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The aim of the study is to conduct an ecological risk assessment of accidental release of flowback water into freshwater body. Flowback water produced from the hydraulic fracturing process has a complex combination of high concentration of salts, organic compounds and metals. The toxicity of flowback water is assessed and an exposure assessment method for the inorganic constituents of the flowback water is developed. An equation for risk is derived to characterize the risk of the flowback water to the aquatic ecology. A case study is conducted for accidental release of hydraulic fracturing flowback water in Montney unconventional play trend in northern British Columbia. The flowback water quality data for 212 wells, including the concentrations of various salt ions, metal ions, and hydrogen sulfide, is collected for the assessment. The risk quotient is found to be 0.16 (<1), proving no significant risk to the aquatic ecosystem with 90% confidence. However, the overall results of the uncertainty and scenario analysis concludes that the risk to the ecology cannot be completely overlooked. Scenario analysis was done for monthly creek discharge and a relationship between risk quotient and the ratio of spill volume to the creek discharge was derived. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

• A new series of benzohydrazide derivatives having 2-bromo-1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethanone were synthesized. • The synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity and evaluated for in silico screening against Thymidylate kinase (PDB ID: 1G3U) and Thioesterase of Polyketide Synthase (PDB ID: 5V3Y). • All the synthesized compounds measured for in vitro antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and 4 h displayed more than 99% growth inhibition. • From 4a-j, 4 h exerted strong interaction with 5V3Y, it is concluded that 4 h might exert its vital role as an antitubercular agent through inhibition of thioesterase activity of polyketide synthase Pks13 enzyme. Tuberculosis scourge is at the most noteworthy danger, and it is urgent to characterize new defenses against it. A new series of benzohydrazide derivatives containing benzylidene benzohydrazide linkage with 2-bromo-1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethanone via methylene-oxy group. The characterization of benzohydrazide derivatives was performed by 1H and 13C NMR, FT-IR and mass spectrometry. The synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity and evaluated for in silico screening. All the synthesized compounds measured for in vitro antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and 4 h displayed more than 99% growth inhibition. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA coronavirus responsible for Acute Respiratory Syndrome (COVID-19). In January 2021, the re-occurrence of COVID-19 infection was at its peak, considered the second wave of epidemics. In the initial stage, it was considered a double mutant strain due to two significant mutations observed in their Spike protein (E484Q and L452R). Although it was first detected in India later on, it was spread to several countries worldwide, causing high fatality due to this strain. In the present study, we investigated the spreading of B.1.617 strain worldwide through 822 genome sequences submitted in GISAID on 21 April 2021. All genome sequences were analyzed for variations in genome sequences based on their effects due to changes in nucleotides. At Allele frequency 0.05, there were a total of 47 variations in ORF1ab, 22 in Spike protein gene, 6 variations in N gene, 5 in ORF8 and M gene, four mutations in Orf7a, and one nucleotide substitution observed for ORF3a, ORF6 and ORF7b gene. The clustering for similar mutations mentioned B.1.617 sub-lineages. The outcome of this study established relative occurrence and spread worldwide. The study's finding represented that "double mutant" strain is not only spread through traveling but it is also observed to evolve naturally with different mutations observed in B.1.617 lineage. The information extracted from the study helps to understand viral evolution and genome variations of B.1.617 lineage. The results support the need of separating B.1.617 into sub-lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]