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Alkaline igneous rocks represent one of the most economically important resources of radioactive minerals and rare metals. New field observations and petrographic studies are integrated with whole-rock geochemical analyses and Gamma ray spectroscopy data of alkaline rocks associated with the Amreit complex. The fieldwork was achieved by the collection of more than forty samples from alkaline granites and alkaline syenites. The youngest rocks cropping out in the study area are the cogenetic alkaline rocks, ranging from alkaline granite to alkaline syenite. These alkaline rocks are composed essentially of K-feldspar, alkali amphiboles (arfvedsonite), and sodic pyroxene, with accessories such as zircon, apatite, and ilmenite. Mineral characterization of the highly radioactive zones in both alkaline granite and alkaline syenite displays enrichment in monazite, thorite, zircon, ferro-columbite, xenotime, and allanite minerals. Geochemical analyses indicate that the Amreit rocks are alkaline with peralkaline affinity and have high concentrations of total alkalis (K2O + Na2O), large ion lithophile elements (LILEs; Ba and Rb), high field strength elements (HFSEs; Y, Zr and Nb), rare earth elements (REEs) and significantly depleted in K, Sr, P, Ti, and Eu, typically of post-collision A-type granites. Typically, the Amreit alkaline igneous rocks are classified as within plate granites and display A2 subtype characteristics. The fractionation of K-feldspars played a distinctive role during the magmatic evolution of these alkaline rocks. The geochemical characteristics indicate that the studied alkaline igneous rocks which were originated by fractional crystallization of alkaline magmas were responsible for the enrichment of the REE and rare metals in the residual melt. The high radioactivity is essentially related to accessory minerals, such as zircon, allanite, and monazite. The alkaline granite is the most U- and Th-rich rock, where radioactivity level reaches up to 14.7 ppm (181.55 Bq/kg) eU, 40.6 ppm (164.84 Bq/kg) eTh, whereas in alkaline syenite radioactivity level is 8.5 ppm (104.96 Bq/kg) eU, 30.2 ppm (122.61 Bq/kg) eTh. These observations suppose that these alkaline rocks may be important targets for REEs and radioactive mineral exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An in-beam gamma-ray spectroscopy study of the even–even nucleus 92Mo has been carried out using the 30Si + 65Cu, 18O + 80Se reactions at beam energies of 120 and 99 MeV, respectively. Angular distribution from the oriented state ratio (R ADO) and linear polarization (Δasym) measurements have fixed most of the tentatively assigned spin-parity of the high-energy levels. A large-scale shell-model calculation using the GWBXG interaction has been carried out to understand the configuration and structure of both positive and negative parity states up to the highest observed spin. The high-spin states primarily originate from the coupling of excited proton- and neutron-core structures in an almost stretched manner. The systematics of the energy required to form a neutron particle-hole pair excitation, ν g 9/2 → ν d 5/2, is discussed. The lifetimes of a few high-spin states have been measured using the Doppler shift attenuation method. Additionally, a qualitative argument is proposed to explain the comparatively strong E1 transition feeding the 7310.9 keV level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to examine the production cross sections of nuclear reactions natFe(p,x)56,57,58Co, natCu(p,x)63,65Zn, natTi(p,x)48V, natW(p,x)182m,182g,184g,186Re, natTi(α,x)49,51Cr, natCu(α,x)66,67,68Ga, and natFe(α,x)57Ni,57Co, within the low energy range. Experiments were performed using a 5 MV tandem (Pelletron) accelerator situated at the National Centre for Physics (NCP) in Islamabad, Pakistan we employed the foil activation technique and used an off-line gamma ray spectroscopy system having Genie 2,000 software to detect the reaction products. The data analysis indicated the production of a number of radioisotopes with important applications in nuclear, industrial and medical fields. We compared our measured results with previously evaluated data as well as with theoretical predictions from the TENDL-library, based on TALYS-1.9 code calculations, to validate our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spectral gamma ray borehole logging data can yield insights into the physical properties of lake sediments, serving as a valuable proxy for assessing climate and environmental changes. The presence of tephra layers resulting from volcanic ash deposition is not related to climate and environmental conditions. As a result, these layers pose challenges when attempting to analyze paleoclimate and environmental time series. Gamma rays are composed of photons, which are elementary particles of electromagnetic radiation. Tephra layers emit photons at specific energy levels that create a distinct pattern in their gamma-ray energy spectrum. The gamma-ray signature of tephra layers varies depending on the stage of the volcanic eruption. Additionally, there is a significant difference between the gamma-ray signature emitted by tephra layers and that of the background lake sediments. A composite signature can be used to predict tephra layers from background sediments by combining several gamma-ray signatures of tephra layers at different depths. We propose five-step protocol for detecting tephra layers within sediments through the utilization of gamma-ray spectroscopy. This protocol is based on a combination of physical aspects of gamma-ray spectroscopy and geological information specific to the lake system being studied. A subset of the training dataset is used, consisting of known tephra and non-tephra layers. The protocol involves identifying similarities between known tephra layers, analyzing differences in gamma-ray signals between tephra and non-tephra layers, and studying the composition of energy channels at various depths within the training dataset. Multiple linear regression models are used to predict the relationship between the composition of tephra layers as a dependent variable and the constituent energy channels of the gamma-ray signal as independent variables. The proposed protocol has the potential to accurately detect and identify thick tephra layers (> 10 cm in thickness) based on the rate of spectral gamma ray measurement in sedimentary sequences. This approach could enhance stratigraphic resolution by enabling finer subdivision of layers in an interior basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the natural radioactivity levels in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, focusing on uranium (238U), thorium (232Th), and potassium (40K) concentrations in rock samples collected from various locations. Rock samples were collected and analyzed using gamma ray spectroscopy with NaI(Tl) detectors to determine activity concentrations and radiological parameters. The results reveal varying concentrations of 238U (5.05 to 200.31 ± 11.85 Bq kg−1), 232Th (5.04 to 632.73 ± 37.44 Bq kg−1) and 40K (556.89 ± 3 2.95 to 2072.2 ± 122.61 Bq kg−1) with mean values of 49.12 Bq kg−1, 257.71 Bq kg−1, and 1451.56 Bq kg−1 respectively. Radiological parameters (Raeq, DR, AED, H(in,out), GI, RLI, ELCR(in, out), AUI, AGEDE) were also calculated. Correlation and ratio analyses further highlight relationships between uranium, thorium, and potassium concentrations, revealing their geological associations and implications for radiological hazards. This study underscores the importance of monitoring natural radioactivity in urban environments to mitigate potential health impacts and ensure public safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive review paper delves into the multifaceted aspects of nuclear safeguards, emphasizing their indispensable role in upholding global security and preventing the illicit use of nuclear materials. Offering a fresh perspective on the nuclear safeguard system, the paper conducts a thorough examination of nuclear material accounting, underscoring the pivotal role of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in implementing and verifying these safeguards. It provides valuable insights into the safeguarding technologies, including the utilization of sophisticated Non-Destructive Assay (NDA) equipment such as neutron counting and Gamma-ray spectroscopy, which are essential for accurately characterizing nuclear materials, elucidating the crucial role of these activities in ensuring the integrity and effectiveness of nuclear safeguards. Furthermore, the study sheds light on the complexities inherent in the nuclear fuel cycle, elucidating various stages ranging from uranium mining to waste disposal. Additionally, it discusses different fuel cycle options and their implications for non-proliferation efforts. This discussion sheds light on how safeguards are integrated into each stage of the fuel cycle to prevent the proliferation of nuclear materials. The paper delves into the Additional Protocol, emphasizing its significance in enhancing the effectiveness of nuclear safeguards by providing the IAEA with expanded inspection access and information regarding nuclear activities. This comprehensive analysis not only enhances understanding of the current safeguarding landscape but also underscores the significance of ongoing research and development in this vital realm of nuclear safety and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present work is the determination of different essential (minor and trace) elements found in five Moroccan vegetables collected from large commercial markets in Kenitra city, Morocco, and in some organic vegetables which were traditionally grown without the use of pesticides or chemical fertilizers, in a plot located in the rural commune of Dar Laaslouji, 48 km from Kenitra city. The k0-standardisation method of the Neutron Activation Analysis (k0-INAA) using the TRIGA Mark II research reactor of 2 MW at the National Centre for Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology (CNESTEN) and gamma-ray spectroscopy facility were employed. For quality control, the accuracy of measurements has been investigated using certified reference materials (IAEA-336 lichens, and NIST SRM 1547 peach leaves) which were analyzed simultaneously with the samples. Good agreement was found between certified and determined values. The primary results are presented and discussed for the concentration of minor and trace elements in some vegetables (tomatoes, carrots, green peppers, cilantro and mint), that are widely used in Moroccan meals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experimental methodologies of γ -ray detection and spectroscopy are widely used in nuclear astrophysics research that typically centers on the measurement of cross sections of reactions constituting the network of stellar nucleosynthesis. This article identifies the key factors of such endeavors and analyzes their impact on the aspired objectives. Such perspectives are known to be taken into cognizance while planning a facility for nuclear astrophysics research as well as in defining a research programme therein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naturally occurring radionuclides rocks are one of the possible sources of indoor and outdoor radiation. Samples were taken from Kolar taluk in Karnataka in order to evaluate the radioactive hazards and natural radioactivity levels in those samples. The activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in these samples were determined using NaI(Tl) gamma ray spectroscopy. The measured ranged from 5.05 to 171.43 (Bq kg-1); 5.04 to 274.64 (Bq kg-1); 287.23 to 2603.45 (Bq kg-1) for 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K. In this study, the yearly effective radiation dosage, air absorbed gamma radiation dose rate, and hazard index (Hin, Hex), gamma index, activity utilization index, annual gonald dose equivalent were estimated. The study's demonstrate that potassium (40K), a naturally occurring radionuclide, is higher than radium and thorium. The levels of the computed radionuclides were compared to other places in Karnataka and world average value. The relationship between radionuclides was examined using correlation and statistical methods, radiation parameters were also computed. Information on background radioactivity levels and the impacts of radiation on locals in the research area under inquiry is what this study aims to deliver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geophysical monitoring of CO2 geological sequestration represents a critical technology for ensuring the long-term safe storage of CO2 while verifying its characteristics and dynamic changes. Currently, the primary geophysical monitoring methods employed in CO2 geological sequestration include seismic, fiber optic, and logging technologies. Among these methods, seismic monitoring techniques encompass high-resolution P-Cable three-dimensional seismic systems, delayed vertical seismic profiling technology, and four-dimensional distributed acoustic sensing (DAS). These methods are utilized to monitor interlayer strain induced by CO2 injection, thereby indirectly determining the injection volume, distribution range, and potential diffusion pathways of the CO2 plume. In contrast, fiber optic monitoring primarily involves distributed fiber optic sensing (DFOS), which can be further classified into distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) and distributed temperature sensing (DTS). This technology serves to complement seismic monitoring in observing interlayer strain resulting from CO2 injection. The logging techniques utilized for monitoring CO2 geological sequestration include neutron logging methods, such as thermal neutron imaging and pulsed neutron gamma-ray spectroscopy, which are primarily employed to assess the sequestration volume and state of CO2 plumes within a reservoir. Seismic monitoring technology provides a broader monitoring scale (ranging from dozens of meters to kilometers), while logging techniques operate at centimeter to meter scales; however, their results can be significantly affected by the heterogeneity of a reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precise gamma-ray spectral analysis is crucial in high-stakes applications, such as nuclear security. Research efforts toward implementing machine learning (ML) approaches for accurate analysis are limited by the resemblance of the training data to the testing scenarios. The underlying spectral shape of synthetic data may not perfectly reflect measured configurations, and measurement campaigns may be limited by resource constraints. Consequently, ML algorithms for isotope identification must maintain accurate classification performance under domain shifts between the training and testing data. To this end, four different classifiers (Ridge, Random Forest, Extreme Gradient Boosting, and Multilayer Perceptron) were trained on the same dataset and evaluated on twelve other datasets with varying standoff distances, shielding, and background configurations. A tailored statistical approach was introduced to quantify the similarity between the training and testing configurations, which was then related to the predictive performance. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests revealed that the OVR-wrapped XGB significantly outperformed the other algorithms, with confidence levels of 99.0% or above for the 133Ba, 60Co, 137Cs, and 152Eu sources. The findings from this work are significant as they outline techniques to promote the development of robust ML-based approaches for isotope identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to measure the levels of radioactivity in certain construction material samples by quantifying the amounts of natural radionuclides (238U, 232Th, 40K) and 137Sc using gamma-ray spectroscopy with a High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector. The selected samples were collected and examined to ascertain the mean quantities of radionuclides present. Subsequently, these findings were juxtaposed with global benchmarks for additional examination. The efficiency results unveiled a spectrum of concentrations for different radionuclides, encompassing 238U with a concentration range of (2.53 - 8.2 Bq/kg) and an average concentration of (4.93 Bq/kg). Similarly, the concentration of 232Th ranged from (0.655 - 3.45 Bq/kg), with an average concentration of (1.74 Bq/kg). The radionuclide 40k exhibited a concentration range of (3.5 -1500 Bq/kg), with an average value of (386.4 Bq/kg). Furthermore, 137Sc displayed a concentration range of (0.51-0.22 Bq/kg) with an average concentration of (0.53 Bq/kg). The radium equivalent concentration was determined to be (40.45 Bq/kg), whereas the absorbed dosage was measured at (18.67 nGy/h). The external hazard index (Hout) was measured to equal (0.11 mSv/y), whereas the internal hazard index (Hin) was determined to be (0.17 mSv/y). Furthermore, the annual equivalent effective dose (AEDEout) was calculated to be (0.09 mSv/year). The annual dosage of (AEDEin) was determined to be (0.02 mSv/year). The gamma radiation index, denoted as Iγ, was determined to be (0.28 Bq/kg). The study results imply that the amounts of radionuclides fall within the defined normal limits worldwide, indicating that the natural radioactivity levels are within the internationally acceptable range. Quantification of both natural and artificial radioactivity in specific building materials employed in constructing dwellings inside Salah Al-Din Governorate. A selection of seven distinct models was made. (Plaster, Bork, and Dust). The concentration of gamma-ray-emitting radionuclides in both the uranium-radium and thorium series, as well as 40K and 137Sc, was measured using a high-purity germanium (HpGe) detector. Subsequently, the spectrum underwent analysis for 3600 seconds. The concentrations of the radionuclides being investigated were determined to be as follows: The mean concentrations of 238U range from (2.53 - 8.2 Bq/kg), while for 232Th the range from (0.65 to 3.45 Bq/kg). The concentrations of potassium 40K range from (3.5 to 1500 Bq/kg), and for 137 Sc the range from 0.51 to 0.22 Bq/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The editorial in "Frontiers in Soil Science" discusses the use of electromagnetic sensors in digital soil mapping. Proximal soil sensors are increasingly being used to quickly estimate and map soil properties, supporting sustainable soil resource management. The editorial highlights recent advancements in hardware development, modeling procedures, and data analysis related to electromagnetic soil sensing. The authors anticipate exciting future avenues for soil sensing, including the integration of novel technologies and the development of real-time data processing algorithms. [Extracted from the article]

Experimental and theoretical studies of β electrons (electrons emitted in β-decay transitions) and their β-electron spectra have recently experienced a rapid expansion. These β spectral shapes have been used to study total β spectra of fission-product nuclei in the quest for explanation of the reactor-flux anomalies, and individual β transitions in search for β spectral shapes sensitive to the effective value of the weak axial coupling gA. In the former case the TAGS (total absorption gamma-ray spectroscopy) can be efficiently used to measure the total β spectral shapes and in the latter case dedicated measurements of the involved forbidden nonunique β transitions have been deployed. The fourth-forbidden nonunique decay transitions 113Cd(1/2+g.s → 113In(9/2+g.s and 115In(9/2+g.s 115Sn(1/2+g.s represent theoretically and experimentally much-studied cases where the total β spectra consist of these single transitions. In these particular cases the TAGS method could be used to assess the effective value of gA. In the present work we have identified five more interesting cases where a total β spectrum consists of a single transition. These spectra correspond to second-forbidden nonunique transitions and are gA and/or sNME dependent, where sNME denotes the so-called small relativistic vector nuclear matrix element. These studies have been performed using the nuclear shell model with well established effective Hamiltonians. With this we target to β transitions that would potentially be of high interest for the TAGS and present and future dedicated β -spectrum experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global challenge of on-site detection of highly enriched uranium (HEU), a substance with considerable potential for unauthorized use in nuclear security, is a critical concern. Traditional passive nondestructive assay (NDA) techniques, such as gamma-ray spectroscopy with high-purity germanium detectors, face significant challenges in detecting HEU when it is shielded by heavy metals. Addressing this critical security need, we introduce an on-site detection method for lead-shielded HEU employing a transportable NDA system that utilizes the 252Cf rotation method with a water Cherenkov neutron detector. This cost-effective NDA system is capable of detecting 4.17 g of 235U within a 12 min measurement period using a 252Cf source of 3.7 MBq. Integrating this system into border control measures can enhance the prevention of HEU proliferation significantly and offer robust deterrence against nuclear terrorism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study builds on a preliminary investigation into the efficacy of gamma radiation surveying as a complementary tool for archaeological prospection. Improved surveying and data processing methods were implemented, including the use of a vehicle‐mounted Groundhog surveying system, use of alternative software tools and examination of the impacts of individual radionuclides. The study focuses on a range of targets within Insulae VII, XXXV and XXXIII in Silchester Roman town, Hampshire. Targets of interest included a polygonal temple, a house, ditches (including an Iron Age defensive ditch) and several Roman roads. While the survey revealed no measurable differences in the gamma radionuclide content of less substantial structures (such as the temple and house) and the surrounding soil, it successfully delineated major structures. The Roman roads, Iron Age defensive ditch and potentially an indication of a historic field boundary not present in modern records were clearly visible in the generated visualisations. The roads and field boundary appear as distinct linear features of depleted radioactivity. The location of the Iron Age ditch correlates with an area of elevated radioactivity. Notably, the technique not only successfully identified archaeological features but was also able to indicate differences in the properties of similar targets such as variations in road thickness. Further, the gamma radiation data indicates variations in the local geology attributable to historic changes in land use and geochemical composition. This latest study corroborates the findings of the preliminary investigation, demonstrating replicability, scalability and ability to enhance output data quality. Further research, including sampling and non‐destructive analysis of materials from the site, is needed to better explain observed results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural radioactivity concentration was studied for 40 soil samples of the Churchandpur and Ukhrul districts of Manipur, India, by using gamma-ray spectroscopy. The average radioactivity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in Churchandpur was found as 39.9 (range: 30–56), 72.1 (range: 57–93) and 564.1 (range:360–867) Bq kg−1 respectively, whereas, in Ukhrul, average radioactivity for the same was found as 30.3 (range: 16–54), 54.2 (range:24–89) and 637.1(range:103–901) Bq kg−1, respectively. The calculated radioactivity parameters were compared with the world average values. The measured radium equivalent activity (R aeq), absorbed dose rate (⁠|$\dot{\mathrm D}$|⁠), annual effective outdoor dose(Ė) and the external hazard index (H ex) were observed as 165 (range: 63.7–234.8) Bq kg−1, 77.6 (36.9–108.0) nGy h−1, 0.11 (0.05–0.13) mSv y−1 and 0.5 (0.1–0.6), respectively. This study aims to provide baseline data for radionuclide present in the Churchandpur and Ukhrul districts of Manipur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural radioactivity of the earth formations of the Soil of the kufa city in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf governorate has been studied. It currently consists of the northern and southern parts, the center of the old city, Maysan neighborhood, Al-Suhailia, and Al-Barakiya. The area of Maysan, Al-Suhailia, and Al-Barakiya was studied due to its close to the cement factory in Kufa. To calculate the level of radioactivity present and the degree to which it affects the local population these areas by selecting 30 sites to take soil samples from the region, and spectral measurements were made using gamma-ray spectroscopy (NaI(Tl)) ( 3"x3" ). It was found that the specific activity of 238U, 232Th and 40K in the studied ranged between (34.279±1.059) Bq/kg in Maysan neighborhood to (3.423±0.353) Bq/kg in Al-Barakiya with average (16.450) Bq/kg to (8.274) Bq/kg, (21.549±0.864) Bq/kg in Al-Barakiya to (5.050±0.405) Bq/kg in Maysan neighborhood with average (14.105 ) Bq/kg to (13.260) and (433. 948±3.939 ) Bq/kg in Maysan neighborhood to (92.328±1.843) Bq/kg in Al-Barakiya with average ( 338.251) Bq/kg to (245.754) Bq/kg. As The value of the excess lifetime cancer risk (total) it was between (0.802) in Maysan neighborhood to (0.393) in Al-Barakiya with average (0.627) to (0.478). After comparing the current findings with the values taken into account generally, it was found that the radiation levels in the examined samples are within allowable bounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a detailed characterization of the 5.7 106 mt phosphogypsum (PG) stack in the vicinity of Bacau city, Romania, the air dose rate (ADR) was measured in 72 points covering the stack surface, while 10 samples of stack material were collected for future analysis. Radiometric determinations showed for the ADR values varying between 364 ± 53 and 489 ± 8 nSv/h, with some extreme values of 2775 ± 734 nSv/h, significantly exceeding 90 nSv/h, the average value reported for the Romanian territory. High-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy (HRGS), performed on 10 samples collected from the entire PG stack evidenced only the presence of 226Ra as the major radioactive element with a specific activity varied between 820 ± 150 and 5278 ± 264 Bq/kg for hot spots. Further analysis performed on a similar number of samples by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), evidenced, beside gypsum as the main component, traces of brushite (CaHPO4·2H2O) and ardealite (Ca2(PO3OH)(SO4)·4H2O), as well as the presence of small acicular celestine (SrSO4) agglomerates. XRF determinations of the mass fractions of major elements evidenced values such as SiO2 (2.31 ± 0.73 %), TiO2 (0.07 ± 0.01 %), Al2O3 (0.17 ± 0.04 %), Fe2O3 (0.87 ± 0.18 %), MnO (0.01 ± 0.01 %), MgO (0.17 ± 0.02 %), CaO (32.5 ± 0.82 %), Na2O (0.04 ± 0.04 %), K2O (0.05 ± 0.01 %), P2O5 (2.12 ± 0.51 %), LOI (20.2 ± 0.3 %), i.e. closer to literature reported data for PG of different provenience while the data concerning the distribution of 20 trace elements, including incompatible Sc, La, Ce, and Th were relatively closer to the upper continental crust (UCC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of underlying uranium deposits may contaminate the upper soil of a region. We have carried out a detailed investigation of radionuclides (Ra, Th, and K) present in the soil around the reported uranium deposit site in the Sikar district of Rajasthan, India. Measurements are carried out using the state-of-the-art gamma-ray spectroscopy (HPGe detector) technique. The specific activity of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K are found in the range of 9.5 ± 0.5–50.6 ± 1.0 Bq kg−1, 11.0 ± 0.4–83.2 ± 1.5 Bq kg−1, and 177 ± 13–753 ± 47 Bq kg−1 with the mean values of 17.8 ± 7.5 Bq kg−1, 22.6 ± 13.4 Bq kg−1, and 393 ± 76 Bq kg−1 respectively. The average value of Ra Eq. activity is 80.4 Bq kg−1, below the recommended limit of 370 Bq kg−1. For radiological implications in the study area, the indoor and outdoor absorbed dose rates and age-dependent annual effective dose are estimated, which are also found below their prescribed safe limit values. The mean value of other hazard indices (Hin and Hex) and level indices (Iα and Iγ) are less than unity. Our study shows that the underlying uranium deposits do not contaminate the soil of the studied area and the soil is safe to use for various purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bakony is one of the most active areas in Hungary. Not only is the region home to several popular hiking destinations, but its industrial activity is also significant. On this basis, it is important to carry out a comprehensive study to assess the radioecological status of the Bakony. In this study, 12 monitoring points were selected to collect environmental samples over three different time periods. The samples were analyzed by gamma- and alpha spectrometry. Although the concentrations of Th-232, Ra-226 and K-40 closely resembled the worldwide averages, that of Po-210 in the vicinity of human activities was elevated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study assessed natural radioactivity in Rohtak and Jind districts, Haryana, India. Concentrations of radionuclides in soil and building materials were measured using gamma-ray spectroscopy. The "Canister Technique" was employed to estimate radon mass exhalation and surface exhalation rates. Results showed low radiation doses from soil radioactivity, with activity concentrations ranging from 3.7 to 51.7 Bq/kg for radium, 7.3 to 96 Bq/kg for thorium, and 52.2 to 585 Bq/kg for potassium. The findings also calculated radium equivalent activity, annual effective dose rate, hazard indices, and excess life time cancer risk. This research highlights the importance of understanding natural radioactivity for assessing environmental radiation exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the use of X-ray fluorescence analysis (RFA) and gamma spectroscopy as analytical techniques in chemistry education. The experiments described in the article focus on exploring atomic models and characterizing different materials. RFA is used to determine the composition of compounds and metals, while gamma spectroscopy can detect gamma radiation emitted by isotopes. The article provides examples of using these techniques to analyze specific materials, such as coins and white pigments. The authors suggest that the benefits of these techniques justify the cost of acquiring the necessary equipment. [Extracted from the article]

Thermally stimulated current (TSC) spectroscopy was used to characterize electronic trap states in the perovskite CsPbCl3 bulk single crystals which are promising for gamma ray detection. The TSC spectra indicate the presence of multiple traps over the temperature range from 80 K to above room temperature. The possible analytical defects identified were VCs and VCl vacancies and Pbi interstitials that have concentrations of the order of 1011−1016 cm−3 and capture cross sections of ∼10−18 cm2. A comparison of crystals grown from different ingots reveals that the concentration of defects in the crystal with an improved growth procedure is about one to four orders of magnitude less than those of a crystal from an earlier growth process. A further reduction and elimination of trap states within the perovskite ingot should lead to crystals with improved mobilities, carrier lifetimes, and detector response characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the first observations from the prototype Space Weather Adaptive Network (SWAN) riometers, which are capable of simultaneous measurements of narrow‐band terrestrial signal power and Cosmic Noise Absorption (CNA). We describe a methodology by which we can use coincident CNA and loss of known skywave‐mode, High Frequency (HF) signals to estimate a minimum size (geographic extent) of D‐region electron density enhancements. We demonstrate our technique with an example event. This methodology and early results provide a pathfinder for a continent‐wide array of SWAN instruments which would be capable of utilizing multiple intersecting terrestrial HF ray paths to reconstruct the size of D‐region electron density enhancements at the time of initial HF signal loss. Key Points: Simultaneous cosmic noise absorption and terrestrial High Frequency signal loss can be used to infer the size of D‐region enhancementsThe technique described here can be scaled up to network‐level providing a mechanism to resolve spatial scales of D‐region enhancements [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to assess the radioactive health risks and their levels due to tea consumption. Fresh tea leaves were plucked from different locations in the Gumero tea farmland in Ilubabour zone, Ethiopia. High-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy was used to measure the activity concentrations of artificial and natural radionuclides (e.g., 40K, 232Th, and 238U) in the samples. Radiological indicators such as committed dose rate (DR) and excess lifetime cancer risk, LCR (i.e., the cancer death risk due to lifetime exposure to carcinogens, ignoring the contribution of natural background risk) were evaluated to ascertain the radioactive risk to humans in the tea samples. DR and LCR, two radiological markers, were assessed to determine the radioactive risk to humans in the tea samples. The finding shows that the radiological hazards assessment of 238U and 232Th revealed that the Gumero tea leaves have natural radioactivity levels within the internationally recommended limit, while that of 40K was higher than the limit. Comparing the current study with other studies, it was found that the yearly effective doses and nuclide radioactivity concentrations in tea leaves were similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of natural series radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and non-series 40K in the heavy mineral-rich beach sands of highly touristic areas of Cox's Bazar sea beach has been studied. The study is made to evaluate the gamma radiation exposure to individuals with an aim to establish reference data for the presence of naturally occurring radionuclides. The present study reports the probable first attempt of detail and systematic work in the study areas for estimation of activity concentration in the recent beach sand samples. Radiometric analysis was performed using gamma ray spectroscopy system based on HPGe detector. The mean activity levels of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in Laboni beach sands were ranged from 255.69±64.57, 336.83±93.96 and 1785.91±89.60 Bq kg-1, respectively. While in Kolatoli beach sands, the respective values were 166.42±35.99, 157.35±35.90 and 1894.42±74.07Bq kg-1, respectively. The mean values of 226Ra and 232Th concentrations in the investigated beach sands were estimated to be very much higher than the corresponding world average values and comparable to those found in high background radiation areas in the world. The heavy minerals seem to control the activity concentrations of 226Ra and 232Th in sand samples, showing some variances based on uranium and thorium bearing minerals. Various radiation health hazard indicators were found to be extremely higher when compared to the recommended values. Hence, heavy mineral-rich sands may pose a significant radiological health risk to the people. The descriptive statistics indicating the radionuclides of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K are uniformly and symmetrically distributed in the Cox's bazar beach sand. Multivariate statistical analysis showing the radioactivity and estimated radiological parameters are strongly positively correlated with 226Ra and 232Th, while weakly correlated with 40K, signifying that radiological risk is mainly associated and controlled by the radioactivity levels of uranium and thorium series radionuclides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nu-Ball2 experimental campaign at the ALTO facility in France involved the use of a hybrid gamma-ray spectrometer to perform measurements related to nuclear fission and neutron-rich nuclei. The spectrometer consisted of different types of detectors, including high-resolution clover Germanium detectors and Bismuth Germinate Oxide (BGO) anti-Compton shields. The campaign aimed to better understand the fission process and study the nuclei produced as a result. The setup allowed for flexibility in coupling different detectors and utilized a fully digital data acquisition system. The campaign resulted in a large amount of data and involved international collaboration. [Extracted from the article]

To observe the γ rays emitted from the low-lying isomeric state of 229Th (229mTh), we aim to dope fluoride crystals with its precursor 229Pa. In this study, we produced 229Pa by a 30 MeV proton bombardment on 232Th and developed a chemical separation method. The chemical yield of Pa was 93(4)%, and the physical production yield of 229Pa for the proton energy range of 29.0–30.1 MeV was measured to be 9.4(8) MBq/µAh, which was more than 10 times higher than those of 232,230,228,233Pa. These high chemical and production yields will allow us to prepare fluoride crystals having a sufficient amount of 229Pa for the observation of the γ rays of 229mTh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The planet Mars is the most probable among the terrestrial planets in our solar system to support human settlement or colonization in the future. The detection of water ice or liquid water on the shallow subsurface of Mars is a crucial scientific objective for both the Chinese Tianwen-1 and United States Mars 2020 missions, which were launched in 2020. Both missions were equipped with Rover-mounted ground-penetrating radar (GPR) instruments, specifically the RoPeR on the Zhurong rover and the RIMFAX radar on the Perseverance rover. The in situ radar provides unprecedented opportunities to study the distribution of shallow subsurface water ice on Mars with its unique penetrating capability. The presence of water ice on the shallow surface layers of Mars is one of the most significant indicators of habitability on the extraterrestrial planet. A considerable amount of evidence pointing to the existence of water ice on Mars has been gathered by previous researchers through remote sensing photography, radar, measurements by gamma ray spectroscopy and neutron spectrometers, soil analysis, etc. This paper aims to review the various approaches utilized in detecting shallow subsurface water ice on Mars to date and to sort out the past and current evidence for its presence. This paper also provides a comprehensive overview of the possible clues of shallow subsurface water ice in the landing area of the Perseverance rover, serving as a reference for the RIMFAX radar to detect water ice on Mars in the future. Finally, this paper proposes the future emphasis and direction of rover-mounted radar for water ice exploration on the Martian shallow subsurface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The measurement of fusion cross sections from the 9 Be induced reaction on 93 Nb within the energy range of 20–46 MeV has been conducted using off-beam γ -ray spectroscopy. The measured excitation functions have been analyzed using equilibrium and pre-equilibrium reaction-based model codes to understand the underlying mechanisms. Additionally, the measured fusion excitation function was examined within the framework of the coupled-channel approach using the CCFULL code. Notably, the coupled-channel calculations, including couplings to inelastic states of the target and the projectile, yielded a satisfactory description of the sub-barrier fusion data. However, at energies above the barrier, the fusion cross section was observed to be suppressed by approximately 17% compared to the predictions made by the coupled-channel calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial irradiation is one of the most important methods used to enhance the colour of gem materials. The irradiation time is much shorter, and the energy dose is often much higher, than would occur in nature, but the treatment has been impossible or very difficult to identify since both laboratory and natural irradiation processes involve the same colouration mechanisms. For this study, several samples of beryl--specifically morganite--were studied by gamma-ray spectroscopy after being irradiated with electrons, which is the treatment method usually applied in commercial settings to intensify the pink to orange-pink colour of this gem material. Gamma-ray spectroscopy can be used to determine the type, specific (radio)activity and, often, the concentration of radionuclides. Due to the natural Cs content of morganite, irradiation with electrons typically produces small amounts of radioactive Cs isotopes (e.g. 132Cs and 134Cs) via a series of direct and indirect (secondary) nuclear reactions. The resulting activation is very weak but is nonetheless reliably detectable with gamma-ray spectroscopy--even for low Cs contents (<0.56 wt.% Cs2O). We found that 132Cs can be detected up to about two months after irradiation, while 134Cs should be detectable up to 4-18 years later, depending on sample size and Cs content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we studied the graded shielding using one of gamma-ray spectroscopy techniques, which consists of a scintillation detector sodium iodide activated by thallium NaI (Tl) with dimensions of 3"×3" and its electronic accessories .Shielding is fundamentally necessary to minimize the influence of ambient radiation, which consists of single or multiple layers of different materials, such as copper, aluminum and fiberglass, in addition to the lead shield manufactured with a thickness 3cm and through this work it led to reducing the values of the Compton edge and background scattering using industrial source of Cs-137. This method works to attenuate unwanted complications, which leads to reducing the count rates in some channels. These new layers should not contain any materials that would add new contributions to the radiation background, ultimately eliminating the complications resulting from the use of the lead shield. Theexperimental results and theoretical conclusion show consistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural radioactivity was measured in samples of pumice used in construction and some other human uses in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The natural radioactivity produced by the elements 238U, 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the selected samples of pumice was determined by high-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy using the HpGe detector. The results obtained from this study show that the average values of radioactivity concentrations of the elements 238U, 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K for the pumice are 97.45, 79.03, 73.13 and 521.91 Bq/kg. In this study, we verified the existence of correlations between these radionuclides and the lack of a secular balance of the examined pumice samples. The mean absorbed dose rate regions was calculated to be 103.69 nGy/h, From the results, the average effective internal and external dose and its average value is of 0.13 and 0.51 mSv/y. The equivalent activity of the pumice radium samples, The result of the measurements is that the result of the external and internal risk indicators and the equivalent activity value of all the measured pumice stone samples are within the permissible limits of all the samples measured are within the permissible limits. also the concentrations of the radioactive elements of 238U, 226Ra, 232Th and 40Kwhich were evaluated for the all samples under study. The results obtained from this study were studied with the recommended results internationally. In this study, we used some mathematical equation models to estimate the concentration of 222Rn activity in the air with 226Ra activities. The 226Ra activity range was found from 28.4 to 122.6 and mean 79.03 Bq/kg. That is why it is not recommended to use pumice in building walls and to be exposed to it for long periods. Standard deviation was used for all measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gamma-ray mass attenuation coefficient is a crucial parameter to characterize the penetration and propagation of gamma rays in complex, multiphased, and heterogeneous materials like soil. Microscopically, soils contain minerals, water, gases, and other fluids that influence gamma-ray transmission. This paper discusses the potential of the Gamma Ray Spectroscopy (GRS) technique for precise measurement of various soil properties, focusing on soil's mass attenuation coefficient and bulk density. The limitations and advantages of GRS over conventional methods are also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although nuclear power plants produce about 20% of India's power, the risk posed by radioactive leakage is considerable. Radiation leakage detection devices must be installed in all nuclear power plants to ensure that avoidable catastrophes never occur again and that the loss of human life is prevented. A safe atmosphere for inhabitants and workers may be ensured by keeping a consistent radiation level in all applications that use radioactive material. Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor technology, or CMOS, uses complementary and symmetrical MOSFETS for logic-based functions in various applications, such as analog circuits (CMOS sensors). The Internet of Things (IoT) extends the power of the Internet beyond computing devices to a multitude of other things, processes, and environments. The main objective of this paper is to find a better and more creative solution for radioactive leakage detection techniques over present-day techniques. In this paper, the Authors aim to integrate CMOS and IOT applications for radioactive leakage detection methods on an industrial level. Within this paper, we have given brief descriptions of CMOS and IoT with their types, functions, methodology, and applications. CMOS is considered to be the most sophisticated and precise technology that can be employed to measure radiation leaks of all types (alpha rays, beta rays, gamma rays, and neutrons). With the help of IOT, massive disasters can be averted using complex alert systems. A well-coordinated combination of the two technologies has the potential to vastly increase leak detection potential and consistency. The study's major goal is to develop new and improved technology for detecting released radiation in the industry in order to obtain real-time information about the material leaked, as well as the location of the leak and the quantity of leakage that occurred, in order to reduce the danger of a natural catastrophe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The projected shell model (PSM) was employed to study the signature inversion of 160 Tm and 161 Tm isotopes. The Hamiltonian of these isotopes were constructed and solved to obtain the energy levels and the γ -ray transition energies. The rotational bands of the odd–odd 160 Tm and odd–even 161 Tm isotopes of thulium nucleus were constructed based on the π h 11 2 ⊗ υ i 13 2 Nilsson configuration to calculate the kinetic and dynamic moments of inertia, γ -ray transition energy ( Δ I = 1 ) and the staggering parameter (S(I)). Yrast band with two signatures for both isotopes have been extracted and compared with the experimental data. The anomalous splitting and signature inversion occurred due to the quadruple deformation in both isotopes. Analysis of level staggering and signature inversion show that signature inversion for the 160 Tm isotope occurs at low spin region, while for the 161 Tm isotope, it occured in the intermediate spin region. As expected, zig-zag behaviour and phase transition, as well as signature of energy splitting are clearly indicated in figures showing variation of S(I) and Δ E with spin. This behaviour is more visible for the odd–even 161 Tm isotope than for the odd–odd 160 Tm isotope. Good agreement between the calculated results and experimental data confirms the success of the PSM model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal neutron detection is a key subject for nuclear physics research and also in a wide variety of applications from homeland security to nuclear medicine. In this work, it is proposed a novel flexible and conformable composite thermal neutron scintillator based on a fully enriched Lithium Tetraborate preparation ( 6 Li 2 10 B 4 O 7 ) combined with a phosphorescent inorganic scintillator powder (ZnS:Ag), and is then distributed into a polydimethylsiloxane matrix. The proposed scintillator shows a good neutron detection efficiency (max. ∼ 57% with respect to the commercial EJ-420), an average light output of ∼ 9000 ph/neutron-capture, a remarkable insensitivity to γ -rays (Gamma Rejection Ratio <10 - 11 ), and an extraordinary flexibility, so as to reach extremely small curvature radii, down to 1.5 mm, with no signs of cracking or tearing. Its characteristics make it suitable to be employed in scenarios where non-standard geometries are needed, for example, to optimize the detector performance and/or maximize the detection efficiency. Finally, the response of a hybrid detector made of a plastic scintillator, wrapped with the proposed scintillator, coupled to a silicon photomultiplier array is described, and the excellent discrimination between γ -rays, fast and thermal neutrons resulting from data processing is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Korea, all nuclear power plants (NPPs) participate in annual performance tests including in vivo measurements using the FastScan, a stand type whole body counter (WBC), manufactured by Canberra. In 2018, all Korean NPPs satisfied the testing criterion, the root mean square error (RMSE) ≤ 0.25, for the whole body configuration, but three NPPs which participated in an additional lung configuration test in the fission and activation product category did not meet the criterion. Due to the low resolution of the FastScan NaI(Tl) detectors, the conventional peak analysis (PA) method of the FastScan did not show sufficient performance to meet the criterion in the presence of interfering radioisotopes (RIs), 134Cs and 137Cs. In this study, we developed an artificial neural network (ANN) to improve the performance of the FastScan in the lung configuration. All of the RMSE values derived by the ANN satisfied the criterion, even though the photopeaks of 134Cs and 137Cs interfered with those of the analytes or the analyte photopeaks were located in a low-energy region below 300 keV. Since the ANN performed better than the PA method, it would be expected to be a promising approach to improve the accuracy and precision of in vivo FastScan measurement for the lung configuration.

Securing global trade requires efficient screening of containers for threat materials. This work demonstrates a novel approach combining fast neutron activation analysis and artificial neural network (ANN) to identify elemental composition of sealed cargo, in particular elements carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen, which are the main components of explosives. This study shows that Rapidly Relocatable Tagged Neutron Inspection System in combination with ANN is a potential promising solution for the inspection of sealed containers, allowing precise identification of elements and detection of potential threats without the need to open the containers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Grew 9 transparent undoped and Eu-doped crystals (7 mm) by vertical Bridgman method. • The measured optical band gap of RbSr 2 Br 5 was 5.9 eV and that of RbSr 2 I 5 was 4.7 eV. • RbSr 2 Br 5 :Eu 5 % light yield & energy resolution: 73,000 ph/MeV & 3.9 % (662 keV) • RbSr 2 I 5 :Eu 7 % light yield & energy resolution: 89,000 ph/MeV & 2.8 % (662 keV) • X-ray afterglow of RbSr 2 I 5 :Eu 1 % was 0.79 % at 2 ms. Scintillators play crucial roles in homeland security applications like gamma ray spectroscopy and high energy X-ray radiography. For promising new scintillators, fine-tuning the luminescent dopant concentration is one avenue to further improve their performance and tailor their properties. In this work, the effects of europium dopant concentrations on the crystal growth, luminescence and scintillation properties of RbSr 2 Br 5 and RbSr 2 I 5 crystals was investigated. Nine transparent 7 mm diameter single crystals were grown via the Vertical Bridgman method. The optical band gap of RbSr 2 Br 5 was 5.9 eV and that of RbSr 2 I 5 was 4.7 eV. High scintillation performance was achieved with a relatively low europium concentration of 1 mol%. For both RbSr 2 Br 5 :Eu and RbSr 2 I 5 :Eu crystals, light yield of 60–90,000 ph/MeV, energy resolution 2.8–4.0 % at 662 keV, and X-ray afterglow 0.79–1.5 % at 2 ms were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exposed rocks in the Wadi El-Regeita area are quartz monzonite, granodiorite and monzogranite intruded by andesite and diorite dikes. The monzogranites studied show a marked enrichment in Rb, Ba and Sr (large ion lithophile elements, LILE) and Zr, Nb and Y (high field strength elements, HFSE), but depletion in P and Ti. The genetic characteristics of the granites revealed calc-alkaline affinity, metaluminous and/or peraluminous characteristics. The studied quartz monzonite, granodiorite, and diorite rocks represent I-type granites that were emplaced in a volcanic arc tectonic environment. The monzogranite falls into post-collisional A-type granite that was emplaced within a plate environment under extensional regime. The calculated isovalents LREE/HREE, La/Yb, La/Sm and Tb/Yb show a relative enrichment of the lighter ones in the monzogranite. The quantities of 238U, 232Th and 40K in diorite samples have been investigated by gamma-ray spectroscopy. The measured radioisotope activity concentrations in Wadi El-Regeita varied from 100 to 1604 Bq.kg−1, with a mean of 370 ± 341 Bq.kg−1 for 238U. For 232Th, the range was from 35 to 140 Bq.kg−1, with a mean of 68 ± 27 Bq.kg−1. Finally, for 40K, the range was 501–3067 Bq.kg−1, with a mean of 1355 ± 570 Bq.kg−1. The levels of 238U, 232Th, and 40K detected in the diorite samples examined were found to exceed the worldwide limits of 35, 45, and 412 Bq.kg−1, respectively. The primary radiological hazards associated with these diorite dikes were attributed to the gamma rays emitted by the radioactive elements. Estimates of the radiological hazards in the granites were made and statistical methods were used to demonstrate the relationships between radionuclides and radiological factors. The statistical evaluation confirmed that uranium and its associated minerals in the diorite dikes were the main factors contributing to the radiological risks. Consequently, the study concluded that the diorite dikes found in the study area were unsuitable for construction purposes due to their elevated levels of radioactivity. • Granitesrepresents an economic strategy to apply in various building materials in Egypt. • A calibrated gamma-ray spectrometer is used to measure radioactivity in trachyte samples. • The radioactive hazard parameters are calculated, and the hazard's risk is evaluated. • The granites released radiation in the studies area poses a serious health concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safe and effective storage of radioactive waste is essential to protect human and environmental health. Due to the potential for accidental releases and the severity of the associated risks, it is imperative to further understand radionuclide transport should an accident occur. This study was the second set of measurements conducted in 2022 of an ongoing experiment that has analyzed the vadose zone migration of radionuclides from cementitious wasteforms at the Savannah River Site over the last ten years. The radionuclides introduced within the sources are prominent constituents of radioactive waste or analogs for other groups or series of radionuclides. Lysimeters were first analyzed in 2016 using a collimated high-purity germanium gamma-ray spectrometer to non-destructively measure the concentration of each radionuclide in the sediment column as a function of depth. Following these measurements, the lysimeters were redeployed for another 4 years. All radionuclides in all lysimeters were observed to transport further during the redeployment period; however, the extent of migration varied with the material used for introduction. Except for 137Cs, migration through the sediment control system increased with decreasing ionic potential (ionic charge/radius); migration order: 152Eu < 137Cs < 60Co < 133Ba. Overall, the cementitious wasteforms were observed to decrease radionuclide migration extent relative to natural vadose zone conditions. In both cementitious wasteforms, the migration extent increased in the order 152Eu < 133Ba<60Co < 137Cs. However, less migration was measured when the radionuclides were incorporated into a reducing grout wasteform. The novelty of this paper is the demonstration of a technique capable of creating non-destructive measurements over decade time scales. Ultimately, this work provides insight into the long-term migration of alkali, alkali earth, divalent transition metal, and trivalent (e.g., lanthanide and actinide element) isotopes. [Display omitted] • Demonstrated a technique for repeated non-destructive measurements of test beds. • Overall, K D values predicted the migration of 60Co, 133Ba, 137Cs, and 152Eu. • Cementitious wasteforms altered the migration compared to sediment control systems. • Reducing grout wasteform was most effective for limiting migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamma-ray astrophysics in the MeV band is an exciting field in astronomy due to its potential for multi-messenger astrophysics. It has, however, remained under-explored when compared to other wavelengths. One reason for this observational gap is the difficulties with measuring these high-energy photons and the requirement of large amounts of detection material. In this work, we investigate the usage of large-volume GAGG scintillators for use as a calorimeter in future MeV telescopes. We developed a 5 × 5 array calorimeter utilizing 1 × 1 × 6 cm3 GAGG crystals with onsemi C-series SiPM readout. We tested the calorimeter at the High Intensity Gamma-ray Facility (HIGS) with monoenergetic beams ranging from 2–25 MeV. Finally, we also investigate larger 1 × 1 × 8 cm3 crystals and characterize their response across their depth when their surface treatment is either polished or frosted. • Developed a 5 × 5 array calorimeter using 1 × 1 × 5 cm3 GAGG crystals and the IDE AS ROSSPAD. • Demonstrated the 5 × 5 array calorimeter with monoenergetic gamma rays ranging up to 25 MeV. • Demonstrated the depth sensitivity and response of a frosted 1 × 1 × 8 cm3 GAGG crystal. • GAGG is prospective for use as a calorimeter in a MeV gamma-ray astrophysics mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activity concentration of natural radioactivity levels, of artificial cesium and transfer factor from soil to plants in agricultural areas at Al- Yusiefya region were determined by using NaI (Tl) detector spectrometer. Ten species of leafy plants have been selected: Spinach, Parsley, Watercress, Lettuce, Rashad, Radish, Green onion, Turnip green, Green beet and Mint. The mean activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs in leafy vegetable samples were 12.4±3.8, 14.8±4.7, 283±93 and 1.06±0.99 Bg/kg, and in soil samples were 15.9±4.3, 16.1±5.2, 298.5±3.9, and 1.11±0.37 Bq/kg. The radiation hazard indices were evaluated (radium equivalent, external hazard index, annual effective dose, absorbed dose rate) were within the permissible values except for excess lifetime cancer risk. The mean transfer factor values of 226 Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs were 0.89±0.2, 0.9±0.2, 1.02±0.3, and 0.77±0.25. The leafy vegetable are safe for consumption and the studied area does not pose a considerable radiological threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]