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Updating information on the distribution of recently introduced and other poorly known non-natives is essential to prevent and control their spread and better address biological invasions. Here, we combine scientific and citizen science data to update the distribution of five recently arrived (i.e., < 25 years), non-native fish species (Alburnus alburnus, Ameiurus melas, Rutilus rutilus, Sander lucioperca and Silurus glanis) and one rare, longer established (i.e., > 50 years), non-native (Esox lucius) in Portugal. These species have been increasingly targeted by recreational fishermen, thus likely expanding their distribution. Specifically, we obtained distribution maps for each species, based on data gathered through a comprehensive search for records in 1) scientific literature, 2) unpublished reports of research projects, and 3) citizen science databases. We gathered 443 valid records, of which 64% were from citizen science data, mainly provided by recreational fishermen. Data highlighted that all species have expanded their distribution in the last 20 years, with high numbers of new records for A. alburnus, S. lucioperca and S. glanis, mostly located in the Tagus, Guadiana and Douro river basins. Changes in species distributions reflected dispersal within invaded basins and colonisation of previously unoccupied drainages. Integrating citizen science with scientific data provides an effective framework to understand non-native species introduction and spread, stressing the need for increasingly encourage and engage recreational fishermen in information sharing.

Diversification of Circum-Mediterranean Barbels

Chondrostoma oligolepis Robalo, Doadrio, Almada and Kottelat 2005: MB05-1067, 7 ex., sex unknown. Ribeira de Seiça, Preza (Tomar), Rio Tejo Basin, Portugal. Leg. P. Cortes. 22.VI.1989.MB05-1460, 7 ex., sex unknown. Rio Alcoa, Alcobaça, Rio Alcoa Basin, Portugal. Leg. M. J. Collares-Pereira. 02.V1978.MB05- 1910, 12 ex., sex unknown. Ribeira de Seiça, Seiça / Fontaínhas, Rio Tejo Basin, Portugal. Leg. H. F. Gante and C. D. Santos. 06.VI.2006., Published as part of Hugo F. Gante, Carlos D. Santos & Maria Judite Alves, 2007, A new species of Chondrostoma Agassiz, 1832 (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) with sexual dimorphism from the lower Rio Tejo Basin, Portugal., pp. 23-35 in Zootaxa 1616 on page 26

Chondrostoma lusitanicum: MB05-604, 1 ex., sex unknown. Holotype. Rio Xarrama, Alc����ovas /Viana do Alentejo, Rio Sado Basin, Portugal. Leg. M. J Collares-Pereira. IV1979.MB05-605, 11 ex., sex unknown. Paratypes. Rio Xarrama, Alc����ovas /Viana do Alentejo, Rio Sado Basin, Portugal. Leg. M. J Collares-Pereira. IV.1979.MB05-2194, 12 ex., sex unknown. Rio Tranc��o, S��o Juli��o do Tojal, Rio Tejo Basin, Portugal. Leg. H. F. Gante and C. D. Santos. 02.VII.2006., Published as part of Hugo F. Gante, Carlos D. Santos & Maria Judite Alves, 2007, A new species of Chondrostoma Agassiz, 1832 (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) with sexual dimorphism from the lower Rio Tejo Basin, Portugal., pp. 23-35 in Zootaxa 1616 on page 26

Chondrostoma arcasii (Steindachner 1866): MB05-1440, 7 ex., sex unknown. Rio Ma����s, locality unknown, Rio Douro Basin, Portugal. Leg. C. Alma��a. 11.VI. 1988., Published as part of Hugo F. Gante, Carlos D. Santos & Maria Judite Alves, 2007, A new species of Chondrostoma Agassiz, 1832 (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) with sexual dimorphism from the lower Rio Tejo Basin, Portugal., pp. 23-35 in Zootaxa 1616 on page 26

Chondrostoma duriensis Coelho, 1985: MB05-394, 3 ex., sex unknown. Rio ��gueda, Barca d���Alva, Rio Douro Basin, Portugal. Leg. C. Alma��a, M. J. Collares-Pereira. 29.VIII.1983., Published as part of Hugo F. Gante, Carlos D. Santos & Maria Judite Alves, 2007, A new species of Chondrostoma Agassiz, 1832 (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) with sexual dimorphism from the lower Rio Tejo Basin, Portugal., pp. 23-35 in Zootaxa 1616 on page 26

Cichlid fishes are famous for large, diverse and replicated adaptive radiations in the Great Lakes of East Africa. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying cichlid phenotypic diversity, we sequenced the genomes and transcriptomes of five lineages of African cichlids: the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), an ancestral lineage with low diversity; and four members of the East African lineage: Neolamprologus brichardi/pulcher (older radiation, Lake Tanganyika), Metriaclima zebra (recent radiation, Lake Malawi), Pundamilia nyererei (very recent radiation, Lake Victoria), and Astatotilapia burtoni (riverine species around Lake Tanganyika). We found an excess of gene duplications in the East African lineage compared to tilapia and other teleosts, an abundance of non-coding element divergence, accelerated coding sequence evolution, expression divergence associated with transposable element insertions, and regulation by novel microRNAs. In addition, we analysed sequence data from sixty individuals representing six closely related species from Lake Victoria, and show genome-wide diversifying selection on coding and regulatory variants, some of which were recruited from ancient polymorphisms. We conclude that a number of molecular mechanisms shaped East African cichlid genomes, and that amassing of standing variation during periods of relaxed purifying selection may have been important in facilitating subsequent evolutionary diversification.

New observations of Sander lucioperca in two localities in western and southwestern Iberian Peninsula (Tagus and Guadiana river drainages, Portugal) are reported. An up-to-date distribution in Iberian freshwaters is presented, and possible dispersal pathways are inferred by reconstitution of introduction and capture records.