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Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, incurable non-Hodgkin's lymphoma characterized by naive B cells infiltrating the lymphoid follicle's mantle zone. A key feature of MCL is the cytogenetic abnormality t(11;14) (q13:q14), found in 95% of cases, leading to Cyclin D1 overexpression resulting in uncontrolled cell cycle progression and genetic instability. Occasionally, Cyclin D2 or D3 overexpression can substitute for Cyclin D1, causing similar effects. The transcription factor SOX11 is a hallmark of classical Cyclin D1-positive MCL and also in cases without the typical t(11;14) abnormality, making it an important diagnostic marker. MCL's development necessitates secondary genetic changes, including mutations in the ATM, TP53, and NOTCH1 genes, with the TP53 mutation being the only genetic biomarker with established clinical prognostic value. The Mantle Cell Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (MIPI) score, which considers age, performance status, serum LDH levels, and leukocyte count, stratifies patients into risk groups. Histologic variants of MCL, such as classic, blastoid, and pleomorphic, offer additional prognostic information. Recent research highlights new mutations potentially tied to specific populations among MCL patients, suggesting the benefit of personalized management for better predicting outcomes like progression-free survival. This approach could lead to more effective, risk-adapted treatment strategies. However, challenges remain in patient stratification and in developing new therapeutic targets for MCL. This review synthesizes current knowledge on genetic mutations in MCL and their impact on prognosis. It aims to explore the prognostic value of genetic markers related to population traits, emphasizing the importance of tailored molecular medicine in MCL., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose:: To investigate the effects of cyclosporine A on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury during transient hyperglycemia in rats., Methods:: In a model of ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal injury and transiently induced hyperglycemia by intraperitoneal injection of glucose, 2.5 g.kg-1, Wistar rats were anesthetized with either isoflurane or propofol and received intravenous cyclosporine A, 5 mg.kg-1, five minutes before reperfusion. Comparison groups were isoflurane and propofol sham groups and isoflurane and propofol ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal injury. Renal tubular cell viability was quantitatively assessed by flow cytometry after cell culture and classified as early apoptosis, necrotic cells, and intact cells., Results:: Early apoptosis was significantly higher in isoflurane and propofol anesthetized animals subjected to renal ischemia-reperfusion injury when compared to both cyclosporine A treated and sham groups. Necrosis percentage was significantly higher in propofol-anesthetized animals subjected to renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. The percentage of intact cells was lower in both, isoflurane and propofol anesthetized animals subjected to renal ischemia-reperfusion injury., Conclusion:: In a model of ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal injury, cyclosporine A, 5 m.kg-1, administered five minutes before renal reperfusion in rats with acute-induced hyperglycemia under either isoflurano or propofol anesthesia, attenuated early apoptosis and preserved viability in renal tubular cells, regardless of the anesthetic used.

Background and Objectives: Although there is no documented evidence that tattoo pigments can cause neurological complications, the implications of performing neuraxial anesthesia through tattooed skin are unknown. In this study, we aimed to assess whether spinal puncture performed through tattooed skin of rabbits determines changes over the spinal cord and meninges. In addition, we sought to evaluate the presence of ink fragments entrapped in spinal needles., Methods: Thirty-six young male adult rabbits, each weighing between 3400 and 3900 g and having a spine length between 38.5 and 39 cm, were divided by lot into 3 groups as follows: GI, spinal puncture through tattooed skin; GII, spinal puncture through tattooed skin and saline injection; and GIII, spinal puncture through skin free of tattoo and saline injection. After intravenous anesthesia with ketamine and xylazine, the subarachnoid space was punctured at S1-S2 under ultrasound guidance with a 22-gauge 2½ Quincke needle. Animals in GII and GIII received 5 μL/cm of spinal length (0.2 mL) of saline intrathecally. In GI, the needle tip was placed into the yellow ligament, and no solution was injected into the intrathecal space; after tattooed skin puncture, 1 mL of saline was injected through the needle over a histological slide to prepare a smear that was dyed by the Giemsa method to enable tissue identification if present. All animals remained in captivity for 21 days under medical observation and were killed by decapitation. The lumbosacral spinal cord portion was removed for histological analysis using hematoxylin-eosin stain., Results: None of the animals had impaired motor function or decreased nociception during the period of clinical observation. None of the animals from the control group (GIII) showed signs of injuries to meninges. In GII, however, 4 animals presented with signs of meningeal injury. The main histological changes observed were focal areas of perivascular lymphoplasmacyte infiltration in the pia mater and arachnoid. There was no signal of injury in neural tissue in any animal of both groups. Tissue coring containing ink pigments was noted in all GI smears from the spinal needles used to puncture the tattooed skin., Conclusions: On the basis of the present results, intrathecal injection of saline through a needle inserted through tattooed skin is capable of producing histological changes over the meninges of rabbits. Ink fragments were entrapped inside the spinal needles, despite the presence of a stylet.

Objective: Pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopy results in transient oliguria and decreased glomerular filtration and renal blood flow. The presence of oliguria and elevated serum creatinine is suggestive of acute renal injury. Serum cystatin C has been described as a new marker for the detection of this type of injury. In this study, our aim was to compare the glomerular filtration rate estimated using cystatin C levels with the rate estimated using serum creatinine in patients with normal renal function who were undergoing laparoscopic surgery., Methods: In total, 41 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy or hiatoplasty were recruited for the study. Blood samples were collected at three time intervals: first, before intubation (T1); second, 30 minutes after the establishment of pneumoperitoneum (T2); and third, 30 minutes after deflation of the pneumoperitoneum (T3). These blood samples were then analyzed for serum cystatin C, creatinine, and vasopressin. The Larsson formula was used to calculate the glomerular filtration rate based on the serum cystatin C levels, and the Cockcroft-Gault formula was used to calculate the glomerular filtration rate according to the serum creatinine levels., Results: Serum cystatin C levels increased during the study (T1 = T2T3; p<0.05). The calculated eGlomerular filtration rate-Larsson decreased, whereas the eGlomerular filtration rate-Cockcroft-Gault increased. There was no correlation between cystatin C and serum creatinine. Additionally, Pearson's analysis showed a better correlation between serum cystatin C and the eGlomerular filtration rate than between serum creatinine and the eGlomerular filtration rate., Conclusion: This study demonstrates that serum cystatin C is a more sensitive indicator of changes in the glomerular filtration rate than serum creatinine is in patients with normal renal function who are undergoing laparoscopic procedures.

Purpose: To study the effect of isoflurane (Iso) or propofol (Prop) anesthesia on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) during transient hyperglycemia., Methods: Thirty six rats were randomly assigned into six groups of six animals each: PHS (Sham-Prop=1mg.kg-1.min-1 + Hyperglycemia=2.5g.kg-1 of glucose solution administered intraperitoneally); HIS (Sham-Iso + Hyperglycemia); PHI (Prop + Hyperglycemia + Ischemia); IHI (Iso + Hyperglycemia + Ischemia); PI (Prop + Ischemia), and II (Iso + Ischemia). After 30 minutes of anesthesia induction, right nephrectomy was performed (all animals) and the left renal artery was clamped during 25 minutes (ischemia). The animals were sacrificed after 24 hours and blood collection (to dose creatinine) and left kidney removal were performed for histological analysis, and flow cytometry (FCM): percentage of initial apoptosis (APTi) and viable cells (VC)., Results: Serum creatinine (mg/dL) was statistically different in groups PHI (3.60±0.40) and IHI (3.23±1.08), p<0.05. Histological analysis was statistically different in groups PHI (4.0[4.0;5.0]) and IHI (4.5[4.0;5.0]), p<0.05. APTi percentage was statistically different in groups PHI (73.2±7.1), and IHI (48.1±14). VC percentage was statistically different in groups PHI (25.8±6.9) and IHI (38.5±9.2), p<0.05., Conclusions: Propofol and isoflurane showed the same level of protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in the normoglycemic groups. Transient hyperglycemia is associated with an increase in IRI.

Purpose: To compare fluid replacement therapy with Hydroxyethyl starch 6% (HES) versus Ringer's lactate (RL) in a rodent model of non-septic renal ischemia., Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were randomized to receive HES 2 ml.kg(-1).hr(-1) or RL 5 ml.kg(-1).hr(-1) that underwent 30 minutes of renal ischemia followed by reperfusion. Twelve hours after kidney ischemia, the kidneys were evaluated for histological changes. Serum NGAL levels were obtained at different times of the experimental protocol., Results: Rodents in the HES group had a median (IQR) grade of renal injury 3 (3 to 5) compared to 2 (2 to 4) in the RL group (p=0.03). NGAL levels were not associated with the severity of kidney injury., Conclusion: Hydroxyethyl starch administration caused more kidney injury than Ringer's lactate in a non-infectious model of renal hypoperfusion.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of N-acetylcysteine, as a renoprotective agent, when administered early after anesthesia induction, against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats anesthetized with isoflurane., Methods: Eighteen male Wistar rats weighing > 300 g were anesthetized with isoflurane. The internal jugular vein and the left carotid artery were dissected and cannulated. The animals were randomly divided into GAcetyl, receiving intravenous N-acetylcysteine, 300 mg/kg, and GIsot, isotonic saline. After 30 minutes, right nephrectomy was performed and the left renal artery was clamped during 45 minutes. The animals were sacrificed after 48 hours and blood samples were taken after anesthetic induction and upon sacrificing of the animals to evaluate blood creatinine. The kidneys were sent for histological analysis., Results: The variation in serum creatinine was 2.33 mg/dL ± 2.21 in GAcetyl and 4.38 mg/dL ± 2.13 in GIsot (p=0.074). Two animals presented intense tubular necrosis in GAcetyl, compared to 5 in GIsot. Only GAcetyl presented animals free of tubular necrosis (two) and tubular degeneration (one)., Conclusion: After renal ischemia/reperfusion, the rats which were given N-acetylcysteine presented less variation in serum creatinine and milder kidney injuries than the control group.

Purpose: To investigate the influence of intravenous nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor, ketoprofen (keto), on kidney histological changes and kidney cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), levels after hemorrhage of 30% of volemia (three times 10%, intervals of 10 min) in rats., Methods: Under sevoflurane (sevo) anesthesia, sevo and sevo+keto groups (10 rats each) were instrumented for Ringer solution (5 mL/kg/h) administration and mean arterial pressure (MAP) evaluation, plus keto (1.5mg/kg) administration in sevo+keto group in the beginning of anesthesia. Rectal temperature was continuously measured. The baseline data of temperature and MAP were collected at the first hemorrhage (T1), the third hemorrhage (T2) and 30 min after T2 (T3). Bilateral nephrectomy was achieved for histology and immunohistochemistry., Results: In both groups, temperature and MAP diminished from initial values. Hypothermia was greater in sevo group (p=0.0002). Tubular necrosis was more frequent in sevo group (p=0.02). The studied cytokines were equally present in the kidneys of both groups., Conclusion: Ketoprofen was more protective to the rat kidney in condition of anesthesia with sevoflurane and hypovolemia, but it seems that TNF-α and IL-1 were not involved in that protection.

Background and Objectives: Cardiovascular changes associated with neuraxial blocks are a cause of concern due to their frequency and because some of them can be considered physiological effects triggered by the sympathetic nervous system blockade. The objective of this study was to evaluate intraoperative cardiovascular complications and predictive factors associated with neuraxial blocks in patients ≥ 18 years of age undergoing non-obstetric procedures over an 18-year period in a tertiary university hospital--HCFMB-UNESP., Methods: A retrospective analysis of the following complications was undertaken: hypertension, hypotension, sinus bradycardia, and sinus tachycardia. These complications were correlated with anesthetic technique, physical status (ASA), age, gender, and preoperative co-morbidities. The Tukey test for comparisons among proportions and logistic regression was used for statistical analysis., Results: 32,554 patients underwent neuraxial blocks. Intraoperative complications mentioned included hypotension (n=4,109), sinus bradycardia (n=1,107), sinus tachycardia (n=601), and hypertension (n=466). Hypotension was seen more often in patients undergoing continuous subarachnoid anesthesia (29.4%, OR=2.39), ≥ 61 years of age, and female (OR=1.27)., Conclusions: Intraoperative hypotension and bradycardia were the complications observed more often. Hypotension was related to anesthetic technique (CSA), increased age, and female. Tachycardia and hypertension may not have been directly related to neuraxial blocks., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objective: The constant equilibrium between the plasma and effect site (ke0) is used by pharmacokinetic models to calculate a drug concentration in its site of action (Ce). It would be interesting if Ce of propofol was similar at loss and recovery of consciousness. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of two different ke0 (fast = 1.21 min(-1), and slow = 0.26 min(-1)) in relation to Ce during loss and recovery of consciousness using Marsh pharmacokinetic model., Methods: Twenty healthy adult male volunteers participated in this study. In all volunteers propofol was administered as target-controlled infusion, Marsh pharmacokinetic model for fast ke0 and, at a different time, the same pharmacokinetic model with slow ke0 was used. Initially, propofol was infused with a serum target-controlled infusion of 3.0 μg.mL(-1). Loss of consciousness and recovery of consciousness were based on response to verbal stimulus. Ce was recorded at the moment of loss and recovery of consciousness., Results: On loss and recovery of consciousness, the Ce for fast ke0 was different (3.64 ± 0.78 and 1.47 ± 0.29 μg.mL(-1), respectively, p < 0.0001), while with slow ke0 the Ce was similar (2.20 ± 0.70 and 2.14 ± 0.43 μg.mL(-1), respectively, p = 0.5425)., Conclusions: Clinically, the slow ke0 (0.26 min(-1)) incorporated in the Marsh pharmacokinetic model showed better performance than the fast ke0 (1.21 min(-1)), since the calculated concentration of propofol at the effect site on loss and recovery of consciousness was similar., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To investigate blood creatinine and renal histology in rats anesthetized with S(+)-ketamine (keta) or dexmedetomidine (dex) and submitted to kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI)., Methods: Under intraperitoneal (ip) S(+)-ketamine, 20 male Wistar rats were divided into two groups (n=10): maintenance with iv S(+)-ketamine or dex (keta and dex groups), and submitted to right (R) nephrectomy and left (L) renal artery clamping for 45 min. Blood creatinine was measured before ischemia (T1) and 48h after reperfusion (T2), when L nephrectomy was performed. Histological analysis was performed in all kidneys., Results: Blood creatinine was significantly higher at T2 in both groups, but dex group results were lower than those of keta group. Histological changes: between groups, R kidneys did not differ; there were significant high scores for vascular dilation: keta L kidneys; for vascular congestion, tubular dilation, and necrosis: L kidneys from both groups; for tubular degeneration: keta R kidneys., Conclusion: S(+)-ketamine plus IRI were aggressive to rat kidneys, according to histological changes, and dexmedetomidine may have not totally protected the kidneys from these injuries, despite the better results of blood creatinine.

Objective: The aim of this study was to verify whether preoperative diabetes, hypertension, and renal function had any relationship with postoperative tubule function in patients submitted to anesthesia for arterial surgery., Methods: Prospective observational study. One hundred and forty-four patients submitted to anesthesia for arterial surgery enrolled consecutively and divided into four groups: G1--diabetes and hypertension; G2--diabetes; G3--hypertension; and G4--without hypertension or diabetes. Urine was obtained for laboratory analysis of urinary creatinine (Ucr), alkaline phosphatase (AP), γ-glutamyltransferase (γGT), and blood for cystatin C and creatinine before the surgery (M1) and 24 h after the surgery (M2)., Results: Values of γGT, γGT/Ucr, and AP × γGT/Ucr increased at M2 in G4. Patients without renal function compromise (GFR ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) presented increased γGT/Ucr and AP × γGT/Ucr values at M2 and those with slightly compromised renal function (60-89 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) presented increased γGT values at M2. There was no correlation between deltaCystatin C and deltaAP, deltaγGT, deltaγGT/Ucr, deltaAP/Ucr, and deltaAP × γGT/Ucr., Conclusions: Diabetes, hypertension, and preoperative renal function seem to interfere in tubular enzymuria immediately after surgery in arteriopathic patients. However, when these markers do not increase in postoperative period, renal dysfunction cannot be discarded.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare cystatin C versus creatinine as a marker for acute kidney injury in patients submitted to cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass., Methods: Fifty consecutive patients submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting were studied. Renal function was evaluated by serum cystatin C and creatinine. Blood samples were obtained from each patient at three time points: before operation, and on the first and fifth postoperative days. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated by Cockcroft-Gault (CG), Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), and Larsson (Cys-GFR) formulas., Results: Creatinine and GFR by CG and MDRD formulas did not show statistical difference between study times. After renal injury from surgery, there was an increase in cystatin C on the 1st and 5th day after surgery, being significantly different on the 5th postoperative (P<0.01). The GFR by Larson formula was higher in the preoperative time (105.2 +/- 41.0 ml/min) than in the 5th postoperative day (89.5+/- 31.5 ml/min; P<0.012)., Conclusion: The cystatin C and the Cys-GFR showed significant changes after cardiac surgery when compared with the creatinine and respective GFR calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault and MDRD formulas.

Introduction: Halogenated anesthetics can cause changes in the variables that modify the cardiac output necessary to maintain renal hemodynamic during hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. However, halogenated anesthetics seem to protect against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. In a model of pressure-guided hemorrhagic shock in dogs, we studied the comparative effects of three halogenated anesthetics-halothane, sevoflurane, and isoflurane-at equipotent concentrations on renal responses after resuscitation., Methods: Thirty dogs were anesthetized with 1.0 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) of halothane, sevoflurane, or isoflurane. The dogs were splenectomized and hemorrhaged to hold mean arterial pressure at 40-50 mm Hg over 45 min and then resuscitated with the shed blood volume. Hemodynamic variables were measured at baseline, after 45 min of hemorrhage, and 15 and 60 min after resuscitation. Renal variables were measured at baseline and 15 and 60 min after resuscitation., Results: Hemorrhage induced reductions of mean arterial pressure, filling pressures, and cardiac index (p < 0.05), without significant differences among groups (p > 0.05). After 60 min of shed blood replacement, all groups restored hemodynamic and renal variables to the prehemorrhage levels (p > 0.05), without significant differences among groups (p > 0.05), with the exception of sodium fractional excretion, the values for which were significantly higher in isoflurane group, in relation to the other groups after 15 min of re-transfusion (p < 0.05), and renal vascular resistance, the values for which remain lower than baseline in halothane group (p < 0.05)., Conclusions: We conclude that no difference could be detected between choosing equipotent doses of halothane, sevoflurane, or isoflurane in relation to renal variables in dogs submitted to pressure-adjusted hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation.

Some properties of the volatile anesthetics, such as vasodilatation and myocardial depression, combined with the sympathetic inhibition that alpha2-agonists can produce, may determine hemodynamic alterations during aortic surgery. The interaction between dexmedetomidine (DEX), an alpha2-agonist, and sevoflurane during aortic surgery is unknown. We studied the effects of DEX on hemodynamics and systemic oxygenation during aortic cross-clamping (Aox) and unclamping (UAox) in sevoflurane-anesthetized dogs. Twenty dogs were anesthetized with sevoflurane and were randomly assigned to two groups prior to Aox and UAox: control, n = 10, received saline infusion only, and DEX (1 microg x kg(-1) load followed by 1 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1) infusion), n = 10. Hemodynamic and oxygenation variables were measured at baseline, after saline or DEX loading dose, 20 and 40 min after Aox, and 20 and 40 min after UAox. After DEX administration, heart rate, cardiac index (CI) and systemic oxygen transport index (DO(2)I) were lower than in control group. Aox increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) in both groups, but the effects were greater with DEX. CI, heart rate, and DO(2)I were lower, while central venous pressure (CVP) and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure were higher in DEX compared to control. After UAox, MAP, CVP and SVRI were maintained higher in DEX in relation to control. We conclude that in sevoflurane-anesthetized dogs DEX alters the cardiovascular response during aortic surgery.

Context and Objective: The significant relationship between upper abdominal surgery and early (perioperative) pulmonary events was investigated among patients with preoperative pulmonary conditions undergoing general anesthesia., Design and Setting: Retrospective study for which data were obtained prospectively from 1999 to 2004, at a tertiary university hospital., Methods: We retrospectively studied 3107 patients over 11 years old presenting American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status I, II or III who underwent upper abdominal surgery under general anesthesia and were discharged to the recovery room. The preoperative conditions analyzed using logistic regression were: age, sex, ASA physical status, congestive heart failure, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), respiratory failure and smoking. The outcomes or dependent variables included intraoperative and postoperative events: bronchospasm, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, prolonged intubation and airway secretion., Results: Among these patients (1500 males, 1607 females, mean age 48 years, 1088 ASA I, 1402 ASA II and 617 ASA III), there were 80 congestive heart failures, 82 asthmatics, 122 with COPD, 21 respiratory failures and 428 smokers. Logistic regression analysis showed that female sex (p < 0.001), age over 70 years (p < 0.01), smoking (p < 0.001) and COPD (p < 0.02) significantly influenced pulmonary event development, particularly hypoxemia and bronchospasm, at both times but not in the same patients. Asthma and congestive heart failure cases did not present pulmonary events in the recovery room., Conclusion: In upper abdominal surgery under general anesthesia, female sex, age over 70, smoking and COPD were independent risk factors for intra and postoperative pulmonary events.

Purpose: About 50 % of indications for dialysis in acute renal failure are related to problems originated during the perioperative period. Intraoperative hemodynamic changes lead to renal vasoconstriction and hypoperfusion. Previous studies have not defined the dexmedetomidine renal role in hemorrhage situations. This study evaluated the effect of dexmedetomidine on renal function and histology after acute hemorrhage in rats., Methods: Covered study with 20 Wistars rats, anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, 50 mg.kg(-1), intraperitoneal, randomized into 2 groups submitted to 30% volemia bleeding: DG - iv dexmedetomidine, 3 microg.kg(-1) (10 min) and continuous infusion - 3 microg.kg(-1).h(-1); CG - pentobarbital. For renal clearance estimative, sodium p-aminohippurate and iothalamate were administered. Studied attributes: heart rate, mean arterial pressure, rectal temperature, hematocrit, iothalamate and p-aminohippurate clearance, filtration fraction, renal blood flow, renal vascular resistance, and histological evaluations of the kidneys., Results: DG showed smaller values of heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and renal vascular resistance, but iothalamate clearance and filtration fraction values were higher. There was similarity in p-aminohippurate clearance and renal blood flow. Both groups had histological changes ischemia-like, but dexmedetomidine determined higher tubular dilatation scores., Conclusion: In rats, after acute hemorrhage, dexmedetomidine determined better renal function, but higher tubular dilation scores.

Introduction: Hypovolemia from hemorrhage evokes protective compensatory reactions, such as the renin-angiotensin system, which interferes in the clearance function and can lead to ischemia. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of glibenclamide, a K(+)(ATP) channel blocker, on renal function and histology in rats in a state of hemorrhagic shock under sevoflurane anesthesia., Material and Methods: Twenty Wistar rats were randomized into two groups of 10 animals each (G1 and G2), only one of which (G2) received intravenous glibenclamide (1 microg.g(-1)), 60 min before bleeding was begun. Both groups were anesthetized with sevoflurane and kept on spontaneous respiration with oxygen-air, while being bled of 30% of volemia in three stages with 10 min intervals. There was an evaluation of renal function - sodium para-aminohippurate and iothalamate clearances, filtration fraction, renal blood flow, renal vascular resistance - and renal histology. Renal function attributes were evaluated at three moments: M1 and M2, coinciding with the first and third stages of bleeding; and M3, 30 min after M2, when the animals were subjected to bilateral nephrectomy before being sacrificed., Results: Significant differences were found in para-aminohippurate clearance, G1 < G2, and higher renal vascular resistance values were observed in G1. Histological examination showed the greater vulnerability of kidneys exposed to sevoflurane alone (G1) with higher scores of vascular and tubular dilatation. There were vascular congestion and tubular vacuolization only in G1. Necrosis and signs of tubular regeneration did not differ in both groups., Conclusion: Treatment with glibenclamide attenuated acutely the renal histological changes after hemorrhage in rats under sevoflurane anesthesia.

Purpose: To study in rats the effect of S(+) ketamine on the renal histology after intraoperative hemorrhage., Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats, anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, were randomly divided in 2 groups: G1 - control (n=l0) and G2 - S(+)-ketamine (n=10), both submitted to arterial hemorrhage of 30% of volemia in 3 moments (10% each 10 min) 60 min after anesthesia. G2 received S(+)-ketamine, 15 mg. kg-1, i.m., 5 min after anesthesia and 55 min before the 1st hemorrhage moment (Ml). Medium arterial pressure (MAP), rectal temperature (T) and heart rate were monitored. The animals were sacrificed in M4, 30 min after the 3rd hemorrhage moment (M3) and the kidneys and blood collected from hemorrhage were utilized for histological study and hematocrit (Ht) determination., Results: There were significant reduction of MAP, T, and Ht. The histological study verified G1 = G2 for tubular dilation, congestion, and necrosis. The total score addition were significantly different and G2 > G 1., Conclusion: Hemorrhage and hypotension determined changes in kidney histology. The rise in catecholamine blood concentration probably was the cause of S(+)-ketamine-induced higher score of histological changes.

Introduction: The renal prostaglandins (PGs), vasodilators, preserve kidney function during increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system or renal sympathetic nerves (renal PG-dependent state [RPGD]). Ketoprofen (Ket) inhibits cyclooxygenase and, therefore, the synthesis of PGs. The aim of this study was to determine, in the rat, the action of Ket in the renal histology and function in a RPGD state (stress of anesthesia and hemorrhage)., Material and Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats, anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, were randomly divided into two groups: G1--control (n = 10) and G2-Ket (n = 10) submitted to arterial hemorrhage of 30% of volemia (estimated as 6% of body weight) three times (10% each 10 min), 65 min after anesthesia. G2 animals received Ket, 1.5 mg. kg(-1), venously, 5 min after anesthesia and 60 min before the first hemorrhage moment (first moment of the study [M1]). Medium arterial pressure (MAP), rectal temperature (T), and heart rate were monitored. G1 and G2 received para-aminohippurate sodium (PAH) and iothalamate sodium (IOT) solutions during the entire experimental time in order to determine clearance of PAH (effective renal plasma flow [ERPF]) and clearance of IOT (glomerular filtration rate [GFR]) without urine collection (determination of blood concentrations of PAH and IOT through the high-performance liquid chromatography), filtration fraction (FF), and renal vascular resistance (RVR). The animals were sacrificed in M3, 30 min after the third hemorrhage (M2) moment, and the kidneys and blood collected during the hemorrhage periods were utilized for histological study and determinations of hematocrit (Ht), serum creatinine (SCr), ERPF, GFR, FF, and RVR, respectively., Results: There were significant reductions of MAP, T, and Ht and a significant increase of SCr. During the experiment, ERPF and GFR did not change, but ERPF was always higher in G1 than in G2. Ket did not alter FF, which increased in G1 over the duration of experiment. The Ket group had significantly higher RVR than the control group. The histology verified that both G1 and G2 were similar for tubular dilation and necrosis, but they were significantly different for tubular degeneration: G1 > G2., Conclusion: The changes observed in kidney histology probably were determined by hemorrhage and hypotension. Ket inhibited the synthesis of PGs and diminished tubular degeneration.

Background and Objectives: Pressure controlled ventilation (PCV) is available in anesthesia machines, but there are no studies on its use during CO2 pneumoperitoneum (CPP). This study aimed at evaluating pressure-controlled ventilation and hemodynamic and ventilatory changes during CPP, as compared to conventional volume controlled ventilation (VCV)., Methods: This study involved 16 dogs anesthetized with thiopental, fentanyl and pancuronium, which were randomly assigned to two groups: VC - volume controlled ventilation (n=8) and PC - pressure controlled ventilation (n=8). Hemodynamic and ventilatory parameters were monitored and recorded in 4 moments: M1 (before CPP), M2 (30 minutes after CPP = 10 mmHg), M3 (30 minutes after CPP=15 mmHg) and M4 (30 minutes after deflation)., Results: With CPP, there has been significant increase in tidal volume in PC group; there has been increase in airway pressures (peak and plateau), decrease in compliance with increase in CPP pressure, increase in heart rate, maintenance of mean blood pressure with higher values in the VC group in all stages; there was also increase in right atrium pressure with significant decrease after deflation, decrease in arterial pH with minor variations in PC group, greater arterial pCO2 stability in PC group, and no significant changes in arterial pO2., Conclusions: There were some differences in hemodynamic and ventilatory data between both ventilation control modes (VC and PC). It is possible to use pressure controlled ventilation during CPP, but the anesthesiologist must monitor and take a close look at alveolar ventilation, adjusting inspiratory pressure to ensure proper CO2 elimination and oxygenation.

Background and Objectives: There are still few strictu sensu Post-Graduation Programs in Anesthesiology in Brazil. Aiming at fostering post-graduation in Anesthesiology in Brazil, we present the experience of ten years at Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)., Contents: Strictu sensu post-graduation program in Anesthesiology - UNESP was accredited by CAPES since its beginning in 1994, for Master and Doctoral programs. The program is developed around three fields of study: Organs and Systems Risk and Protection in Anesthesia and Surgery; Quality and Safety in Anesthesiology; and Clinical and Experimental Models for Pain Therapy, with their respective 14 research lines. The number of regular students is compatible with the number of faculty advisers (12), with three students per adviser in average. From its beginning to September 2004, there were 45 Master and 24 Doctoral reports, in a total of 69 presentations, most of them with scholarships and funding granted by Research Fostering Agencies. After receiving their doctor's degree, 65% of students dedicate themselves to teaching and researching in Brazilian public and private universities. Most studies are published in Qualis A Brazilian journals with a lower number of publications in international Qualis A or B journals. The program was scored 4.0 by CAPES, in a scale from 1 to 7, in its three most recent evaluations., Conclusions: The program has positively evolved throughout its 10 years of existence and major objectives have been reached, such as qualification of professors and investigators in Anesthesiology for Brazilian universities.

Background and Objectives: There are no studies reporting renal effects promoted by high epidural clonidine doses. This study aimed at evaluating hemodynamic and renal effects of high epidural clonidine doses in dogs., Methods: This double-blind randomized study involved 20 animals anesthetized with sodium thiopental and fentanyl, which were distributed in two groups: Group 1 or placebo (n = 10), receiving 0.2 mL.kg-1 saline, and Group 2 or clonidine (n = 10), receiving 0.2 mL.kg-1 of a solution with 50 microg.mL-1 clonidine in the epidural space. The following hemodynamic parameters were evaluated: heart rate (HR): beat.min-1; mean blood pressure (MBP): mmHg; pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP): mmHg; cardiac output (CO): L.min-1; and systolic volume (SV): mL. The following renal function parameters were also evaluated: renal blood flow (RBF) mL.min-1; renal vascular resistance (RVR): mmHg.mL-1; urinary minute volume (UMV): mL.min-1; creatinine clearance (C Cr): mL.min-1; para-aminohippurate clearance (C PAH): mL.min-1; filtration fraction (FF); sodium clearance (C NA): mL.min-1; potassium clearance (C K): mL.min-1; sodium fractional excretion (FE NA): %; sodium urinary excretion (U NA V): microEq.min-1; potassium urinary excretion (U K V): microEq.min-1. Experiment consisted of three 20-minute moments. Data were collected at 10 minutes of each moment and diuresis was measured in the beginning and end of each moment. At the end of M1, clonidine or saline were epidurally injected. After 20 minutes data were repeated in M2 and M3., Results: Epidural 10 microg.kg-1 clonidine in dogs has promoted significant changes with decreased heart rate and cardiac output and increased sodium para-aminophurate clearance/cardiac output ratio., Conclusions: In our conditions and doses, clonidine has not promoted renal function changes, but has decreased hemodynamic parameters (heart rate and cardiac output).

Background and Objectives: Elderly have progressive renal function deterioration and hypertensive patients are at higher risk of additional intraoperative kidney injury. Renal function is evaluated by creatinine clearance, with 24-hour urinary output to dilute the error of possible residual vesical volume (RVV). This study aimed at evaluating preoperative renal function of hypertensive and normotensive elderly patients, with 2-hour urinary output, using portable ultrasound to determine residual vesical volume., Methods: Participated in this study 30 patients distributed in 2 groups: Gn (15) normotensive elderly, and Gh (15) hypertensive elderly. Urine was collected for 2 hours. RVV was measured with portable ultrasound. The following parameters were evaluated: age, gender, physical status, height, weight, body mass index, plasma and urinary creatinine, plasma and urinary sodium and potassium, plasma and urinary osmolality, urinary output, creatinine, osmolar and free water clearance, sodium and potassium urinary and fractional excretion. Estimated creatinine clearance was compared to actual creatinine clearance., Results: Gn and Gh patients were not significantly different in most evaluated parameters. Hypertensive elderly had a trend to higher sodium fractional excretion and plasma potassium was lower in hypertensive patients, however within normal ranges. Estimated creatinine clearance was positively correlated to actual creatinine clearance in Gn only., Conclusions: Hypertensive patients had lower plasma potassium and excreted more sodium, with correspondence between estimated and actual creatinine clearance in normotensive patients only.

Background and Objectives: This study aimed at evaluating acute radiological contrast effects in fluid restriction situations, observing renal and cardiovascular effects after intra-arterial injection of high osmolarity radiological contrast., Methods: Participated in this study 16 dogs anesthetized with sodium thiopental (15 mg.kg-1) and fentanyl (0.03 mL.kg-1), followed by continuous infusion of 40 microg.kg-1.min-1 (sodium thiopental) and 0.1 microg.kg-1.min-1 (fentanyl). Hydration was achieved with 5% glucose solution (0.03 mL.kg-1.min-1) and ventilation was mechanically controlled with compressed air. The following attributes were evaluated: heart rate (HR); mean blood pressure (MBP); inferior vena cava pressure (IVP); cardiac output (CO); hematocrit (Ht); effective renal plasma flow (ERPF); renal blood flow (RBF); glomerular filtration rate (GFR); filtration fraction; renal vascular resistance (RVR), urinary volume (UV); plasma and urinary osmolarity; osmolar clearance; free water clearance; sodium and potassium clearance; plasma sodium and potassium; sodium and potassium urinary fractional excretion and rectal temperature. These attributes were evaluated in four moments: 30 (M1), 60 (M2), 90 (M3) and 120 (M4) minutes after sodium para-aminohipurate and creatinine administration (beginning of experiment). In moment 2, G1 received intra-arterial 0.9% saline (1.24 mL.kg-1) and G2 received intra-arterial radiological contrast (1.4 mL.kg-1)., Results: Group G1 has presented increased HR, ERPF, RBF, plasma osmolarity, sodium clearance and sodium urinary excretion, in addition to decreased urinary osmolarity, plasma sodium, potassium clearance and rectal temperature. Group G2 has presented increased HR, RVR, UV, osmolar clearance, sodium clearance and sodium urinary and fractional excretion; there has also been decrease in hematocrit, glomerular filtration rate, filtration fraction, urinary osmolarity, free water clearance, urinary sodium and potassium, plasma potassium and rectal temperature., Conclusions: This study has concluded that intra-arterial radiological contrast has promoted a two-phase effect on renal function. Initially it has promoted increased diuresis and sodium excretion but then the hemodynamic conditions impaired, and consequently renal function impaired, with increased renal vascular resistance and decreased glomerular filtration rate.

The smaller volemic state from hypertonic (7.5%) saline (HS) solution administration in hemorrhagic shock can determine lesser systemic oxygen delivery and tissue oxygenation than conventional plasma expanders. In a model of hemorrhagic shock in dogs, we studied the systemic and gastrointestinal oxygenation effects of HS and hyperoncotic (6%) dextran-70 in combination with HS (HSD) solutions in comparison with lactated Ringer's (LR) and (6%) hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions. Forty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, and subjected to splenectomy. A gastric air tonometer was placed in the stomach for intramucosal gastric CO(2) (Pgco(2)) determination and for the calculation of intramucosal pH (pHi): The dogs were hemorrhaged (42% of blood volume) to hold mean arterial blood pressure at 40-50 mm Hg over 30 min and were then resuscitated with LR (n = 12) in a 3:1 relation to removed blood volume; HS (n = 12), 6 mL/kg; HSD (n = 12), 6 mL/kg; and HES (mean molecular weight, 200 kDa; degree of substitution, 0.5) (n = 12) in a 1:1 relation to the removed blood volume. Hemodynamic, systemic, and gastric oxygenation variables were measured at baseline, after 30 min of hemorrhage, and 5, 60, and 120 min after intravascular fluid resuscitation. After fluid resuscitation, HS showed significantly lower arterial pH and mixed venous Po(2) and higher systemic oxygen uptake index and systemic oxygenation extraction than LR and HES (P < 0.05), whereas HSD showed significantly lower arterial pH than LR and HES (P < 0.05). Only HS and HSD did not return arterial pH and pHi to control levels (P < 0.05). In conclusion, all solutions improved systemic and gastrointestinal oxygenation after hemorrhagic shock in dogs. However, the HS solution showed the worst response in comparison to LR and HES solutions in relation to systemic oxygenation, whereas HSD showed intermediate values. HS and HSD solutions did not return regional oxygenation to control values.

Background and Objectives: There are no studies associating ventilation-induced effects and hemodynamic changes during pneumoperitoneum. This study aimed at evaluating hemodynamic changes determined by pneumoperitoneum in dogs under volume and pressure controlled ventilation., Methods: The study involved 16 dogs anesthetized with sodium thiopental and fentanyl, divided in group 1: volume controlled; and group 2: pressure controlled; submitted to 10 and 15 mmHg pneumoperitoneum. The following parameters were evaluated: heart rate, mean blood pressure, right atrium pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index and plasma vasopressin. Data were collected in four moments: M1 - before pneumoperitoneum, M2 - 30 minutes after 10 mmHg pneumoperitoneum; M3 - 30 minutes after 15 mmHg pneumoperitoneum; M4 - 30 minutes after pneumoperitoneum deflation., Results: Results have shown increased cardiac index, right atrium pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in M2 and M3 for all groups. Vasopressin was not changed during procedure and systemic vascular resistance index has not increased, providing mean blood pressure stability for both groups., Conclusions: Ventilation modes have not determined hemodynamic differences between studied groups. Anesthetic technique and intra-abdominal pressure have determined mean blood pressure stability, probably due to the absence of systemic vascular resistance index increase.

Background and Objectives: Dopamine infusion for renal protection is controversial. This study aimed at observing the effects of dopamine, hypertonic solution and the association of both in dogs with water restriction, emulating preoperative fast., Methods: The following renal function parameters were studied in 32 dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and fentanyl: effective renal plasma flow (sodium para-aminohippurate clearance), glomerular filtration rate (creatinine clearance), sodium, potassium and osmolar clearance, sodium and potassium fractional excretion and renal vascular resistance. Cardiovascular parameters were: mean blood pressure, heart rate, inferior vena cava pressure, cardiac index, hematocrit and peripheral vascular resistance index. Animals were randomly distributed in four experimental groups: Group 1 - G1 (n = 8) - control group; Group 2 - G2 (n = 8) - dopamine infusion (2 microg kg(-1) min(-1)); Group 3 - G3 (n = 8) - 7.5% sodium chloride (2 ml kg(-1)) and Group 4 - G4 (n = 8) - association of dopamine (2 microg kg(-1) min(-1)) and 7.5% sodium chloride (2 ml kg(-1)). Groups underwent four experimental stages lasting 30 minutes each, and involving moments M1, M2, M3 and M4., Results: Dopamine group (G2) had mean blood pressure, renal vascular resistance and potassium excretion decrease. Hypertonic sodium chloride group (G3) had cardiac index, urinary volume, sodium and potassium clearance, sodium and potassium urinary excretion and sodium fractional excretion increase. Group receiving the association of hypertonic solution and dopamine (G4) had heart rate, cardiac index, effective renal plasma flow and sodium urinary excretion increase; there has also been systemic vascular resistance and plasma potassium index decrease., Conclusions: Our conclusion was that hypertonic sodium chloride solution was able to improve hemodynamic conditions and, as a consequence, renal function of dogs under 12-hour water restriction. The same was not true for 2 microg kg(-1) min(-1) dopamine which, in a similar situation, has not increased diuresis and sodium excretion.

Background and Objectives: Spinal injection of large local anesthetic volumes after accidental dural puncture is an epidural anesthesia complication. This study aimed at investigating potential clinical and histological changes triggered by large volumes of 2% lidocaine or 1% ropivacaine in a simulated accidental spinal injection in dogs., Methods: Twenty one dogs were randomly allocated into three experimental groups, which received spinal injections of: G1 - 0.9% sodium chloride, G2 - 2% lidocaine, G3 - 1% ropivacaine. Spinal puncture was performed in L6-L7 interspace. Anesthetic volume was 1 ml per 10 cm-distance between the occipital protuberance and the lumbosacral space (5 - 6.6 ml). After 72 hours of clinical observation animals were sacrificed and their spinal cords were removed for histological examination under light microscopy., Results: No G1 animal presented clinical or histological changes in the spinal cord. There were two cases of nervous tissue necrosis in G2, however clinical changes were only observed in one of these dogs and in two other dogs which had no histological changes. There has been focal necrosis in the spinal cord nervous tissue of one G3 animal. All G3 animals remained clinically normal., Conclusions: Large volumes of 2% lidocaine have determined more intensive clinical and histological changes as compared to 1% ropivacaine.

Background and Objectives: Gynecological laparoscopy is a procedure associated to a high incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). This study aimed at comparing the efficacy of propofol or propofol plus dexamethasone in preventing PONV in patients submitted to gynecological laparoscopy., Methods: Forty female patients, physical status ASA I and II, aged 18 to 46 years, with no previous gastric complaint, undergoing diagnostic or surgical laparoscopy were randomly distri- buted in 2 groups: Group 1 - patients were given 2 ml IV saline solution, while Group 2 was given intravenous dexamethasone (8 mg), before anesthetic induction. All patients were premedicated with oral midazolam (7.5 mg) and induced with sufentanil (0.5 microg.kg-1) and propofol targed controlled infusion (BIS 60), with N2O/O2 (F I O2=0.4) for maintenance. Neuromuscular block was obtained with atracurium (0.5 mg.kg-1). Postoperative analgesia consisted of ketoprofen (100 mg) and butyl-eschopolamine plus dipirone. Patients were evaluated in the PACU and in the ward after 1, 2, 3 and 12 hours after PACU discharge., Results: Both groups were identical regarding demographics data as well as surgery and anesthesia duration. One Group 1 patient referred nausea in postanesthetic care unit and in the ward, and 3 patients referred vomiting in the ward. In Group 2, no patient referred nausea and vomiting, but the difference was not statistically significant., Conclusions: Propofol or propofol plus dexamethasone were efficient in preventing PONV in patients submitted to gynecological laparoscopy.

Background and Objectives: Although rare, spinal anesthesia-induced neurological complications may determine serious sequelae. This study aimed at presenting these complications in order to elucidate triggering factors and help in the diagnosis of such injuries., Contents: The following complications are presented: needle and catheter-induced nerve injury, post dural puncture headache, anterior spinal artery syndrome, spinal hematoma, septic meningitis, aseptic meningitis, adhesive arachnoiditis, cauda equina syndrome, and transient neurological symptoms., Conclusions: The understanding of triggering factors of spinal anesthesia-induced neurological complications may prevent injuries and help early diagnosis and treatment, therefore changing patients prognosis.

Background and Objectives: Some studies have shown differentiated dose-dependent effects of ephedrine on cardiovascular and renal functions. This study aimed at verifying whether different ephedrine doses determine differentiated hemodynamic and renal effects., Methods: Cardiovascular and renal hemodynamics and renal function were evaluated in 32 dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (SP) for surgical preparation, catheterization, extracellular fluid volume expansion and mechanical ventilation. Dogs were randomly distributed in four groups: G control (n = 8), in which dogs remained only under the effect of SP; G ephedrine 2 microg (n = 8); G ephedrine 10 microg (n = 8); and G ephedrine 100 microg (n = 8), in which dogs received 2, 10, and 100 microg.kg-1.min-1 ephedrine, respectively. Cardiovascular and renal parameters were studied at control (M1 and M2), during ephedrine infusion (M3 and M4) and after ephedrine infusion withdrawal (M5)., Results: There were no significant differences among groups. There has been a significant increase in heart rate, aortic blood flow, urinary output and fractional sodium excretion in G ephedrine 2 microg. There has been a significant increase in heart rate and filtration fraction in G ephedrine 10 microg while in G ephedrine 100 microg there has been a significant increase in heart rate, mean blood pressure, aortic blood flow, central venous pressure, renal vascular resistance and hematocrit, and a significant decrease in renal plasma and blood flow., Conclusions: Our study has shown that ephedrine has differentiated dose-dependent hemodynamic and renal effects.

Background and Objectives: Maintaining target-controlled propofol blood concentrations in approximately constant levels is a technique that can be used in a simple way in the operating room. The aim of this study was to compare in clinical and laboratorial terms propofol infusion in children, using Shorts and Marshs pharmacokinetic parameters., Methods: Forty-one patients of both genders, aged 4 to 12 years, physical status ASAI or ASAII were distributed in two groups: Group S (n = 20) and Group M (n = 21). Shorts pharmacokinetic parameters were applied to group S, while Marshs pharmacokinetic parameters were applied to group M. Intravenous anesthesia was induced with 30 microg.kg-1 bolus alfentanil, 3 mg.kg-1 propofol and 0.08 mg.kg-1 pancuronium. Patients were intubated and anesthesia was maintained with N2O/O2 (60%) in controlled mechanical ventilation. Propofol infusion in group S was 254 microg.kg-1 (30 min) followed by 216 microg.kg-1.min-1 for additional 30 minutes. Propofol infusion in group M was 208 microg.kg-1 (30 min.) followed by 170 microg.kg-1.min-1 for additional 30 minutes. Using specific pharmacokinetic parameters for each group, the goal was a target-concentration of 4 microg.kg-1 propofol. Three blood samples were collected (at 20, 40 and 60 minutes) to measure propofol by the High Performance Liquid Chromatography method., Results: Groups S and M were similar in age, height, weight and gender (p > 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between groups in SBP, DBP, HR, FiN2O, hemoglobin SpO2 and end tidal P ET CO2. The number of repeated alfentanil boluses showed no statistically significant difference between both groups. Bispectral index (BIS) showed also no statistically significant differences between M0 (awaken) and remaining moments in both groups. Error Performance Median (EPM) and Error Performance Absolute Median (EPAM) values were statistically different between groups in moment 60. Median propofol blood concentrations (microg.kg-1) were significantly different between groups M and S in moment 60 and between moments 40 and 60 in group S., Conclusions: Anesthesia with propofol using Marshs pharmacokinetic parameters (group M) showed a lower error rate for obtaining 4 microg.kg-1 propofol target-concentration. In addition, less propofol was needed to obtain similar clinical results. For these reasons, it should be the method of choice for children ASA I aged 4 to 12 years.

Background and Objectives: Neuromuscular blockers (NMB) are widely used in pediatric anesthesia, but there is no ideal NMB. This study aimed at evaluating onset and recovery time, hemodynamic changes and tracheal intubation conditions of rocuronium, atracurium and mivacurium in pediatric patients., Methods: Participated in this study 67 children aged 30 months to 12 years, physical status ASA I and II, who were allocated into three groups: G1 = 0.9 mg kg(-1) rocuronium (n = 22); G2 = 0.5 mg kg(-1) atracurium (n = 22); G3 = 0.15 mg kg(-1) mivacurium (n = 23). Anesthesia was induced with 50 microg kg(-1) alfentanil, 3 mg kg(-1) propofol, sevoflurane and N2O/O2. Neuromuscular block was monitored by acceleromyography on the ulnar nerve pathway. The following parameters were evaluated: onset time (OT), clinical duration (T25) relaxation time (T75) and recovery time (T(25-75)). Heart rate (HR) and mean blood pressure (MBP) were recorded in 6 moments, as well as tracheal intubation conditions., Results: Median OT was: G1 = 0.6 min, G2 = 1.3 min, G3 = 1.9 min. Median T25 was: G1 = 38 min, G2 = 41.5, G3 = 8.8 min. Median T75 was: G1 = 57.7 min; G2 = 54.6 min, G3 = 13.6 min. Median T(25-75) was: G1 = 19.7 min, G2 = 13.1 min and G3 = 4.8 min. Tracheal intubation conditions were excellent for most children in all groups. There were no significant MBP and HR clinical changes., Conclusions: Rocuronium (0.9 mg kg(-1)) had the fastest onset time and mivacurium (0.15 mg kg(-1)) the shortest recovery time in pediatric patients anesthetized with sevoflurane. Rocuronium, mivacurium and atracurium had also not determined significant hemodynamic changes and allowed for excellent tracheal intubation conditions.