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Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-pss-10.1177_09567976221140341 for Predictive Processing of Scene Layout Depends on Naturalistic Depth of Field by Marco Gandolfo, Hendrik Nägele and Marius V. Peelen in Psychological Science

Depth of field ratings, data and stimuli for RSVP Experiments 2, and 3 and 4

Raw Data

We share dataset and stimuli sets for the paper.

We efficiently infer others’ traits from their facial appearance, and these inferences powerfully shape our social behaviour. Here, we investigated how sex is represented in facial appearance. Based on previous findings from sex-judgment tasks, we hypothesised that the perceptual encoding of sex is not balanced but rather polarised: for the processes that generate a sex percept, the default output is “male”, and the representation of female faces extends that of the male, engaging activity over unique detectors not shared by male faces. We tested this hypothesis with the logic of Treisman’s studies of visual search asymmetries, predicting that observers should more readily detect the presence of female faces amongst male distractors than vice versa. Across three experiments (N = 32 each) we confirmed this prediction in response time and sensitivity measures. These findings demonstrate a property of the coding that links facial appearance with a significant social trait: the female face is coded as an extension of a male default. We offer a mechanistic description of perceptual detectors to account for our findings, and consider possible origins of this polarised coding scheme in the shaping of face representations by biased early developmental experience.

No Brasil, o uso de agrotóxicos consumirá, anualmente, mais de seis milhões de m3 de água como veículo, na cultura da cana-de-açúcar. O menor volume de calda aumenta a autonomia e a capacidade operacional dos pulverizadores, diminuindo o risco de perdas por escorrimento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar diferentes taxas de aplicação do glifosato quanto à eficiência no controle e à deposição da calda em plantas daninhas na operação de “repasse” ou “catação”. Foram executados oito tratamentos com quatro repetições distribuídos em blocos ao acaso. As taxas de aplicação avaliadas foram: 8,8, 73, 96,7, 190, 260, 380 e 467 L ha-1, aplicadas com equipamentos costal de acionamento manual, costal pressurizado e micronizador rotativo tipo CDA. Realizou-se a eficiência no controle das plantas daninhas considerando-se o efeito das aplicações em cada um dos tratamentos. A avaliação qualitativa, comparando-se os depósitos obtidos em cada um dos tratamentos, foi feita pela pulverização sobre as plantas daninhas de uma solução de água e cloreto de sódio com os mesmos equipamentos e nas mesmas condições. Os resultados indicam a possibilidade de utilização de menores volumes de aplicação sem prejuízo da qualidade. The growing use of pesticides in agriculture will consume more than six million cubic meters of water annually in Brazil, on sugarcane crop alone. The minor volumes of water can give an increase in autonomy and capacity of sprayer, and reduces the chance of loss by runoff. This work has the purpose to compare different rates of the glyphosate herbicide application, concerning efficiency of control and volume deposition on weeds, at operations of “repass” on sugarcane crop. Eight treatments with four replications were studied in randomized blocks. Application rates evaluated were: 8.8, 73, 96.7, 190, 260, 380 and 467 L ha-1, using a pressurized knapsack sprayer and another with hand operation and a rotative micronizer type CDA. Efficiency on weed control was evaluated considering obtained application effects on each treatment. Qualitative evaluation, comparing obtained deposition on each treatment, was done spraying on weeds with a solution of water plus sodium chloride, using the same equipament and conditions. The results showed the possibility to use lower flow rate of application without problems over the quality.