 1, interpretato come un sacello, alla base della banchina sulla quale dovevano essere deposti gli ex voto sono state recuperate ossa animali pertinenti a sacrifici o a resti di pasto. De Grossi ha individuato resti di ovicaprini, bue, maiale e cervo. Questi dati possono essere integrati con quelli relativi alle analisi biochimiche condotte da Nicolas Garnier sui contenuti di numerosi vasi rinvenuti nell’attiguo vano 2, dove molto verosimilmente dovevano essere confezionati cibi e bevande da consumare nel corso di cerimonie pubbliche. The purpose of this paper is to offer the scientific community the results of some recent investigations at the Punic settlement of Pani Loriga, located in south-western Sardinia. The excavations by the CNR (Italian National Research Council) on the northern slope of Pani Loriga hill have revealed a large building containing numerous rooms, whose original layout dates back to the late 6th-early 5th centuries BC. This building, still being excavated, presents some contexts relevant to the conference themes. For example, investigations in Room 7 have brought to light a foundation deposit made up of selected parts of different animals: sheep, cattle and deer are all documented. Furthermore in Room 1, interpreted as a sacellum, other animal bones used for sacrifices or remains of a meal were found at the base of a bench. These data have been added to that relating to the biochemical analyses (carried out by Nicolas Garnier) on the contents of a number of vessels found in rooms where food and drink were prepared. Among the remains identified, an important role was played by wine, both red and white, which was produced and traded at Pani Loriga.

Cinquante-et-une analyses de chimie organique réalisées en contexte funéraire sur des vases, des os et de la terre de bûcher, ont permis de mettre en évidence l’existence de divers produits alimentaires utilisés lors des funérailles. Cette étude a pour objectif de discuter de leur place et des gestes qu’ils sous-entendent. Les tombes prises en compte sont toutes à crémation (bûcher ou ossuaire). Elles sont situées en Languedoc et sont datées entre le VIIe et le IIe siècle av. J.-C. Fifty-one chemical analyses (organic chemistry) were performed on pot, bones and pyre soil. For the first time, they highlight the use of a large variety of food products during the funeral ceremony. The aim of the study is to discuss the place and the gestures implied. All the tombs contain burned remains (from a pyre or in an ossuary) and are located in Languedoc: they date between the 7th and the 2nd century BC.

Les produits biologiques liés à l’alimentation, aux libations, aux fumigations et aux soins du corps ont de tout temps joué un rôle considérable dans les échanges culturels et économiques. D’origine naturelle, ils sont porteurs d’une forte identité symbolique et parfois sacrée. Issus d’une technique plus ou moins complexe de transformation et de conservation, ils affichent le savoir-faire d’un groupe. Représentatifs de pratiques alimentaires, religieuses, médicinales et cosmétiques particuliè...

Dans le monde grec ainsi que dans les contextes indigènes de l’Italie méridionale, la coroplathie joue un rôle dans le rituel funéraire, soit dans la composition des mobiliers, soit au cours des cérémonies qui avaient lieu durant et après l’enterrement. Malgré leur occurrence limitée dans la majorité des nécropoles par rapport à d’autres offrandes, plusieurs recherches récentes ont mis en évidence la façon dont ces objets contribuaient à la « construction » de l’identité du défunt, surtout en relation avec le genre et les classes d’âge. Parmi ces artefacts, les reliefs et les figurines portant des offrandes alimentaires, ainsi que les petits modèles reproduisant des aliments, constituent un sujet d’étude à part entière. Associée aux données relevant des realia et à d’autres sources documentaires – telles que les textes littéraires et épigraphiques, l’iconographie véhiculée par la céramique figurée, etc. –, l’étude de ces objets contribue à éclairer un aspect important de l’univers lié à la mort, grâce aussi à la comparaison avec la « nourriture symbolique » attestée dans les espaces sacrés. L’article propose quelques réflexions sur la présence de ces terres cuites dans les nécropoles grecques et indigènes de l’Italie du Sud, visant à saisir la façon dont ces offrandes participaient de la stratégie funéraire et de la performance rituelle, ainsi que les différentes valeurs revêtues selon leurs contextes spécifiques. Coroplastics play a crucial role in ancient funerary rituals, both within the setting of grave furnishings and in the ceremonies taking place during and after the burial. Notwithstanding their limited occurrence in the majority of Greek necropoleis in comparison to other offerings, recent studies have nevertheless demonstrated how these objects contributed to the “construction” of the identity of the deceased, with particular reference to gender and age-classes. Among these artefacts, the clay models imitating fruits and food, as well as the reliefs and figurines bearing these kinds of offerings, constitute a specific case-study. Together with the rare realia retrieved from tombs and the data coming from other documentary sources – literary and epigraphic evidence, iconographies attested on figured pottery, etc. – the study of these items contributes to our understanding of an important aspect of the funerary sphere, further cemented by comparisons with the ‘symbolic food’ attested in sacred contexts. The paper provides some reflections about the presence of these terracottas in necropoleis of Western Greece and of indigenous areas in southern Italy. The aim is to investigate the way these offerings participated in the funerary strategy and ritual performance, and the different meanings they assumed according to their specific contexts.

Le necropoli dell’antica Capua sono una fonte di informazione privilegiata per gli studi campani come dimostrano le principali pubblicazioni dedicate all’argomento che riguardano il periodo compreso tra l’età del Ferro e la fine del IV secolo a.C. Per il IV e III secolo a.C. i sepolcreti posti a oriente della città antica, lungo l’Appia, costituiscono il punto di partenza di questo contributo, frutto di scoperte effettuate tra il 2012 e il 2013. Saranno analizzati principalmente gli aspetti relativi alle offerte alimentari nella prospettiva: a) della presenza e delle associazioni con forme vascolari e strumenti; b) dei risultati delle analisi compiute nell’ambito del progetto MAGI; c) delle testimonianze iconografiche; d) del più ampio contesto culturale di Capua tra IV e III secolo a.C. The necropolis of ancient Capua is a privileged source of information for Campania studies. This is demonstrated by the main publications dedicated to the subject that cover a period between the Iron Age and the end of the 4th century BC. Regarding the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, the necropolis located on the eastern side of the ancient city, along the Appia Way, is the starting point of this investigation, the result of discoveries made between 2012 and 2013. The study presented here analyzes the food offerings with regards to: a) the presence and association with vascular forms and instruments; b) the outcome of the analyzes carried out within the MAGI project; c) the iconographic evidence; d) the broader cultural context of Capua between the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C.

L’archéologie des produits de la ruche est un domaine scientifique qui reste encore à développer. Hormis quelques très rares cas de découvertes de rayons de ruches et de cire, les produits de la ruche ne laissent habituellement pas de traces matérielles visibles. La palynologie ainsi que la chimie biomoléculaire peuvent apporter des indices précieux mais qui sont toujours difficiles à interpréter. La concentration de pollens de telle ou telle plante indique-t-elle la présence de miel, d’hydromel ou peut-il y avoir une autre explication ? La cire d’abeille révélée par les analyses chimiques est-elle révélatrice du contenu du vase (cire, miel, hydromel), de l’imperméabilisation de ses parois internes ou de l’existence d’un bouchon ? The purpose of this study is not an overall presentation of the archaeology of honeybees in antiquity but a focus on the identification and interpretation of the products of the hive in archaeological containers within funerary contexts. The famous case of the Hochdorf caldron, which is well preserved and studied, is a beautiful but unusual example that overcomes the usual difficulties understanding the use of honey and mead in funerary rituals. Case studies with both botanical and chemical (ORA) approaches are presented and discussed to explain how difficult it is to interpret the archaeological meaning of data related to products of the hive.

Les céramiques de la tombe à char de Warcq « La Sauce » (Ardennes, France), localisée dans la vallée de la Meuse et datée du iie siècle av. J.-C., ont fait l’objet d’une étude des techniques, formes et traces, combinée à des analyses biochimiques et à la recherche de phytolithes. Les résultats de ces travaux ont été croisés pour une réflexion sur le contenu, la fonction et les usages, antérieurs ou contemporains de la sépulture, des cinq vases composant le service. En intégrant l’environnement de la tombe, ils offrent matière à une diversité de sujets : l’omniprésence du millet, les pratiques liées à la consommation des boissons ou le rôle symbolique de la vaisselle et en particulier de la pièce maîtresse du dépôt lié à l’alimentation, le vase paré de motifs à l’étain, sans doute à l’occasion des funérailles. Outre le caractère singulier de l’assemblage provenant d’une tombe aristocratique hors norme, se dégagent également certaines spécificités d’une aire culturelle encore mal connue ancrée au cœur de la Gaule Belgique, en lisière sud-ouest de l’Arduenna Silva. The ceramics of the Warcq chariot tomb “La Sauce” (Ardennes, France), located in the Meuse valley and dated to the 2nd century BC, were the subject of a study of techniques, forms and traces, combined with biochemical analysis and the search for phytoliths. The results were compared, looking at content, and the function and uses, previous or contemporary to the burial, of the five vessels in the set. By integrating the question of the environment of the tomb, various subjects are thus discussed: the omnipresence of millet; the practices linked to the consumption of drinks or the symbolic role of the dishes and in particular the centerpiece deposit for food; and the vase adorned with pewter motifs, probably at the time of the funeral. In addition to the singular character of the assemblage from an extraordinary aristocratic tomb, we also see certain features of a still poorly known cultural area anchored in the heart of Belgic Gaul, on the southwest edge of the Arduenna Silva.

Caudium e Saticula – le odierne città di Montesarchio e Sant’Agata dei Goti –, rientranti in antico nel Sannio Caudino, hanno restituito un’ampia documentazione funeraria. Per Caudium le attestazioni più antiche si datano già nella prima Età del Ferro, mentre a Saticula le prime testimonianze risalgono agli inizi del VII sec. a.C. Al fine di inquadrare i due insediamenti viene presentata dapprima una sintesi sullo stato degli studi e delle ricerche provenienti dai due siti, con particolare riguardo alla documentazione funeraria, soffermandosi poi sui risultati delle analisi dei resti organici rinvenuti nelle tombe selezionate nell’ambito del progetto MAGI. Per Caudium la scelta è ricaduta su quattro sepolture, databili al V e al IV sec. a.C., mentre per Saticula su due tombe risalenti al IV sec. a.C. Costante in entrambi i siti è apparsa la ricorrenza di alcuni elementi, primo fra tutti il vino, a conferma della centralità nel rituale funerario del modello del simposio. Tuttavia, interessanti differenze emergono nella maggiore varietà delle sostanze rinvenute all’interno dei vasi di Saticula, che hanno consentito di ipotizzare la ricorrenza di preparazioni alimentari più complesse. Nonostante che, rispetto a contesti d’abitato o santuariali, quelli funerari rivestano un carattere particolare per la loro accezione fortemente simbolica, indubbio è il contributo che questo tipo di indagini possono apportare agli studi sul costume funerario delle società antiche, soprattutto ampliando in futuro il campione sottoposto ad analisi. In Montesarchio and in Sant’Agata de’ Goti, ancient Caudium and Saticula, which belonged to Sannio Caudino, revealed two large necropolis. In Caudium the oldest records date back to the early Iron Age, while in Saticula the first evidence dates to the early seventh century B.C. In order to define the two settlements, this paper presents a summary of our knowledge about the two sites, analysing above all the funeral documentation. The results of the analysis of the organic remains, found in the tombs selected for the MAGI project are then discussed. Four burials from Caudium and two from Saticula, dating from the fifth and fourth centuries B.C., were selected. Some elements appeared on both sites: wine, confirming the centrality of the symposium model in the funerary ritual. However, interesting differences emerge in the wide variety of elements found inside the Saticula pots, which suggests more complex food preparations. Compared to inhabited or sanctuary contexts, funerary ones have a strong symbolic meaning, but this type of investigation could certainly make a significant contribution to studies about funerary rituals of ancient societies, especially using greater sample sizes in future.

Nombre de réceptacles qui composent les mobiliers funéraires étaient liés à l’utilisation de substances animales et végétales pour les besoins des rituels funéraires. Les recherches sur l’identification des matières et des produits progressent rapidement grâce à l’utilisation de techniques d’analyses toujours plus performantes. Toutefois, c’est par la confrontation des sources archéologiques et des représentations d’offrandes alimentaires en contexte funéraire qu’il est possible de mieux comprendre l’utilisation des aliments lors des funérailles et des visites successives aux défunts. Many of the receptacles that form funeral furniture were linked to the use of animal and plant substances for the needs of funeral rituals. Research on the identification of materials and products is progressing rapidly thanks to more effective scientific analysis. By combining the archaeological sources and representations of food offerings in a funeral context, we are able to greatly advance our understanding of the use of food during funerals and subsequent visits to the deceased.

Dans le cadre d’une collaboration entre les programmes ANR Perhamo et MAGI d’une part et, d’autre part, la Soprintendenza archeologica del Lazio e dell’Etruria meridionale et le Museo archeolologico nazionale Cerite, ont été organisées plusieurs campagnes d’analyses biomoléculaires de contenus de céramiques et flacons en verre appartenant à plusieurs contextes funéraires de Cerveteri, de l’époque archaïque à l’époque augustéenne. Deux stratégies de prélèvements ont été adoptées. Pour la première, ce sont des aryballes et alabastres corinthiens, étrusco-corinthiens et en bucchero nero de tombes archaïques de la nécropole de Monte Abatone fouillées par la Fondation Lerici, qui ont été sélectionnés par Alessandra Coen, Fernando Gilotta et Marina Micozzi, afin de discerner les caractéristiques générales des huiles parfumées et de relever d’éventuelles différences de contenus selon les ateliers. Pour la seconde, c’est du matériel archéologique issu de fouilles récentes des nécropoles de Monte Abatone et de la Banditaccia organisées par la Soprintendenza per i Beni archeologici dell’Etruria Meridionale et dirigées par Rita Cosentino, qui a fait l’objet de prélèvements. L’étude des contenus de céramiques et verres d’époques archaïque, hellénistique et romaine, permet de cerner l’utilisation de substances biologiques dans le rituel funéraire et de comprendre la fonction des différentes catégories de conteneurs, qu’il s’agisse d’une olpé étrusco-corinthienne archaïque ou d’une olpé à vernis noir hellénistique, d’un skyphos en bucchero nero archaïque ou d’une coupelle à vernis noir hellénistique. Les différents ensembles funéraires seront présentés en détail afin de replacer les résultats d’analyses dans leurs contextes archéologiques et de proposer des interprétations qui permettent de comprendre la place des matériaux biologiques (vin, goudrons végétaux, huiles végétales et produits de la ruche) au sein des rituels funéraires. Il coinvolgimento della Soprintendenza per l’Etruria meridionale, poi del Lazio e dell’Etruria meridionale, in progetti di ricerca francesi per lo studio dei contenuti delle ceramiche antiche (Perhamo dal 2008 e dal 2013 MAGI) sono stati un’ottima occasione di collaborazione internazionale che ha permesso di ampliare le nostre conoscenze sugli aspetti economici e produttivi di una delle più importanti metropoli etrusche, Cerveteri. Sono stati analizzati unguentari, ma anche altre forme vascolari, provenienti da scavi recenti condotti da Rita Cosentino, in varie zone della necropoli della Banditaccia. Le analisi di un gruppo di unguentari ellenistici hanno ad es. permesso di sfatare la convinzione che essi fossero esclusivamente dei porta profumi. Il progetto è poi stato esteso anche ad un nucleo di aryballoi ed alabastra provenienti dalla necropoli di Monte Abatone, attualmente in studio da parte di un’équipe delle Università della Tuscia e Unicampania. Le analisi dei contenuti hanno dimostrato come nella maggioranza dei casi questi vasetti contenessero sostanze profumate e/o medicamentose, anche diverse, ma con delle componenti standard in quanto la base del profumo era ottenuta grazie alla tecnica dell’enfleurage sia a freddo che a caldo principalmente in oli vegetali e grassi animali. Si è a volte riscontrata anche la presenza di un prodotto lattiero, incorporato nella miscela al fine di conferirle una consistenza morbida, e di cenere con funzione detergente. Molto interessante il dato relativo alla presenza in numerosi casi di pece di conifera o catrame di betulla, piuttosto inusuali nei vasi greci ed etruschi, soprattutto in relazione ad unguentari. Queste resine, che dovevano essere utilizzate anche per l’impermeabilizzazione della superficie, sono state trovate sia in vasetti privi di altro contenuto, sia in associazione a grassi animali e vegetali, nonché vino, testimoniandone dunque la funzione rituale. The involvement of the Soprintendenza per l’Etruria meridionale, then Lazio and southern Etruria, in French research projects for the study of the contents of ancient ceramics (Perhamo from 2008 and MAGI project from 2013) was an excellent opportunity for international collaboration. This has enabled us to expand our knowledge on the economic and productive aspects of one of the most important Etruscan metropolis, Cerveteri. We analyzed unguentaria, but also other vessel forms, from recent excavations conducted by Rita Cosentino, in various areas of the Banditaccia necropolis. The analysis of a group of Hellenistic unguentaria has dispelled the belief that they were exclusively perfume holders. The project was then extended to a nucleus of aryballoi and alabastra from the necropolis of Monte Abatone, currently being studied by a team from the Universities of Tuscia and Unicampania. The analysis of the contents showed that in the majority of cases these vessls contained perfumed and/or medicinal substances, different, but with standard components. The perfume base is in fact often fat, obtained using the enfleurage technique, both cold and hot, mainly with vegetable oils and animal fats. A milk product was also found, incorporated in the mixture in order to give it a soft consistency, and ash with a detergent function. A very interesting discovery was the presence in numerous cases of conifer pitch or birch tar, rather unusual in Greek and Etruscan vessels, especially in relation to unguentaria. These resins, which were used also for the waterproofing of the surface, have been found both in vessels without other contents and in association with animal and vegetable fats, as well as with wine, thus testifying to their ritual function.

This contribution presents data obtained from the synergy of different specialist fields, such as archaeology, anthropology, botany and biochemistry, to deepen our understanding of social aspects of the indigenous community buried in the pre-Hellenic necropolis of Cuma (Naples, Italy), excavated in 2006 by the Centre Jean B.rard USR 3133 (CNRS-EFR). Thanks to the ANR-MAGI programme it has been possible to identify and characterize, through biomolecular analysis, the organic residues of the impasto pottery in the funerary sets of four primary burials. Three burials belong to male individuals and one to a female, who lived in the Early Iron Age. The analysis of the contents carried out on ceramics from “closed contexts” has made it possible to recognize products of the vine, specifically wine, as the predominant substance. The data demonstrates the prevalence of forms suitable for liquid substances: “services for the consumption and handling of wine” have been recognized, mainly consisting of forms such as askoi, amphorae, ollas, biconical jugs and cups. The consumption of wine in Cumae’s indigenous funerary rituals, in a geographical border area, close to southern Latium populations, forces us to reconsider the role of Cumae in the cultural context of the Mediterranean and the Tyrrhenian Sea during the Iron Age., Il contributo presenta e discute i dati ottenuti dalla sinergia di più ambiti specialistico-disciplinari, archeologia, antropologia, botanica e chimica biomolecolare, nello studio di alcuni contesti funerari provenienti da un settore della necropoli preellenica di Cuma (Campania), indagata recentemente dal Centre Jean Bérard. Nello specifico, in occasione del programma di ricerca ANR-MAGI, è stato possibile procedere all’identificazione e caratterizzazione, attraverso l’analisi biomolecolare, dei resti di sostanze organiche intrappolati nei vasi d’impasto provenienti dall’insieme dei corredi di quattro sepolture primarie a inumazione entro fossa terragna, di cui tre maschili e una femminile, inquadrabili nella prima Età del Ferro. L’analisi dei contenuti effettuata sulle ceramiche pertinenti a “contesti chiusi”, ha permesso di riconoscere i prodotti della vite, nella fattispecie il vino, quale sostanza predominante. Tale dato trova corrispondenza nella prevalenza di forme vascolari adatte alla gestione di sostanze liquide, veri e propri “servizi per il consumo e la manipolazione del vino” composti da forme quali l’askos, l’anfora, l’olla, la brocca biconica e la tazza. L’impiego di una bevanda fermentata, prossima al vino, nel rituale funerario indigeno cumano e il carattere di sito di frontiera, a contatto con le popolazioni del Lazio meridionale, invitano a riconsiderare Cuma nel contesto culturale del Mediterraneo e del Tirreno.

Fig. 1. Carte de la Celtique transalpine selon Strabon Chr. Goudineau, A.-G. Magdinier, P. Thollard Introduction Peuplement, organisation administrative [IV, 1, 1] (176C) ᾽Εϕεξῆς δ´ ἐστὶν ἡ ὑπὲρ τῶν ῎Αλπεων Κελτική. Ταύτης δὲ καὶ τὸ σχῆμα ὑπογέγραπται πρότερον τυπωδῶς καὶ τὸ μέγεθος· νυνὶ δὲ λεκτέον τὰ καθ´ ἕκαστα. Οἱ μὲν δὴ τριχῆ διῄρουν ᾽Ακυιτανοὺς καὶ Βέλγας καλοῦντες καὶ Κέλτας, τοὺς μὲν ᾽Ακυιτανοὺς τελέως ἐξηλλαγμένους οὐ τῇ γλώττῃ μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς σώμασιν ἐμϕερεῖς ῎Ιβηρσι μᾶλλον ἢ Γ...

Il faut replacer le discours de Strabon dans les conditions propres de son élaboration (contexte historique, tradition culturelle, démarche scientifique, méthode de travail) si l’on veut, d’une part, le comparer aux autres textes géographiques ou historiques de l’antiquité et particulièrement, ceux de Pline et de Ptolémée (desquels il se distingue très nettement, comme on l’a vu) et, d’autre part, le confronter aux données archéologiques actuelles. À cet égard, deux éléments doivent être pris...

Le livre IV s’ouvre sur la phrase suivante : ̓Εφεξῆϛ δʹἐστὶν ἡ ὑπὲρ τῶν Ἄλπεων Κελτική : « À la suite [de l’Ibérie] vient la Keltikè Transalpine. » « La Keltikè Transalpine » est la traduction mot à mot de la périphrase ἡ ὑπὲρ Ἄλπεων Κελτική, elle-même calquée sur la formule latine Gallia Transalpina, à ceci près que Strabon parle de Celtique – Κελτική et non de Gaule – Γαλατία ou Γαλλία. Toute la question est donc de savoir quel sens il faut donner à cette dénomination particulière et, au-de...

La question d’une définition des peuples et de leurs territoires avant la conquête romaine est au cœur de toute une série de travaux récents (Bats 1999 ; Bats et al. 2003 ; Garcia, Verdin 2002 ; Bats et al. 2003). Si les analyses prennent toujours appui sur les données archéologiques, la confrontation avec les sources textuelles est sous-jacente et surgit toujours au cours de la discussion. Un des cas les plus emblématiques, peut-être, est celui des territoires respectifs des Volques Arécomiq...

La description des peuples est aussi l’occasion pour Strabon de rappeler leur histoire ou certains moments ou événements particuliers de celle-ci. Dans le livre IV, on rencontre les développements les plus importants à propos des Salyens (IV, 1, 5 et IV, 6, 3), des Tectosages (IV, 1, 13), des Arvernes IV, 2, 3), des Helvètes (IV, 3, 3), des Vénètes (IV, 4, 1), des Bretons (IV, 5, 3), des Salasses (IV, 6, 6-7). Il faut ajouter des mentions plus brèves comme le rappel des expéditions de Tibère ...

Les Ligyens et les Salyens sont les deux peuples les plus importants mentionnés par Strabon à l’est du Rhône. Compte-tenu du plan suivi dans la Géographie, qui décrit le littoral avant l’arrière pays et traite les Alpes à part, les informations concernant ces peuples sont réparties sur plusieurs chapitres : IV, 1, 5 (Marseille et ses fondations), IV, 1, 9-10 (le littoral de Marseille au Var), IV, 1, 11-12 (l’arrière-pays de la Narbonnaise), IV, 6, 1-4 (les Alpes). Il faut ajouter qu’en ce qui...

01/12/2009 01/12/2012 Dans le livre IV, la plupart des mesures de distances est exprimée en stades et très rarement en milles. Nous en donnons la liste dans un tableau (fig. 3). Elles concernent soit des mesures (longueur de fleuves, dimensions de massifs) soit des distances entre localités ou points remarquables. La situation du Livre IV reflète celle de l’œuvre entière : l’unité de mesure de distance chez Strabon reste l’unité grecque, conformément à la tradition géographique de son temps. ...

La Prettaniké Géographie physique et humaine [IV, 5, 1] ̔Η δὲ Βρεττανική τρίγωνος μέν ἐστι τῷ σχήματι, παραβέβληται δὲ τὸ μέγιστον αὐτῆς πλευρὸν τῇ Κελτικῇ, τοῦ μήκους οὔθ´ ὑπερβάλλον οὔτ´ ἐλλεῖπον· ἔστι γὰρ ὅσον τετρακισχιλίων καὶ τριακοσίων ἢ τετρακοσίων σταδίων ἑκάτερον, τό τε Κελτικὸν τὸ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐκβολῶν τοῦ ̔Ρήνου μέχρι πρὸς τὰ βόρεια τῆς Πυρήνης ἄκρα τὰ κατὰ ̓Ακυιτανίαν, καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ Καντίου τοῦ καταντικρὺ τῶν ἐκβολῶν τοῦ ̔Ρήνου, ἑωθινωτάτου σημείου τῆς Βρεττανικῆς, μέχρι πρὸς τὸ ἑ...

La notice sur Massalia-Marseille, qui occupe deux longs chapitres (IV, 1, 4 et 5) est la plus longue du livre IV. Elle est aussi le point de départ de la description de la Narbonnaise, signe de l’importance que lui accorde le géographe. Dans la logique de sa démarche, Strabon aurait dû, en effet, commencer par les peuples et les villes qui bordent les Pyrénées et progresser d’ouest en est, conformément au plan qu’il avait annoncé (II, 5, 4 ; II, 5, 26 ; III, 5, 1). Une fois la description de ...

Le centre monumental de l’agglomération antique de Murviel-lès-Montpellier (Hérault) Le portique nord et les vestiges d’un monument antérieur en grand appareil, vus de l’est (P. Thollard). La Géographie de Strabon est au cœur des réflexions sur l’évolution des peuples et des territoires entre la période de l’Indépendance et l’époque romaine. Cela tient évidemment à la nature de l’ouvrage ainsi qu’à la période de rédaction. Cependant, la proximité chronologique entre Strabon (63 av. J.-C. – ...

Strabon et la géographie de son temps La Géographie de Strabon présente la singularité d’être un des rares traités de géographie antiques qui nous soient parvenus dans son intégralité. Elle offre, en outre, l’intérêt d’avoir été rédigée à l’époque augustéenne, période de profonde mutation pour bien des régions de l’Empire, et tout particulièrement la Gaule. D’où l’importance que les archéologues accordent à ce texte. Le livre IV, consacré à la Celtique Transalpine, à la Bretagne et aux Alpes ...