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Soil salinity is a natural element of arid and semi-arid climates and it is becoming a growing concern in the soils across the world. When water-soluble salts build in a soil, it gets salinized. These salts contain chloride, sulphate, carbonate, bicarbonate and sodium in addition to potassium and magnesium. Due to shortage of oxygen, soil with a high salt level becomes incapable of supporting plant and animal life. This review discusses the causes of salinity, its impact on plant growth, their limits/standard in the environment systems and case studies of saline land. Besides this, salinity levels in streams and lands are generally rising as a result of rising groundwater levels. Most of the rural and urban communities have lost productive cropland and water supplies due to natural instability to these environments and human induced interferences. Crop productivity, seed germination soil and water quality are adversely affected by soil salinity. A coastal region is also particularly vulnerable to climate change. There is a need to study soil salinization and its measures in detail for sustainable environmental systems.

A completely unique coronavirus (2019-n Cov) formally reffered to as severe acute respiratory syndromes [SARS Cov 2] appeared in wuhan, china. The coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (covid 19) has speechless like a shock in fully unprepared world. Covid 19 caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS Cov 2). Covid 19 first emerged in December 2019 all in cluster of patients with the pneumonia of unknown cause was recognized in Wuhan, China. In july 2020, SARS Cov2 was affected more than 200 countries. The coronavirus fevered 79% and 50% genomic similarities with severe acute respiratory syndromes coronavirus 2 [SARS Cov 2] and middle east respiratory syndromes coronavirus [MERS Cov 2] respectively. Several drugs have been investigated for their efficacy and safety in the treatment of covid 19 disease like antiviral, antimalerials, antibiotics immunomodulators, anticoagulants.

The unknown coronavirus has been unfold all over within the world. The primary case was declared in Dec 2019, and this coronavirus malady has become a virulent disease. Infection of this virus is directly attacked on the system of the flesh or animals. Nowdays there’s a deficiency of correct management or vaccinum out there to stop this malady that principally attacks the system of body. Hindrance is healthier than cure. This term is extremely renowned to any or all people. Thus currently this time has come back to used for our savings of lives. Ayurveda is the ancient system of drugs which is originated in India. During this covid -19 amount boosting of our system is that the excellent thanks to fight against this corona virus. Many seasoning plants unit accessible in our shut that unit used for immunity boosting throughout Covid 19. Some seasoning plants like Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera, Nyctanthes arbortristis that unit commonly used for immunity boosting. This herb contains compounds like glycosides, steroids, diterpenoid lactones, alkaloids, steroidal lactone,etc. vary of research unit accessible on Tinospora cordifolia, Ashwagandha, and Nyctanthes arbortristis to prove its immunomodulatory activity, anti-oxidant activity, anti- inflammatory activity, anti-pyretic activity. Throughout this general review we’ve a bent to targated on the role, drugs activities of Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera, Nyctanthes arbortristis to prevention and treatment of COVID 19 or CORANA VIRUS infection.

Venlafaxine HCl is one of the antidepressant agent which comes under the category of serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor i.e SNRI. This medication is usually used to treat major depressive disorder in adult. It may help to improve the mood and energy level and also to regain the interest in daily activities in the depressed person. The present review focus on various approaches for the analysis on Venlafaxine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The review represents the various analytical method like the RP-HPLC, HPTLC, UV Spectroscopy and Stability Indicating Methods which were used for the investigation of Venlafaxine in bulk and different dosage formulations.

Vildagliptin is approved by USFDA in 2007. Vildagliptin s- l-[n-(3-hydroxy-1-adamantyl) glycyl] pyrrolidine-2- carbonitrile is associate degree oral antihyperglycaemic agent (anti-diabetic drug) of the new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (dpp-4) substance category of medicine. The present work categorical the new easy, accurate, precise analytical methodology for the determination of vildagliptin in bulk and pharmaceutical indefinite quantity kind. Analytical techniques play a decisive role by providing solutions like improvement. This paper could be a review and classification of the various analytical techniques that are the foremost widely-used in determination common provision issues. Pharmaceutical analysis plays an awfully outstanding conspicuous role in quality assurance similarly as internal control of bulk medication and pharmaceutical formulations. Fast increase in pharmaceutical industries and production of drug in numerous components of the globe has brought an increase in demand for brand new analytical techniques within the pharmaceutical industries. As a consequence, analytical methodology development has become the essential activity of study. Recent development in analytical ways has been resulted from the advancement of analytical instruments.

Chromatography is a Physical separation technique in which mixture is dissolved in a mobile phase and carried through a structure holding another material called stationary phase. The separation of components depends on differential partitioning between mobile and stationary phase. Literature survey reveals that paper chromatography has been used from ancient times, especially in countries like United State for separation of organic and inorganic components. Paper chromatography is a type of analytical tool which is used for separation of colored componentsusing paper fibers (stationary phase) and solvent (mobile phase) in the atmosphere. Further, investigation should be made to make new advancement in the field of chromatography separation involving identification of types of paper used and gel permeation process.

Tomato leaf minor was present throughout the crop duration; larvae can infest leaves flowers etc. causing important losses in Tomato. This study was carried out in College of Agriculture, Indore field. The population counted on 5 plants at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 day after each spray. Efficacy of Chlorfenapyr 240 SC 480 ml/ha was show more reduction in leaf minor population as compared to Cyantraniliprole and Dimethoate. The treatement T5-Chlorfenapyr 240 SC show high population reduction (93.00%) followed by T4-Chlorfenapyr 240 SC @ 288 g a.i./ha (90.91%), T3-Chlorfenapyr 240 SC @ 240 g a.i./ha (90.46%), T6-Cynantraniliprole 10.26% OD 100 ml/ha (89.70%), T2-Chlorfenapyr 240 SC @ 192 g a.i./ha (89.40%), T7-Dimethoate 30% EC @ 150 gm/ha (88.43%). The less reduction in population of leaf minor was found in T1-Chlorfenapyr 240 SC @ 144 g a.i./ha (86.45%) as compared to untreated control. The higher fruit yield also recorded in T5-Chlorfenapyr 240 SC @ 480ml/ha (32 t/ha) followed by T4- Chlorfenapyr 240 SC @ 288 ga.i./ha (27 t/ha).

The first reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for Stability Indicating of, Azilsartan and chlorthalidone has been developed and validated to be a simple, sensitive, rapid, specific, precise, and accurate method. Chromatographic separation was achieved on Zorbax XBD-C8, 250mm × 4.6mm,5µm.Buffer pH5.5 : Methanol (60:40) as a mobile phase at flow rate of 1 ml/min. UV detection was operated at 234 nm and injection volum was 25 μl.. The proposed method showed good linearity, accuracy, precision and was successfully applied for determination of the drugs in laboratory prepared pharmaceutical dosage forms. Keywords: Azilsartan and chlorthalidone, RP-HPLC, Stability Indicating.

The energy-demanding nature of solid-state synthesis can be circumvented by using solvothermal synthesis routes involving milder heat treatment steps. Herein, we exploit one such route, ultrasonic sonochemical method, for the synthesis of Na0.44MnO2 insertion material. Using simple oxide and carbonate precursors, the target compound can be successfully prepared by restricting the final annealing (at 900 °C) to within 2 h. Rietveld analysis confirms the purity of final product assuming an orthorhombic framework (s.g. Pbam). Involving a step-wise voltage profile with the average Mn4+/Mn3+ redox potential ∼3 V (vs. Na/Na+), it delivers reversible capacity over 110 mAh.g−1 at a rate of C/10 with decent rate kinetics and cycling stability. Ultrasonic sonochemical synthesis can be employed for synthesis and rapid screening of variety of insertion materials for sodium-ion batteries.

Solvothermal synthetic routes can provide energy-savvy platforms to fabricate battery anode materials involving relatively milder annealing steps vis-a-vis the conventional solid-state synthesis. These energy efficient routes in turn restrict aggressive grain growth to form nanoscale particles favouring efficient Li+ diffusion. Here, we report an economic solution combustion synthesis of SrLi2Ti6O14 anode involving nitrate-urea complexation with a short annealing duration of only 2 h (900 °C). Rietveld refinement confirms the phase purity of target product assuming an orthorhombic framework (Cmca symmetry). It delivers reversible capacity of ∼125 mAh.g−1 at a rate of C/20 involving a 1.38 V Ti4+/Ti3+ redox activity with excellent rate kinetics and cycling stability. Bond valence site energy (BVSE) calculations gauge SrLi2Ti6O14 to be an anisotropic 3D Li+ ion conductor with the highest ionic conductivity along the c direction. The electrochemical and diffusional pathways have been elucidated for combustion prepared SrLi2Ti6O14 as an efficient and safe negative electrode candidate for Li-ion batteries.

Layered sodium iron phosphate phase [Na3Fe3(PO4)4] was synthesized by solution combustion synthesis method, marking the first attempt of solvothermal synthesis of this phase. Its crystal structure was verified by synchrotron and neutron powder diffraction. Rietveld analyses proved the phase purity and formation of monoclinic framework with C2/c symmetry. It undergoes an antiferromagnetic ordering ∼27 K. This combustion prepared nanoscale Na3Fe3(PO4)4 compound was found to be electrochemically active with a stepwise voltage profile involving an Fe3+/Fe2+ redox activity centred at 2.43 V vs. Na/Na+. Despite various cathode optimization, only 1.8 Na+ per formula unit could be reversibly inserted into the Na3Fe3(PO4)4 framework leading to capacity close to 50 mAh g−1. This limited electrochemical activity can be rooted to (i) relatively large diffusion barrier (ca. 0.28 eV) as per Bond valence site energy (BVSE) calculations and (ii) possible structural instability during (de)sodiation reaction.

Ultraviolet spectroscopy is one important and advanced analytical instrument in Pharmaceutical industry and used since last 35 years and. The method of analysis is based on measuring the absorption of a monochromatic light by colorless compounds in the near ultraviolet path of spectrum (200-400nm). The pharmaceutical analysis comprises the procedures necessary to determine the “identity, strength, quality and purity” of such compounds. It also includes the analysis of raw material and intermediates during manufacturing process of drugs. The fundamental principle of operation of spectrophotometer covering UV region consists in that light of definite interval of wavelength passes through a cell with solvent and falls on to the photoelectric cell that transforms the radiant energy into electrical energy measured by a galvanometer. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is used to obtain the absorbance spectra of a compound in solution or as a solid.

The first reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of, Canagliflozin and Metformin has been developed and validated to be a simple, sensitive, rapid, specific, precise, and accurate method. Chromatographic separation was achieved on C18 column (250×4.6 mm-5μm p.s). Methanol and potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer in a ratio [90:10 v/v] as a mobile phase at flow rate of 0.9ml/min. UV detection was operated at 222 nm and injection volume was 20 μl. The proposed method showed good linearity, accuracy, precision and was successfully applied for determination of the drugs in laboratory prepared pharmaceutical dosage forms. The current method has been statistically validated according to the ICH guidelines and this method has been subsequently developed and applied successfully to determine the levels of Metformin hydrochloride and Canagliflozin in a combined formulation and in the routine quality control analysis with good accuracy and sensitivity.

A simple and more economic RP-HPLC method was developed and subsequently validated for the simultaneous determination of Metformin and Dapagliflozin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The chromatographic conditions were standardized using a Cosmosil C18 column with 250mm in length and internal diameter of 4.6mm with size 5μm. The analyte detection was carried out by using a UV detector set at a wavelength of 228 nm. The mobile phase consisted of Methanol: Potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer with pH 3.0 (80:20%v/v) and retention time of Metformin and Dapagliflozin was found to be 3.6 min and 5.2 min respectively. The calibration curves of two drugs were linear with correlation coefficients of 0.999 and 0.998 over a concentration range of 100–500μg/ml for Metformin and 1–5μg/ml for Dapagliflozin. This method has been validated and shown to be accurate, precise, specific, sensitive, linear, robust and fast. Metformin and Dapagliflozin were subjected to different degradation stress conditions. The degradation products were well resolved from that of pure standard drugs (Metformin and Dapagliflozin) with significant different retention time values. The current method has been statistically validated according to the ICH guidelines and this method has been subsequently developed and applied successfully to determine the levels of Metformin and Dapagliflozin in a combined formulation and in the routine quality control analysis with good accuracy and sensitivity.