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Aim: Obesity-related vascular damage and endothelial dysfunction have deleterious effects on the ocular vasculature. It was aimed to examine optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters in obese and overweight children and to define their relationship with metabolic markers in this study. Methods: The patient group consisted of 26 obese, 24 overweight patients aged between 8 and 18 years. The control group consisted of 25 healthy children with normal body mass index (BMI). This was a cross-sectional observational study. Serum glucose, lipid parameters, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were investigated. Measurement of choroidal thickness was performed with Cirrus HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, CA, USA). Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness was determined by an automatic computer algorithm without the need for user measurement. Results: There were no differences in subfoveal, nasal, temporal choroidal thickness, and RNFL between obese, overweight, and control groups (p>0.05). A positive (linear) moderate relationship was found between RNFL and the HOMA-IR of 26 patients in the obese group (r=0.389) (p=0.049). A positively weak correlation was found between height and RNFL in obese patient group (r=0.264, p=0.028). Conclusion: In the study, RNFL thickness increased as HOMA-IR level increased in obese children and adolescents. RNFL decreased as the height increased in obese children and adolescents. We believe that more comprehensive data about the effect of obesity on RNFL and choroidal thickness will be obtained with prospective studies in which the obese patient group with insulin resistance is taken separately and disease durations are defined, and long-term patient follow-up is performed.

Aim: Topical antiglaucoma drugs may have adverse effects on the ocular surface. In this study, our aim was to report the frequency of dry eye and the use of artificial tear drops in patients diagnosed with glaucoma and using topical antiglaucoma drugs. We also evaluated factors affecting this association. Methods: Based on the medical records, we selected patients admitted to the ophthalmology department between 2020 and 2021 who had been diagnosed with glaucoma. In this study, we included patients who were using topical antiglaucoma medications and were older than 40 years of age. Age, gender, type, and number of glaucoma medications used, dry eye diagnosis, and use of artificial tear drops and/or topical cyclosporine were recorded. Results: We found that 346 (27%) of the 1,274 patients using topical antiglaucoma drugs had dry eyes and were using artificial tear drops. Gender (female) and the number of antiglaucoma medications used were associated with an increased risk of dry eye in these patients, while increasing age was not associated with dry eye. Conclusion: Dry eye is common in patients using topical antiglaucoma medications and should be considered in the treatment of glaucoma.

In this article, a collocation approximation is investigated for approximate solutions of hyperbolic telegraph partial differential equations (HTPDEs). The method is based on evenly spaced collocation points and Pell–Lucas polynomials (PLPs). The form of solution, derivatives of unknown function in equation and conditions are expressed in matrix forms which depend on PLMs. By the help of these matrix forms and collocation points, problem is reduced to a system of linear algebraic equations. In addition, error analysis is performed for method. Thus, errors are bound by an upper bound. By making the applications of these techniques, the computed outcomes are offered in tables and graphs. Also the obtained outcomes by method are also compared with outcomes of other methods in the literature. These comparisons show that our method is more influential than other methods. All results have been computed by the aid of a code generated in MATLAB.

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the normative pupillometry values and mean pupil dilatation speed in healthy individuals in different age groups in our study. Methods: The study group included 180 eyes of 90 healthy volunteers in different age groups. Group 1 consisted of 30 participants between the ages of 6 and 18, group 2 consisted of 30 participants aged 19–40, and group 3 consisted of 30 participants aged 41–75. Scotopic, mesopic, photopic, and dynamic measurements were taken with automatic pupillometry of Sirius Topographer (CSO, Firenze, Italy). The mean pupil dilation speed at the 18th second was calculated according to dynamic measurements. Results: Group 1 had a significantly larger pupil diameter than groups 2 and 3 in all static and dynamic parameters, and the mean pupil dilation speed was the highest among the groups (P < 0.001 for all static and dynamic parameters). In addition, group 2 had a significantly larger pupil diameter than group 3 (P < 0.001 for all static and dynamic parameters) and the mean pupil dilation speed was faster than group 3 (P = 0.027). Conclusion: We have presented the static and dynamic parameters and the mean speed of pupil dilatation at the 18th second with automatic pupillometry in healthy individuals in childhood, adulthood, and old age. More studies with higher participants and younger age children are needed.

Ülkelerin sahip olduğu nitelikli insan gücünün sürdürülebilir olmasında yaşam boyu öğrenme ile ilgili çalışmaların hız kazanması önemli bir etken olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Sürdürülebilir öğrenme yaşantılarının gerçekleşme aşamasında ise bireylerin kendi öğrenmelerini düzenleyebilmeleri adına, Avrupa Birliği yaşam boyu öğrenme kapsamında birtakım anahtar yeterlikler belirlemiştir. Bu doğrultuda araştırmada, yaşam boyu öğrenmenin gelecekteki uygulayıcıları olarak değerlendirilen lisansüstü öğrencilerinin yaşam boyu öğrenme yeterliklerine ilişkin görüşlerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Olgu bilim (fenomenoloji) deseni kullanılan bu araştırmada, ölçüt örnekleme yöntemi ile gönüllü 15 kişilik lisansüstü eğitim grubu oluşturulmuş, veriler yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu ile elde edilmiştir. Yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formunun oluşturulmasında Avrupa Birliği’nin yaşam boyu öğrenme için belirlemiş olduğu sekiz anahtar yeterlik dikkate alınmıştır. Lisansüstü öğrencilerden elde edilen veriler içerik analizi ile çözümlenerek, kategori ve kodlardan temalara ulaşılmıştır. Gerçekleştirilen analiz sonucunda elde edilen bulgulara göre; lisansüstü öğrencilerinin yaşam boyu öğrenme ve yaşam boyu öğrenme yeterliklerine ilişkin ifadelerinin, literatürde yer alan tanımlarla örtüştüğü belirlenmiştir.

Objectives:To evaluate the effect of proptosis on choroidal thickness in patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy.Materials and Methods:Twenty-five eyes of 25 Graves’ patients with proptosis, 25 eyes of 25 Graves’ patients without proptosis, and 25 eyes of 25 healthy individuals were included in this prospective study. The subfoveal choroidal thickness and choroidal thicknesses at 6 points from the fovea at 500 μm intervals were measured by Cirrus HD-OCT. All measurements were compared among the proptosis, non-proptosis, and control groups and the active, inactive, and control groups.Results:The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness in the proptosis group was 289.7±68.5 μm, 322.5±55.8 μm in the non-proptosis group, and 316.1±63.0 μm in the control group. The mean nasal choroidal thickness was 260.5±63.5 μm in the proptosis group, 293.9±57.9 μm in the non-proptosis group, and 279.5±63.1 μm in the control group. The mean temporal choroidal thickness was 261.8±60.9 μm in the proptosis group, 289.0±51.8 μm in the non-proptosis group, and 287.8±56.2 μm in the control group. Mean choroidal thickness was 264.7±58.5 μm in the proptosis group, 296.2±47.5 μm in the non-proptosis group, and 288.3±55.1 μm in the control group. There were no statistically significant differences among the groups with respect to choroidal thickness measurements (p>0.05).Conclusion:No significant difference in choroidal thickness was detected between Graves’ patients with and without proptosis and the controls. There was no effect of clinical activation on choroidal thickness.

In this article, we present a study about the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. The modelling of a new virus named SARS-CoV-2 is considered by an SIR model consisting of a nonlinear system of differential equations. A collocation approach based on the Pell–Lucas polynomials is studied to get the approximate solutions of this model. First, the approximate solution in forms of the truncated Pell–Lucas polynomials are written in matrix forms. By utilizing the collocation points and the matrix relations, the considered model is converted to a system of the nonlinear algebraic equations. By solving this system, the unknown coefficients of the assumed Pell–Lucas polynomial solutions are determined, and so the approximate solutions are obtained. Secondly, two theorems about the error analysis are given and proved. The applications of the methods are made by using a code written in MATLAB. The parameters and the initial conditions of the model are determined according to the reported data from the Turkey Ministry of Health. Finally, the approximate solutions and the absolute error functions are visualized. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the method, our approximate solutions are compared with the approximate solutions obtained by the Runge–Kutta method. The reliable results are obtained from numerical results and comparisons. Thanks to this study, the tendencies of the pandemic can be estimated. In addition, the method can be applied to other countries after some necessary arrangements.

Objectives: We aim to investigate the involvement of the choroid and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in COVID-19 patients using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between April and June 2020. 40 patients (23 female and 17 male) with COVID-19 and 42 healthy individuals (26 female and 16 male) were included in the study. The OCT scans were performed 4 weeks after the COVID-19 diagnosis. Results: In the COVID-19 group, in the right eyes, the mean nasal choroidal thickness was 295.70 ± 7,046 μm ( p = 0.017), mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 333.25 ± 6,353 μm ( p = 0.003), mean temporal choroidal thickness was 296.63 ± 6,324 μm ( p = 0.039), and mean RNFL was 89.23 ± 1.30 μm ( p = 0.227). In the left eyes, mean nasal choroidal thickness was 287.88 ± 9,033 μm ( p = 0.267), mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 333.80 ± 9,457 μm ( p = 0.013), mean temporal choroidal thickness was 298.50 ± 9,158 μm ( p = 0.079), and mean RNFL was 89.48 ± 1,289 μm ( p = 0.092). Compared with the control group, the patient group had significant thickening of the choroidal thickness in all quadrants of the right eyes, and significant thickening of the subfoveal choroidal thickness in the left eyes. There was no significant difference in the RNFL thickness between groups ( p > 0.05). Conclusion: COVID-19 may cause a subclinical involvement in the choroidal layer.

Introduction This study aims to detect changes in choroidal thickness and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in acute stage brucellosis. Methods Fnewly diagnosed patients with acute brucellosis and 19 healthy individuals as control group were included in the study. Choroidal thickness and RNFL thickness were measured using the Spectral Domain Cirrus OCT Model 400 (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany) for each participant in the patient and control group. Results In the brucella group, in the right eyes, the mean nasal choroidal thickness was 272.77 ± 50.26 μm ( p = 0.689), the mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 321.14 ± 33.08 μm ( p = 0.590), the mean temporal choroidal thickness was 278.86 ± 48.84 μm ( p = 0.478), and the mean RNFL thickness was 90.43 ± 8.93 μm ( p = 0.567). In the left eyes, the mean nasal choroidal thickness was 282.29 ± 48.93 μm ( p = 0.715), the mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 316.79 ± 39.57 μm ( p = 0.540), the mean temporal choroidal thickness was 284.93 ± 50.57 μm ( p = 0.392), and the mean RNFL thickness was 92.64 ± 8.95 μm ( p = 0.813). Conclusion No difference was found between the control and the brucella groups regarding to all choroidal regions and RNFL thickness.

X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (XLRS) is a disease considered characteristic for males. In this study we report a consanguineous family in which 3 daughters were diagnosed with XLRS. Typical signs of XLRS were detected in 2 girls, aged 4 and 15. Fundoscopic examination of the father and the oldest daughter (age 17) revealed bilateral atrophic macula and retinal thinning. Although rare and considered characteristic for males, XLRS can be seen in females in Middle-East countries that have a high rate of consanguineous marriage. It can be overlooked by ophthalmologists and these patients may be misdiagnosed.

Vegetables; in terms of vitamins, nutritional fiber, phenolic component and mineral matter has an important role in human nutrition. There are many species of purple-red vegetables, some of which are well-known, such as red beet (Beta vulgaris), black carrot (Daucus carota ssp. sativus var. atrorubens Alef), black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. niger), purple cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata f. rubra). Purple or red vegetables have higher antioxidant potential compared to other vegetables, which have many beneficial properties such as antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and liver protection. Each of vegetables which is black carrot, beetroot, black radish and purple cabbage contains p-coumaric acid, betaxanthin, ellagic acid and indole-3-carbinol respectively. In this study, Antifungal effect of ethanol extracts obtained from red beet, black carrot, black radish which are inner and peel part, purple cabbage against 7 different subspecies of Penicillium, 6 different subspecies of Aspergillus and Mucor racemosus, Botrytis cinerea, Geotrichum candidum, Cladosporium claudosporioides, Rhizopus nigricans species were determined by using disk diffusion method. As a consequence; it was determined that 7 different samples had antifungal effect on 18 different mold species at various rate. The highest antifungal effect was observed with 23.05±0.05 mm zone diameter against A. fumigatus in black radish inner part ethanol extract. This value was pursued by red beet inner part ethanol extract against M. racemosus with 21.44±0.12 mm zone diameter. It was concluded that the lowest antifungal effect on mold species except for P. citrinum, P. solitum and B. cinerea in purple cabbage extract.

Our aim in this article is to present a collocation method to solve two population models for single and interacting species. For this, logistic growth model and prey–predator model are examined. These models are solved numerically by Pell–Lucas collocation method. The method gives the approximate solutions of these models in form of truncated Pell–Lucas series. By utilizing Pell–Lucas collocation method, non-linear mathematical models are converted to a system of non-linear algebraic equations. This non-linear equation system is solved and the obtained coefficients are the coefficients of the truncated Pell–Lucas serie solution. Furthermore, the residual correction method is used to find better approximate solutions. All results are shown in tables and graphs for different $(N, M) $ values, and additionally the comparisons are made with other methods from. It is seen that the method gives effective results to the presented model problems.

Red beet (Beta vulgaris var. Cruenta Alef.) it is a flowering plant belonging to the family of Amaranthaceae and is cultivated in the regions extending from the west of Europe to all the Mediterranean coasts In Turkey; especially in the Aegean and Marmara regions. In the World, it is used in the production of milk and milk products, fruit juices, sauces, soups, confectionery, jelly, tomato paste, breakfast products, sausages and sausage products. In Turkey, in addition to these, it is widely used, in producing the turnip juice and pickles. There beet is particularly rich in minerals such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus and also contains iron and selenium. Further; rich in antioxidant phenolic substances, betalain and flavonoid. In this study; antibacterial effect of extracts obtained from red beet outer shell and flesh inner part by using different solvents (ethanol, methanol and distilled water) on some food pathogens were determined by dise diffusion method. As a result of the research; the most antimicrobial effect was observed in the water extract obtained from the shell portion of red beet against Listeria monocytogenes with a 17 mm dilution diameter. This value was determined to be followed by methanol extract obtained from the interior of the red beet against Pseudomonas aeroginosa with a 16 mm dilution diameter. The lowest MIC and MBC values were on the Enterobacter aerogenes of beet peel methanol extract with values of 23.44and 31.25 μg / mL, respectively. All results were compared with the reference values of Eucastand CLSI laboratories and resistance and sensitivity were determined.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) which is a marker of oxidative stress, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) which has an important role in inflammation, and vitamin C which has antioxidant properties in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD). Methods: Thirty patients with wAMD were included in the study and serum levels of MDA, MCP-1, and vitamin C were compared with healthy participants ( n = 30). Serum vitamin C and MDA levels were measured using a spectrophotometric method. Serum MCP-1 levels were determined by the ELISA method. Results: MCP-1 and MDA levels were higher in patients with wAMD compared with the control group ( p

Amaç: Hemşirelerin intramüsküler enjeksiyon uygulamasında sıklıkla tercih ettikleri alanları saptamak ve intramüsküler enjeksiyonda kullanılacak alanlar hakkında bilgi düzeylerini değerlendirmektir. Yöntem: Kesitsel-tanımlayıcı nitelikteki bu araştırmanın örnekleminde 216 hemşire yer almıştır. Verilerin toplanmasında, araştırmacılar tarafından literatür doğrultusunda hazırlanmış, 25 sorudan oluşan bir veri toplama formu kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bilgiler SPSS ile değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Hemşirelerin 147’si %68,1 ventrogluteal alanın tercih edilmesi gerektiğini belirttiği halde, 141’i %65,3 uygulamada halen dorsogluteal alanı tercih ettiğini bildirmektedir. Hemşirelerin 178’i %82,4 intramüskül enjeksiyon uygulamalarına yönelik güncel bilgiyi takip etmediğini ve 133’ü %61,6 hemşirelik eğitimlerinde ventrogluteal alanın kullanımına ilişkin kendilerine yeterli bilgi verilmediğini ifade etmiştir. Kadın hemşirelerin erkek hemşirelere oranla; intramüsküler enjeksiyon sırasında dorsogluteal alan tespiti p=0,018 , alan seçiminde yaş farkını dikkate alma p=0,044 , ventrogluteal alanı oluşturan kaslar p=0,001 ve enjeksiyon alanlarına verilecek doğru ilaç miktarı p=0,007 ile ilgili uygulamalarda bilgi düzeylerinin daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Bulgularımız doğrultusunda hemşirelerin intramüsküler enjeksiyon uygulamalarına yönelik teorik bilgileri yeterli olsa da, uygulamada daha çok dorsogluteal alanı tercih ettikleri, siyatik sinir yaralanma riskini ve enjeksiyon alanına uygun ilaç hacmini göz ardı ettikleri ve bu konudaki bilgilerini güncellemedikleri söylenebilir

The aim of this study was to investigate suitability, hygiene and use of the disabled toilets located on Hacettepe University. Forty-two individual from Hacettepe University Disabled Students Unit were enrolled in the study. The disabled toilets standards were evaluated by a 21 item-checklist, which was organized by the researchers based on “Universal Standards Guide for Persons with Disabilities”, published by World Disability Union in 2011. In addition, a questionnaire composed of 5 items was used for observation of the toilets in terms of hygiene. In order to analyse the usage status of the disabled toilets, a semi-structured interview form was applied to the participants. At the end of this study, it was concluded that there is a lack of disabled toilets and the disabled toilets were not totally adequate for sanitation conditions and World Disability Union standards. It was determined that 11.9% of the students who were included in the study used the disabled toilets. The reason that most students didn‟t prefer the disabled toilets was the absence of adequate number of the university- disabled toilets. In light of the findings, it is emphasized that the numbers of the toilets, which are in accordance with standards and hygiene conditions, should be increased in the universities. It can be recommended that more attention needs to be given to the mobility and access requirements of students with disabilities taking into account individual and environmental factors that affect the use of the toilets

Autonomic nervous system abnormalities in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder are controversial. Pupillary features may be affected as a result of autonomic nervous system abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Small changes in pupillary responses may not be noticeable on clinical examination. Automated pupillemetries can be helpful in demonstrating these changes reliably and quantitatively. The aim of this study was to compare the static and dynamic pupillary responses of bipolar patients with healthy controls. In addition, pupillary response differences between mania, depression and remission stages were investigated. The bipolar patient group consisted of 39 eyes of 39 patients with 13 patients in each of the stages: mania, depression and remission. The control group consisted of 39 eyes of 39 healthy volunteers. After the ophthalmic examination, static and dynamic pupillometry measurements were made. The mean pupil dilatation speed was calculated according to dynamic measurements. Static pupillometry measurements including scotopic, mesopic and photopic pupil diameters; the first dynamic measurements at 0th second and pupillary dilatation speed were used for statistical analysis. There was no difference static and the first dynamic pupillometry measurements between the bipolar and control groups (p > 0.05 for all parameters), but there was a significant difference in mean pupil dilatation speed (p = 0.041). No significant differences were found between the 3 groups for all static and the first dynamic pupillometry measurements and the mean pupil dilatation speed (p > 0.05). Static and the first dynamic measurements of bipolar patients were not different from healthy controls. The mean pupil dilatation speed of bipolar patients was significantly lower, but this difference had a low effect size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology and clinical features of pediatric traumatic open globe injuries in our region. Materials and Methods: Medical records of patients under the age of 18 who were diagnosed with open globe injury between January 2012 and December 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data of the patients such as age, gender, time of injury, area of injury, type of injury, and cause of injury were recorded. Initial and final visual acuity and ocular findings at admission were recorded. Factors associated with final visual acuity were evaluated. Results: The m ean a ge o f t he patients w as 7 .62 ± 4.22 years. The majority of the patients were male (n=28, 66,7%). The right eye was the most injured (n=30, 71.4%). The initial visual acuity of approximately 72.5% (n=29) of the patients was worse than 20/200. And the final visual acuity of 50% of the patients (n=20) was below 20/200. The most common type of injury was penetrating trauma (n=18, 42.9%). The region with the highest trauma was Zone I (n=30, 71.4%). The most traumatic materials were metallic objects (n=13, 31%). The most common accompanying clinical finding was lens damage (n=18, 42.9%). Iris damage, lens damage, hyphema, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, endophthalmitis, type of injury, material causing the injury, and injury area were significantly associated with final vision. Conclusion: In our region, open globe injuries were mostly observed in boys under 12 years in the pediatric age group. Penetrating and cutting metallic objects seem to be the most important cause of trauma. Parents and all caregivers should be informed of the seriousness of open globe injuries to prevent possible injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate pupillary contraction and dilatation response changes in Graves' disease. Materials and Methods: The patient group consisted of 55 euthyroid Graves patients and the control group consisted of 55 healthy individuals. Data from the right eyes of all participants were used. Static (scotopic, mesopic, photopic) and dynamic pupillometry measurements were performed with automatic pupillometry. The mean pupil dilatation speed was calculated according to dynamic measurements. Static measurements, dynamic measurements and the mean pupil dilatation speed data were compared between the patient and control groups. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between two groups in all static and dynamic values and the mean pupil dilatation speed. The mean scotopic pupil diameter was 5.41±0.776 m min Graves' group and 5.55±0.747 mm in the control group. The mean mesopic pupil diameter was 4.39±0.721 in Graves' group and 4.17±0.640 mm in the control group. The mean photopic pupil diameter was 3.45 ±0,549 mm in Graves' group and 3.29±0.679 mm in the control group. The mean dynamic pupil diameter 0th second was 3, 54±0.541 mm in Graves' group and 3.48±0.708 mm in the control group. The mean speed of pupil dilatation at 18th second was 0.116±0.031 mm/sec in Graves' group and 0.128±0.040 mm/sec in the control group. Age was found to be an independent factor on pupillary parameters. Conclusion: The pupillary parameters of patients with euthyroid hormone levels were not affected. While pupillary responses appeared not to be affected in the case of euthyroidism, more studies including patients with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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