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This essay explores the entanglement of racial capitalism, carceral geographies, and counter‐politics of care within the sociopolitical landscape of Sweden. It analyzes the government's response to gang violence in 2023, which mobilized the figure of a "racial threat" in advocating for the creation of "security zones" and militarized interventions. This approach, rooted in a so‐called caring racism, argues for the protection of the welfare state by excluding and expelling racialized others. Understanding capitalism as requiring inequality, sustained by racism, Sweden's expansion of carceral geographies must arguably be read through a racial capitalism lens—where policing and border regimes are necessary to produce and control surplus populations. Through ethnographic engagements and social media interactions, the essay examines how marginalized communities navigate economies of dispossession, focusing on the resistance mounted by urban social justice movements against austerity measures and repressive policies—for a counter‐politics of care rooted in abolitionism. Situating these developments within a broader political economy framework, the essay underscores the role of carceral geographies in perpetuating capitalist exploitation and authoritarian rule, while calling for a reevaluation of care as a site of resistance against state‐sanctioned violence, offering insights into avenues for radical change amid growing precarity and injustice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Driver's Story: Labor and Power in the World of Atlantic Slavery" by Randy M. Browne delves into the complex role of slave drivers in the Greater Caribbean during the era of Atlantic slavery. Browne explores the existential horror faced by drivers who were forced to navigate between being perpetrators and victims, oppressors and oppressed. The book sheds light on the intimate face of planter power represented by drivers and their struggles with impossible choices between self-preservation and solidarity with their peers. Despite the evidence of resistance, Browne argues that focusing on drivers helps us understand how the institution of slavery endured despite efforts to dismantle it. [Extracted from the article]

In considering the spatialization of race and the racialization of space, this article explores dominant media representations of sports cages in the UK. To date, media interest in these cages, often found on social housing estates, has revolved around the role they have played in the childhoods of a small number of young, almost exclusively Black, footballers, primarily from London. In the first academic article to engage with these issues, we adopt a critical approach, examining white spatial imaginaries which promulgate the naturalisation of poverty, and which produce and reproduce social pathologies associated with Black communities, and young Black men in particular. The enduring racialised tropes of lone parent families, gang affiliation and violence, and Black footballers being skilful and athletic but 'difficult' or 'lacking' in tactical acumen are discussed. We highlight examples of commodification, exploitation and glamourisation of these spaces. In addition, the reasons for the centrality of cages in the lives of large numbers of young Black men in London, rarely examined in media representations, are explicated. We end by proposing potential areas of research that are worthy of exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines findings from a multi-country study of faith-based education in Latin America and considers the role and contributions of faith-based organizations in addressing the causes and consequences of gang-violence in the Latin American context. Findings point to distinctive attributes of faith-based educational organizations, related to safety, belonging, and forgiveness, that enable them to play unique and effective roles in addressing the threats of gang violence to social cohesion. It considers a set of illustrative organizational cases, before analyzing how the organizational attributes and roles of faith-based actors help prevent or respond to the challenges of widespread gang activity. It then concludes by considering implications for public policy and contributions to understanding the relationship between educational pluralism and social cohesion in diverse contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the ethical complexities inherent in researching marginalised voices within Central American prisons, specifically focusing on women and gender-diverse individuals presumed to be affiliated with armed groups. Drawing on extensive fieldwork conducted across Central America, the paper explores the challenges researchers face when navigating carceral spaces dominated by gang violence and informal governance. It highlights the need for addressing the ethical dilemmas that arise when engaging with incarcerated individuals. By highlighting the importance of reflexivity, recognition of gatekeepers, ensuring the safety of incarcerated individuals, sensitivity to vulnerabilities and diversity, and fostering empathy, the authors contribute to the broader discourse on research ethics and methodology in high-risk environments. This study casts a spotlight on the ethics of researching prisons in Central America, underscoring the urgency of ethical research practices that prioritise the dignity, agency, and humanity of research subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In low‐ and middle‐income countries such as Haiti, musculoskeletal injuries are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Untreated injuries can contribute to decreased mobility, leading to disability and reduced productivity for individuals. The accessibility of timely fracture care poses a substantial challenge in Haiti, where socioeconomic instability and recent surges in gang violence exacerbate an already strained healthcare infrastructure. This manuscript delves into the intricate barriers to sustainable fracture care in Haiti, shedding light on the sociopolitical landscape and clinical challenges that influence the delivery of orthopedic services. Ethical Discussion: The ethical considerations in providing fracture care in Haiti are multifaceted, including classic medical principles, self‐preservation in the face of violence, issues of justice in resource and service allocation, and concerns of nonmaleficence in the context of international volunteers. These ethical dilemmas arise from the complex interplay of limited resources, the dangers posed by the current sociopolitical climate, and the involvement of international aid in a vulnerable healthcare system. Conclusion: To address the clinical and ethical conflicts of providing fracture care in Haiti, solutions include education and training of Haitian orthopedic surgeons, capacity building of healthcare facilities, and establishing ethical standards for international volunteers. This comprehensive approach is vital for advancing sustainable fracture care in Haiti and other resource‐limited settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Marginalization is a clear example of inequality in enjoying the opportunities of desirable social life and individual and social prosperity in the labyrinth of urban society and is a story of living on the path of suffering and Sisyphean effort to reach the minimum. The present study, relying on Henri Loefer's opinions about the concept of the right to the city, is in the pursuit of analyzing the social life of the marginal residents of the separate urban area in Sanandaj city. Method: The approach adopted for this research is qualitative and from the inductive qualitative content analysis method with the usual procedure for counting the contexts, substrates and intervening factors in the formation of the target location and the living conditions of the interviewees (12 people) from the way of life. Their society has been used. Findings: The obtained data were classified into three categories of propositions, major categories and central/ main categories, which main categories include; Migration in pursuit of life, the activity of urban construction rentier networks, the loss of the right to the city, the plurality of identities, the weakness of urban infrastructures, the formation of a micro-culture of crime, tolerating social stigma on marginalized people, religious fundamentalism and deepening the peer learning model. Discussion: The study found that villages are being ignored and there aren't enough programs to help them improve. This, along with problems like not having access to healthcare, education, and jobs, is causing people to move to cities. As a result, immigrants are struggling to have a good life in the city center and are being forced to live in the suburbs of Sanandaj. All types of rentiers related to land and building permits have contributed to the mess, along with the lack of commitment and drive to fix infrastructure problems. The main worry lately has been the unchecked spread of religious extremism like Salafism, fueled by poverty, a crisis of purpose, and of course, criminal behavior. This has led to a dangerous mix of religion, bias, and gang violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turcology Research is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Youth involvement in criminal gangs is rife in a particular area of Cape Town, the capital city of Western Cape, South Africa, known as the Cape Flats. But the Cape Flats is not unique and the youth's susceptibility to join these gangs cuts across cultures and societies. Wherever there is marginalisation and disadvantage, social issues emerge that are difficult to combat because of systemic and structural barriers. Community workers and those who live in these areas are often at their wits end trying to combat the allure that gang membership holds for their teenage children. This article reports on a study that was part of a larger research study conducted between 2016-2018 by social work students at a university situated in the area. The article reflects the findings of the 2018 study that focused on the perceptions and experiences of those who work or provide services in the area. The aim of the study was to explore the participants' experiences of gang violence during service provision and their opinions about ways to address their concerns. A qualitative approach, utilising an intervention mapping design was used. Individual interviews were conducted with 325 service providers on the Cape Flats. Two main themes emerged from thematic data analysis, namely, impact on service providers and service delivery, and suggested interventions and solutions. The implications of the findings are that the increasing violence has severe consequences on service provision in communities and is disruptive and traumatising to everybody involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of the 165,000 or so convicts transported from across the British Empire to Australia between 1788 and 1868, approximately 9,000 men entered the gates of the Port Arthur penal station in Van Diemen's Land. Over its lifetime (1830–1877) Port Arthur was reputed to be one of Australia's harshest places of incarceration. During its final years as a penal station (1856–1877), due to its aging and declining population, it earned a reputation for housing the old, decrepit, and useless dregs of the convict system. Despite the growing body of literature on Port Arthur's convict workers, there has been little discussion on the management of labour gangs after 1856. This article examines a cohort of 198 variously aged and skilled Port Arthur convicts discovered in six labour gang ledgers and places them within the broad landscape of the settlement's industrial activities. Through the examination of the Convict Department records, I will argue that despite its aging population Port Arthur was an efficient and productive place of industry. Moreover, I will show that many of these men were skilled and able-bodied workers and not just the aged and ailing remnants of the convict system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Haiti is experiencing a multifaceted crisis marked by severe gang violence and significant economic and social challenges for its people. Despite international interventions, such as the Multinational Security Support mission headed by Kenya, the strategy has been hindered by unclear goals, lack of accountability, and inadequate backing for Haitian institutions. Additional issues include a shortage of armored vehicles, helicopters for medical evacuations, prepared barracks, and proper communications equipment. This mission, which received UN Security Council approval last October, has faced considerable opposition in both Haiti and Kenya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study examines how the public views gangs, surveying 1,000 US adults using a vignette of a teenage collective. Through a factorial design, elements crucial to gang definition debates were randomly manipulated: the name of the group, its racial composition, behavior severity, and organizational structure. Findings reveal that a name associated with known gangs significantly impacts perception, making it more likely for a group to be identified as a gang. The collective’s activity and organizational structure also swayed perceptions, with violent and structured groups more readily classified as gangs. Surprisingly, the group’s racial makeup did not markedly alter perceptions, although joint effects show it did affect the interpretation of other factors. These insights suggest a need to reassess how research shapes our understanding of gangs and, in turn, how public concerns inform policymakers; highlighting the nuances in public opinion that could factor into legal responsibility and guide future legislative decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth gang membership is a significant public health concern linked to violent victimization. However, not all victimized youth join gangs, highlighting the need to study mitigating factors. Ethnic and racial identity (ERI) is a potential factor, but research has shown mixed results. This study used longitudinal self-report data from the Pathways to Desistance project to examine ERI's two facets – exploration and affirmation. Findings revealed that victimization increased both ERI aspects, but they had opposite effects on gang-joining. Higher affirmation reduced gang-joining odds and higher exploration increased them. These results highlight the importance of promoting ERI affirmation in gang involvement prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While a breadth of U.S. scholarship on gangs/gang violence exists, there is currently scant research about the psychological/indoctrination processes used to transform civilians into gang members, especially from a Canadian perspective. To address this gap in the literature this article draws on the military scholarship relating to intense indoctrination to (a) inform our understanding of how youth are psychologically transformed/indoctrinated into a street/gang life, (b) the psychological/traumatic impact of such indoctrination, and (c) the role street indoctrination plays in young people's capacity to survive a gang life. This article draws on autoethnography to enable the author, a former gang/justice-involved person, to provide an up-close, reflexive, and intimate perspective into "street indoctrination." Such a perspective is often missing from the extant gang scholarship as few formerly gang-involved persons are able to speak about their experiences from the privileged space of academia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the cultivation effects of local news media use on Chicago residents' fear of crime and attitudes toward police. Chicago, IL was chosen because of the city's struggles with gang violence and with police misconduct, both which have been covered extensively by local news media. Controlling for individual level variables, including previous crime victimization and neighborhood level contexts, a survey of Chicago residents found support for local news' cultivation of residents' fear of crime, particularly by radio and TV. It is suggested that the brief and sensationalistic formats used by news media to report crime stoke residents' fear of crime. Local media also have positive effects on local residents' general attitudes toward police. Regarding a widely publicized incident of police misconduct, this study found that race moderated residents' attitudes toward the White police officer who shot and killed an unarmed Black teenager. The results showed that media shaped negative perceptions of the police only for the non-Caucasians (mostly African Americans) surveyed. It was found that fear of crime only mediated the effects of media on attitudes toward police when the specific event involved an incident of police misconduct, although the effects were minimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the lived experiences of former gang members in Cebu City. Specifically, it determined the following: experiences of the informants as former gang members, including the reasons why they join, stay and leave the group and the impact of gang membership of the informants as former gang members. This study employed a qualitative method of research employing a phenomenological approach that involves qualitative analysis and assessment of themes derived from semistructured interviews and follow up questions has been made and with an aid with interview guide, observation and exploring the lived experiences of former gang members. The study was conducted in highly urbanized cities, namely Cebu City, Mandaue City, Lapu-Lapu City and Talisay City. A purposive convenient sampling was employed to select the informants. There were fourteen (14) informants in the study. Fifteen (6) emergent themes were created. For the experiences of former gang members on reasons why they join the gang, three themes emerged, namely: Personal Safety, Peer pressure, and lastly, Broken Homes. For the reasons why they stay in the gang, two themes emerged, namely: Give and Earn Money, The Thug Lifestyle, and More Fun and Happiness. For the reasons why they leave the group, three themes emerged, namely: Family and Job Responsibilities, Realization to Have a Happy and Peaceful life; and In-group Rivalry. Regarding the impact of gang membership and the positive experiences of the informants as former gang members, three themes emerged: A sense of Belongingness, Develop Respect and Trust, and School Achiever. Regarding the negative experiences, three themes emerged: Gang War and Violence, Crime Involvement, and Incarceration. The community must create and sustain a collaborative process for working toward a community free of gang membership and violence. This includes providing a clearinghouse for information on resources, strategies, services, best practices, and funding to prevent, intervene and suppress gang violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Moderna Sprak is the property of Institutionen for Moderna Sprak and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We applied Latent Class Analysis (LCA) to responses to items from the Activism and Radicalism Intentions Scales (ARIS). In two studies (undergraduates n = 530) and prisoners (n = 670), item profiles identified four groups – Inert, Moderate Activists, Strong Activists, Radicals, and Mixed – that confirm and extend the levels of the Action Pyramid of the Two Pyramids Model of Radicalization. Radicals were a higher proportion of prisoners than undergraduate respondents (20% vs. 12%), and, among prisoners, Radicals were more likely than other groups to be gang members. The distinction between Moderate and Strong Activists is a surprising addition to the literature of political radicalization, and we suggest in the Discussion that the study of Activists, and comparison of Activists and Radicals for the same cause, deserve more attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the mid-2000s, extortion has impacted social and economic development in El Salvador significantly. Against the grain of the extant literature, which predominantly takes for granted that extorted businesses are passive victims, we leverage business surveys and 103 interviews, primarily with 54 micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in the San Salvador metropolitan area, El Salvador, to explore (a) the impact of extortion and (b) how businesses operate in the face of extortion. We conducted some interviews before and others during the state of exception in force since March 2022, garnering unique insight into both impacts and business strategies. By way of statistical analyses, we elucidate the differential impact of extortion on Salvadoran MSEs, showing that the very smallest businesses suffer a disproportionately heavy burden. Drawing upon extensive fieldwork, we find that MSEs (a) act strategically in the face of extortion, (b) adopt a diversity of strategies to manage extortion on a continuum from avoidance to adaptation, negotiation, and resistance, and (c) have different ranges of strategies available to them, largely varying according to the businesses' mix of tangible and intangible resources, which MSEs leverage to manage extortion and ameliorate its impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Northern Triangle countries (El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala), gang violence, particularly against women, girls, and LGBTQ+ persons, results in gross violations of human rights and is a major driver of forced displacement Gang members systematically use gender-based violence, including rape, femicide, kidnapping, sexual slavery, and persecution of LGBTQ+ persons, to exert territorial control over the local population. However, the international community has failed to recognize both the severity and systemic nature Of gender-based violence by gang members. This Note-whichfocuseson El Salvador, but has implications for the rest of the Northern Triangle countries-argues that gender-based violence by transnational gangs should be considered crimes against humanity under international criminal law because it constitutes a widespread systematic attack against the civilian population. Furthermore, this Note identifies concrete steps the international community can take to hold gang leaders individually responsible for gender-based violence not only in El Salvador, but in Honduras and Guatemala as well. The International Criminal Court should individually prosecute gang leaders for crimes against humanity. In addition, the UN Human Rights Council should establish an independent international fact-finding mission on gender-based violence by gang members in the Northern Triangle countries. Finally, this Note considers the potential ramifications under the Draft articles on Prevention and Punishment Of Crimes Against Humanity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a collection of abstracts from an international congress on communication ethics. The abstracts cover a wide range of topics including the ethics of institutional communication, the use of artificial intelligence in electoral campaigns, and the role of ethics in advertising. Each abstract provides a brief overview of the topic and its relevance. [Extracted from the article]

This article provides an overview of the security policies and governance of President Nayib Bukele in El Salvador. It acknowledges that Bukele has consolidated power through his "war on gangs" and repressive tactics, which has led to concerns about democratic erosion. The article discusses Bukele's approach to combating crime, including his controversial "Territorial Control Plan" and the construction of a large prison complex. It also highlights the economic challenges faced by El Salvador under Bukele's administration and questions the long-term effectiveness of his policies. The article concludes by raising concerns about the future of democracy in the country. [Extracted from the article]