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The way the colloidal properties of surfactants respond to insertion of non-hydrocarbon functionalities within chains that are normally entirely hydrocarbon is described. On examination of monomolecular films of 10-hydroxysteraric acid, it was found that the hydroxyl and polar headgroup maintain contact with an aqueous subphase while the intervening chains form 'loops' above it.

[super 23]Na NMR evidence is provided showing that sodium ions can locate itself inside the actual phospholipid bilayer. A vesicular membrane composed of a conventional phospholipid (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine or POPC) admixed with a lesser amount of a 'designer' phospholipid that possesses ester groups along its normally all-hydrocarbon chains is used to show that the ester groups create membrane 'pockets' in which sodium ions reside.

A study on ice formation from saline at concentrations near that of seawater, by cryo-etch high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, is presented. The study reveals some surprising morphologies.

The shell phase forms when certain picolinates are subjected to energy input while exposed to a water/toluene mixture. A shell, about 600 angstrom thick and containing the picolinate and toluene, surround the water droplets that are always produced during the mixing process.

The PRINT(®) (pattern replication in non-wetting templates) process has been developed as a simple, gentle way to pattern films or generate discrete particles in arrays out of either pure biological materials or biomolecules encapsulated within polymeric materials. Patterned films and particle arrays can be fabricated in a wide array of sizes and shapes using Fluorocur(®) (a UV-curable perfluoropolyether polymer) from the nanometer to micron scale.