Search

Understanding the effects of natural and human disturbance factors on fractional vegetation coverage (FVC) is significant in the promotion of ecological and environmental protection. However, most of the relevant studies neglect to consider differences in the effect of driving factors on areas with different vegetation change characteristics. In this paper, we have combined Theil-Sen median trend analysis and Mann-Kendall testing to identify degraded and restored areas. Differences in the impact of various factors on FVC in terms of degradation, restoration, and the whole region were distinguished quantitatively using the geodetector model. Additionally, the constraint line approach was used to detect the influence thresholds of factors on FVC. The results are shown as below: (1) FVC showed an overall improving trend, and vegetation restoration and degradation areas accounted for 69.2% and 22.0%, respectively. (2) The two dominant factors affecting FVC were Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and temperature for both degraded and restored regions. However, the explanatory power of precipitation was noticeably different between regions. (3) Most natural factors had a "convex" constraint effect on FVC, which gradually weakened with an increase in the variable below the threshold and vice versa. Human disturbance factors negatively constrained FVC, and the constraint effect increased with increased human activity. This study can help decision-makers optimize specific implementation policies relating to ecological restoration and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium heading blight (FHB) is a devastating disease in wheat, primarily caused by field invasion of Fusarium graminearum. Due to the scarcity of resistant wheat varieties, the agricultural sector resorts to chemical fungicides to control FHB incidence. On the other hand, biocontrol represents a promising, eco-friendly approach aligned with sustainable and green agriculture concepts. In the present study, a bacterial endophyte, Pseudescherichia sp. (GSE25), was isolated from wheat seeds and identified through complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. In vitro testing of this endophytic strain demonstrated strong antifungal activity against F. graminearum PH-1 by inhibiting spore germination, suppressing germ tube growth, and causing cell membrane damage. Under field conditions, the strain GSE25 significantly reduced the FHB incidence and the associated deoxynivalenol mycotoxin accumulation by over 60% and 80%, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of the isolated bacterial endophyte Pseudescherichia sp. GSE25 strain as a biocontrol agent in protecting wheat from FHB-caused F. graminearum. This is the first report showing a biocontrol effect of Pseudescherichia sp. a strain against phytopathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NX toxins have been described as a novel group of type A trichothecenes produced by members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC). Differences in structure between NX toxins and the common type B trichothecenes arise from functional variation in the trichothecene biosynthetic enzyme Tri1 in the FGSC. The identified highly conserved changes in the Tri1 gene can be used to develop specific PCR-based assays to identify the NX-producing strains. In this study, the sequences of the Tri1 gene from type B trichothecene- and NX-producing strains were analyzed to identify DNA polymorphisms between the two different kinds of trichothecene producers. Four sets of Polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods were successfully developed to distinguish the common type B trichothecene producers and NX producers within FGSC. These promising diagnostic methods can be used for high-throughput genotype detection of Fusarium strains as a step forward for crop disease management and mycotoxin control in agriculture. Additionally, it was found that the Tri1 gene phylogeny differs from the species phylogeny, which is consistent with the previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Watermelon is an important horticultural crop in the Cucurbitaceae family, which exhibits a remarkable diversity of vegetative phenotypes. In this experimental study, two contrasted watermelon lines "natural mutant line (DW-2) with non-lobed leaves and the wild-type line (DG-2) with lobed leaves" were crossed to derive the biparental F2 mapping populations over two years. Genetic segregation analysis suggested that the non-lobed leaf (nll) phenotype is controlled by a single genetic locus with incomplete dominance. Bulk segregant sequencing analysis (BSA-seq) and preliminary linkage mapping with 183 F2 individuals identified the nll locus in a 0.7 Mbp region on chromosome 4, which was also verified in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 144 watermelon accessions with leaf variations. Fine genetic mapping with a large F2 population (n = 1069) and screened recombinants exposed the delimited candidate region of 98.23 kb with eight functionally annotated genes. The sequence analysis in this region suggested that Cla97C04G076510 is the most likely candidate gene for regulating the nll, which encodes a homeobox leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factor (ClNll), a homolog of the LATE MERISTEM IDENTITY1 (LMI1) in Arabidopsis. A single nucleotide deletion in the second exon of nll was mainly responsible for the non-lobed leaf phenotype, which encoded a truncated protein. A genetic marker based on the 1-bp deletion showed co-segregation with leaf lobeness in the F2 population, exhibiting validation in the natural GWAS panel of 144 watermelon accessions. The phylogenetic associations of ClNll protein sequences with 11 homologous sequences from eight other plant species revealed an identical conserved function. Further, the expression level of the Cla97C04G076510 gene was noticed to be significantly lower in the non-lobed leaf of the DW-2 mutant. The identified results provide valuable insights for understanding the genetic regulation of leaf shape variation in watermelon and would be helpful for marker-assisted breeding aimed at the development of improved cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the development of mobile technology, many companies have been implementing mobile applications to disseminate and collect work-related information. These applications are being used by many service organizations to train their employees without need for face-to-face contact. This study focuses on the effects of a mobile application's attributes on employee intention to regularly use the mobile application. Drawing on the self-determination theory, this study examines the behavioral impact of employees' perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness regarding their company's mobile application. Based on questionnaire responses from 203 food service employees, the results suggest that perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness increased employees' reuse and word-of-mouth (WOM) intentions by enhancing positive attitudes toward the mobile application. Specifically, perceived autonomy had the greatest impact, followed by perceived relatedness and competence. This study provides useful guidance on improving employees' positive behavioral intentions toward a company's mobile application in the food service industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil salinity is a growing problem in agriculture, plant growth regulators (PGRs) can regulate plant response to stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of exogenous 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) on photosynthetic capacity and antioxidant defences in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) seedlings under NaCl stress. Two watermelon genotypes were subjected to four different treatments: (1) normal water (control); (2) 20 mg L−1 6-BA; (3) 120 mmol L−1 NaCl; and (4) 120 mmol L−1 NaCl + 20 mg L−1 6-BA. Our results showed that NaCl stress inhibited the growth of watermelon seedlings, decreased their photosynthetic capacity, promoted membrane lipid peroxidation, and lowered the activity of protective enzymes. Additionally the salt-tolerant Charleston Gray variety fared better than the salt-sensitive Zhengzi NO.017 variety under NaCl stress. Foliar spraying of 6-BA under NaCl stress significantly increased biomass accumulation, as well as photosynthetic pigment, soluble sugar, and protein content, while decreasing malondialdehyde levels, H2O2 content, and electrolyte leakage. Moreover, 6-BA enhanced photosynthetic parameters, including net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, and transpiration rate; activated antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase; and improved the efficiency of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle by stimulating glutathione reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and monodehydroascorbate reductase, as well as ascorbic acid and glutathione content. Principal component analysis confirmed that 6-BA improved salt tolerance of the two watermelon varieties, particularly Zhengzi NO.017, albeit through two different regulatory mechanisms. In conclusion, 6-BA treatment could alleviate NaCl stress-induced damage and improve salt tolerance of watermelons by regulating photosynthesis and osmoregulation, activating the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, and promoting antioxidant defences. The antioxidant and ascorbate-glutathione cycle of two types of salt-tolerant watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) seedlings under NaCl stress reveal an cytokinin regulated watermelon acclimation mechanism to the NaCl stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After COVID-19, organic products and services have been gaining attention from customers. However, despite the growth of the organic industry, studies on customer behavior are limited in the product context. A conceptual model is constructed to examine customers’ perceived consciousness, positive emotion, and active participation intention. Data are collected from a sample of 204 organic restaurant customers in the United States. The findings show that customers’ perceived health and environmental consciousness have a significant influence on both their emotions and active participation intention toward organic restaurants. Additionally, this study finds a moderating impact of consumers’ level of knowledge of organic foods in the relationship between consumers’ cognition, affect, and conation. This study provides useful insights for organic food service providers to create positive consumer behavior by cultivating products and services in healthier and more environmentally friendly ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the social integration of individuals in the Fuling District, Chongqing Municipality, China, following the construction of the Three Gorges Project. The experience of these individuals is defined as a case of project-induced displacement and resettlement. Specifically, the paper focuses on the effects of multilevel social capital on social integration at three different life stages, i.e. young adults, middle-aged people, and the elderly. Social capital is classified into two levels in this study, i.e. individual social capital (e.g. strong ties or weak ties) and community social capital (e.g. social interaction, social trust, and neighborly reciprocity). A total of 620 eligible participants were interviewed in six resettled communities. A multilevel analysis was applied to the data. The results revealed that the specific life stage plays a moderating role in the effects of social capital on social integration. Similarly, social integration is affected by the relationships between individual and community social capital for young and middle adults. This study revealed that strong ties were positively associated with social integration for young adults. In contrast, weak ties compromised social integration for middle-aged people and the elderly. The positive effects of social interaction were observed for middle-aged people and the elderly. Neighborly reciprocity was positive for young adults and middle-aged people. The positive effects of social trust remained stable across different life stages. The study concludes that social capital should be cultivated according to the specific needs of adults depending on their life stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit rind appearance traits significantly affect the commercial market value. The molecular basis and underlying gene(s) affecting rind strip pattern are still being investigated around the world. In this study, two contrasted inbred watermelon lines (non-striped "K2" and striped "L1") were crossed to derive three F2 mapping populations in different environments over two years, and fine genetic mapping of a candidate gene affecting fruit stripe pattern was performed. Genetic segregation analysis and marker genotyping within three mapping populations (120-F2A, 230-F2B, and 155-F2C) collectively identified the major-effect genetic region on Chr-6 which exhibited that the striped-rind pattern is mainly regulated by the dominant gene locus (ClSP) over the non-stripped rind pattern. Fine genetic mapping with a large mapping population of 1100-F2 individuals and screened recombinant lines revealed six functionally annotated genes in a 62.5-kb interval. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of a widely collected panel of 144 watermelon accessions with extreme fruit stripe variation analysis similarly confirmed the candidate genetic region on Chr-6, regulating the watermelon rind strip pattern. The pair-wise sequences alignment further proved that Cla97C06G126560 is the significant gene encoding the polygalacturonase-1 non-catalytic subunit beta (ClGP1). The phylogenetic associations of the watermelon ClSP gene with homologous protein sequences of 16 different plant species revealed the highest percentage of identical sequences with melon, cucumber, and pumpkin, and depicted highly conserved domains of the BURP superfamily. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) significantly validated the differentiated gene expression profiling in both lines "K2" and "L1", respectively. In addition, the sequence analysis exhibited two SNPs, "SNP28280025 (A-C)" and "SNP28281451 (G-C)" in the Cla97C06G126560 gene, that were found to be correlated in 49 striped-type watermelon accessions of GWAS material. We expect that our novel research outcomes will be valuable for understanding the detailed genetic mechanism of the ClSP gene and for further genetic improvement of watermelon varieties with the desired fruit rind appearance trait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To investigate the risk factors of arteriovenous fistula stenosis in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Methods. A total of 80 patients with maintenance hemodialysis in our hospital from January 2017 to January 2022 were included. According to the stenosis degree of the arteriovenous fistula, patients were divided into a stenosis group (n = 35) and an unobstructed group (n = 45). Laboratory examination data, such as the demographic characteristics of patients, past medical history, the use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the TCM for improving blood circulation to promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis, and cellular immune function, were collected. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors. Results. There was no significant difference in the age, sexuality, body mass index, proportion of patients with coronary heart disease, cephalic vein diameter, radial artery diameter, albumin, fibrinogen, and blood calcium levels between the two groups (P > 0.05). Compared with the unobstructed group, the stenosis group had higher rates of diabetes and hypertension as well as significantly higher levels of platelets, parathyroid hormone, and D-dimer (P < 0.05). The proportion of TCM application in the stenosis group was 28.6% (10/35), which was significantly lower than that in the unobstructed group 57.8% (26/45). The difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 6.785, P = 0.009). The levels of CD3+ (37.5 ± 5.1% vs. 42.0 ± 4.8%), CD4+ (35.7 ± 3.2% vs. 39.6 ± 3.1%) and CD4+/CD8+ (1.4 ± 0.3 vs. 2.4 ± 1.0) in the stenosis group were significantly lower, while CD8+ level was significantly higher (26.8 ± 5.1% vs. 18.5 ± 6.2%) than that in the unobstructed group (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis indicated that the usage of TCM was an independent risk factor for arteriovenous fistula stenosis after adjustment for other factors (odds ratio [OR] 0.302; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.100–0.896; P = 0.039). Conclusions. Less use of traditional Chinese medicine for activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis and poor cellular immune function are important factors affecting the function of the arteriovenous fistula in patients with maintenance hemodialysis, which is worthy of clinical attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neutralizing antibodies are approved drugs to treat coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients, yet mutations in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) variants may reduce the antibody neutralizing activity. New monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody remolding strategies are recalled in the battle with COVID-19 epidemic. Results: We identified multiple mAbs from antibody phage display library made from COVID-19 patients and further characterized the R3P1-E4 clone, which effectively suppressed SARS-CoV-2 infection and rescued the lethal phenotype in mice infected with SARS-CoV-2. Crystal structural analysis not only explained why R3P1-E4 had selectively reduced binding and neutralizing activity to SARS-CoV-2 variants carrying K417 mutations, but also allowed us to engineer mutant antibodies with improved neutralizing activity against these variants. Thus, we screened out R3P1-E4 mAb which inhibits SARS-CoV-2 and related mutations in vitro and in vivo. Antibody engineering improved neutralizing activity of R3P1-E4 against K417 mutations. Conclusion: Our studies have outlined a strategy to identify and engineer neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection and the associated COVID‐19 diseases are an emerging threat to global public health. Although considerable scientific research on the immune, especially antibody, responses to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection have been conducted, additional dominant epitopes and protective antibodies are needed for diagnosis and treatment of COVID‐19 patients. Here, two different phage libraries are used to identify immunogenic epitopes across the spike protein and monoclonal antibodies from COVID‐19 patients. Three peptides are further characterized in the receptor‐binding motif (RBM) and measured their antibody levels in COVID‐19 patients, from which one identifies one most immunodominant epitope with the highest antibody response in COVID‐19 patients and in immunized mice. More importantly, monoclonal antibodies specifically binding to this peptide isolated from COVID‐19 patients have therapeutic potential to neutralize SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Thus, the approaches to systemically identify immunogenic peptides and directly identify human monoclonal antibodies from patients will provide useful diagnostic and therapeutic tools for COVID‐19 and other emerging infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yellow River Basin (YB) acts as a key barrier to ecological security and is an important experimental region for high-quality development in China. There is a growing demand to assess the ecological status in order to promote the sustainable development of the YB. The eco-environmental quality (EEQ) of the YB was assessed at both the regional and provincial scales utilizing the remote sensing-based ecological index (RSEI) with Landsat images from 2000 to 2020. Then, the Theil–Sen (T-S) estimator and Mann–Kendall (M-K) test were utilized to evaluate its variation trend. Next, the optimal parameter-based geodetector (OPGD) model was used to examine the drivers influencing the EEQ in the YB. Finally, the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model was utilized to further explore the responses of the drivers to RSEI changes. The results suggest that (1) a lower RSEI value was found in the north, while a higher RSEI value was found in the south of the YB. Sichuan (SC) and Inner Mongolia (IM) had the highest and the lowest EEQ, respectively, among the YB provinces. (2) Throughout the research period, the EEQ of the YB improved, whereas it deteriorated in both Henan (HA) and Shandong (SD) provinces. (3) The soil-available water content (AWC), annual precipitation (PRE), and distance from impervious surfaces (IMD) were the main factors affecting the spatial differentiation of RSEI in the YB. (4) The influence of meteorological factors (PRE and TMP) on RSEI changes was greater than that of IMD, and the influence of IMD on RSEI changes showed a significant increasing trend. The research results provide valuable information for application in local ecological construction and regional development planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent intensification of urban heat islands (UHIs) poses a great threat to public health, promoting studies on UHI mitigation strategies. However, the question about the transferability of a mitigation method from a specific city to another remains largely unanswered. This study compares common UHI mitigation strategies (including green roofs, cool roofs, and changing urban building structure) for two Chinese megacities suffered from summer heat stress: Xi'an with a semi-humid climate and Wuhan with a humid climate, through the use of the urbanized-high-resolution land data assimilation system (u-HRLDAS) modeling tool and remote-sensing data. The results reveal that (1) all UHI mitigation strategies work more efficiently for Xi'an than that for Wuhan, particularly for the strategy of modifying urban fraction and associated green roof fraction; (2) the difference in cooling efficacy between the two cities is insignificant during relatively cool periods. Under hot weather conditions, the best choice of UHI mitigation strategy depends on urban land use categories in Xi'an; and (3) the differences in UHI mitigation efficacy are likely caused by the differing regional climate. This study highlights the need to better understand the transferability of UHI mitigation strategies in different climate zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: S. pyogenes, is a primary pathogen that leads to pharyngitis and can also trigger severe conditions like necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS), often resulting in high mortality rates. Therefore, prompt identification and appropriate treatment of S. pyogenes infections are crucial in preventing the worsening of symptoms and alleviating the disease's impact. Results: In this study, a newly developed technique called multiple cross displacement amplification (MCDA) was employed to detect S. pyogenes,specifically targeting the speB gene, at a temperature of 63°C within 30 min. Then, an easily portable and user-friendly nanoparticles-based lateral flow biosensor (LFB) assay was introduced for the rapid analysis of MCDA products in just 2 min. The results indicated that the LFB offers greater objectivity compared to Malachite Green and is simpler than electrophoresis. The MCDA-LFB assay boasts a low detection limit of 200 fg and exhibits no cross-reaction with non-S. pyogenes strains. Among 230 clinical swab throat samples, the MCDA-LFB method identified 27 specimens as positive, demonstrating higher sensitivity compared to 23 samples detected positive by qPCR assay and 18 samples by culture. The only equipment needed for this assay is a portable dry block heater. Moreover, each MCDA-LFB test is cost-effective, priced at approximately $US 5.5. Conclusion: The MCDA-LFB assay emerges as a straightforward, specific, sensitive, portable, and user-friendly method for the rapid diagnosis of S. pyogenes in clinical samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf spot disease caused by the fungus Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg is a destructive disease of tomato plants in China. Typical symptoms of infected tomato plants are softened and wilted stems and leaves, leading to the eventual death of the entire plant. In this study, we resorted to transcriptional profile analysis to gain insight into the repertoire of effectors involved in F. proliferatum-tomato interactions. A total of 61,544,598 clean reads were de novo assembled to provide a F. proliferatum reference transcriptome. From these, 75,044 unigenes were obtained, with 19.46% of the unigenes being assigned to 276 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, with 22.3% having a homology with genes from F. fujikuroi. A total of 18,075 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, 720 of which were found to code for secreted proteins. Of these, 184 were identified as candidate effectors, while 79.89% had an upregulated expression. Moreover, 17 genes that were differentially expressed in RNA-seq studies were randomly selected for validation by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The study demonstrates that transcriptome analysis could be an effective method for identifying the repertoire of candidate effectors and may provide an invaluable resource for future functional analyses of F. proliferatum pathogenicity in F. proliferatum and tomato plant-host interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message : The cucumber chlorophyll-deficient golden leaf mutation is due to a single nucleotide substitution in the CsChlI gene for magnesium chelatase I subunit which plays important roles in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway. Abstract: The Mg-chelatase catalyzes the insertion of Mg into the protoporphyrin IX in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway, which is a protein complex encompassing three subunits CHLI, CHLD, and CHLH. Chlorophyll-deficient mutations in genes encoding the three subunits have played important roles in understanding the structure, function and regulation of this important enzyme. In an EMS mutagenesis population, we identified a chlorophyll-deficient mutant C528 with golden leaf color throughout its development which was viable and able to set fruits and seeds. Segregation analysis in multiple populations indicated that this leaf color mutation was recessively inherited and the green color showed complete dominance over golden color. Map-based cloning identified CsChlI as the candidate gene for this mutation which encoded the CHLI subunit of cucumber Mg-chelatase. The 1757-bp CsChlI gene had three exons and a single nucleotide change (G to A) in its third exon resulted in an amino acid substitution (G269R) and the golden leaf color in C528. This mutation occurred in the highly conserved nucleotide-binding domain of the CHLI protein in which chlorophyll-deficient mutations have been frequently identified. The mutant phenotype, CsChlI expression pattern and the mutated residue in the CHLI protein suggested the mutant allele in C528 is unique among mutations identified so far in different species. This golden leaf mutant not only has its potential in cucumber breeding, but also provides a useful tool in understanding the CHLI function and its regulation in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway as well as chloroplast development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An in-depth genetic understandings of fruit and seed associated traits have great importance for efficient marker-assisted breeding in watermelon. • Herein, we developed GBS-based high-resolution genetic linkage map which exhibited the positive collinearity with reference genome of watermelon. • A total of 34 QTLs of fruit and seed associated traits were identified, of which 25 were novel QTLs. • In addition, three qualitative traits of RC, RSP, and FFC were mapped in delimited genetic intervals positioned on chromosome 8, 6, 4, respectively. Watermelon is an economic horticultural crop of the Cucurbitaceae family. An in-depth genetic understanding of fruit and seed associated traits is important for the effective breeding of watermelon. In the present study, we conducted genotyping by sequencing (GBS)-based high-resolution genetic mapping and performed QTL mapping of twelve horticultural traits using segregated mapping populations (F 2 and F 2:3) derived from the breeding of two contrasting inbred parent lines. The developed genetic linkage map comprised of 6,164 SNP loci and 1,004 bins, which spanned a total genetic length of 1,261.13 cM with an average interval of 1.26 cM (329.31 kb) between adjacent whole-genome markers. Overall, a total of 34 QTLs were identified, and 16 QTLs exhibited moderate and major-effect QTLs; however, 25 were novel QTLs that were not identified in earlier studies. The mapped genetic loci of RC, RSP, and FFC traits were identified as closely overlapping with previously reported loci and exhibited delimited genetic intervals located on chromosomes 8, 6, and 4, respectively. The identified novel QTL (qfd2.1) of FD and QTL (qfl2.1) of FL were tightly localized with QTL (qfsi2.1) of FSI over chromosome 2, but a minor QTL (qfw3.2) positioned on chromosome 3 was consistent with previously published QTLs (qfd3.1, qfl3.1 , and qfsi3.1) of fruit shape. A total of five minor-effect QTLs (qbcc2.1, qbce2.1, qbce2.2, qbcc5.1 , and qbce5.1) identified in the novel genetic region which controlled the average Brix content of edible fruit. The seed width QTL (qsw10.1) was found to be localized with 20-seed weight QTL (q20swt10.1) on chromosome 10. The collected phenotypic dataset of two environmental experiments across the two years also revealed highly significant correlations among fruit and seed traits. Hence, we concluded that our GBS-based identified novel QTLs positions would expand powerful molecular breeding prospects for the genetic improvement of quality-related traits of watermelon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development in Chinese cities is resulting in a diversity of urban environments that may influence health. In a cross-sectional study of 1608 adults in 20 neighborhoods of Xi'an, China, we examined perceptions of neighborhoods using the NEWS-A survey and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) from the SF-12 across four types of neighborhoods: old/planned, old/unplanned, new/high density, and new/low density. Increased accessibility was significantly associated with both higher mental (range: 3.13-5.53 points) and physical (range: 2.06-3.54 points) well-being for all types of neighborhoods. In the new neighborhoods, increased perceived diversity, safety, and esthetics were significantly associated with higher physical and mental well-being. This study can help inform urban planning priorities to improve quality of life as Chinese cities develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple probe (compound 1) sensing Al or Fe by suppression of photoinduced electron/energy transfer (PET) process and chelation-enhanced fluorescence is described. Compound 1 was prepared from 2-(bromomethyl)benzo[ d]thiazole and pyridine-2,6-diamine. Compound 1 showed a much stronger fluorescence response to Al(III) than to Fe(III). The best fluorescence response of 1 to Al was found to be at pH near 7. The results indicated that 1 could be a promising fluorescent turn-on chemosensor for Al or Fe. Ratiometric sensing of 1 to Al or Fe was accomplished by plotting the absorbance ratio at 338 to 310 nm versus Al or Fe concentration. The fluorescent turn-on response of 1 to Al or Fe can be attributed to suppression of PET process and chelation-enhanced fluorescence upon binding with Al or Fe. The binding mode of 1-Al or 1-Fe was found to be a 1:1 complex based on Job's plot, electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectroscopy (MS) data, and density functional theory (DFT) calculation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Graphite instead of graphene nanosheets can be easy to prepare a cheap composite for application to industry. • Cheap composites based on PANI and graphite with the high capacitance. • Graphite enhance the property of thermal stability in this composite. • 1% graphite in composite provides better-bombinated performances. The high capacitance and good thermal stability of polyaniline (PANI) as an electrode material are the main factors in its application. In this work, graphite (G) powder was used as the substrate for the growth of aniline by in-situ polymerization to get a PANI/G composite. The results showed that the electrical conductivity of the PANI/G composite was improved greatly by the synergistic effect. When the ratio of G to PANI is 1.0%, the REDOX peak of the cyclic voltammetry curve of PANI composite electrode material is obvious and the closure area is relatively large. When the current density is 1 A/g, the specific capacitance reaches 699.3 F/g. The combination of capacitance and thermal stability of PANI/G composite is well promised, which promotes this cheap composite to be used in the electrochemistry industry widely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this study, we identified three white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) strains (WSSV-CN01, WSSV-CN02 and WSSV-CN03) with significant differences in virulence. Among them, WSSV-CN01 caused significant higher and earlier mortality in redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus, thus was determined as high-virulent, while WSSV-CN02 and WSSV-CN03 were moderate-virulent and low-virulent. By investigating the total number of the circulating haemocytes and the activity of immune relative enzymes, we demonstrated that the different virulent WSSV strains induced distinct immune response in the host. Notably, a dramatic reduction of circulating haemocytes was observed in the crayfish infected with WSSV-CN01 and WSSV-CN02 but not WSSV-CN03. Further analysis revealed that cell death induced by WSSV-CN01 and WSSV-CN02 might be responsible for the decrease of circulating haemocytes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

With the rapid process of urbanization, the urban heat island (UHI), the phenomenon where urban regions become hotter than their surroundings, is increasingly aggravated. The UHI is affected by multiple factors overall. However, it is difficult to dissociate the effect of one aspect by widely used approaches such as the remote-sensing-based method. To qualify the response of surface UHI to the land use and land cover (LULC) changes, this study took the numerical land model named u-HRLDAS (urbanized high-resolution land data assimilation system) as the modeling tool to investigate the effect of LULC changes on the UHI from 1980 to 2013 in Wuhan city, China. Firstly, the simulation accuracy of the model was improved, and the summer urban heat environment was simulated for the summer of 2013. Secondly, taking the simulation in 2013 as the control case (CNTL), the LULC in 1980, 1990, and 2000 were replaced by the LULC while the other conditions kept the same as the CNTL to explore the effect of LULC on UHI. The results indicate that the proper configuration of the modeling setup and accurate surface input data are considered important for the simulated results of the u-HRLDAS. The response intensity of UHI to LULC changes after 2000 was stronger than that of before 2000. From the spatial perspective, the part that had the strongest response intensity of land surface temperature to LULC changes was the region between the third ring road and the inner ring road of Wuhan. This study can provide a reference for cognizing the urban heat environment and guide policy making for urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Compared with conventional treatment, avelumab monotherapy was associated with an enhance efficacy. • More PD-L1 positive patients responded to avelumab monotherapy compared to PD-L1 negative patients. • The treatment-related adverse events were generally low-grade and manageable. • No sign of increased toxicity due to the ADCC mechanism of action in avelumab monotherapy. Avelumab can kill cancer cells through immune checkpoint inhibition and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Here, we analyzed the clinical efficacy and adverse events (AEs) in 3935 cancer patients from 21 trials. Compared with conventional treatment, avelumab monotherapy was associated with more tumor responses and less AEs. The pooled objective response rate was 14.18 % (95 % CI, 10.68 %–18.08 %). More PD-L1 positive patients responded to avelumab monotherapy compared to PD-L1 negative patients. The overall incidence was 73.78 % for all-grade treatment-related AE (TRAE), 14.44 % for high-grade TRAE, 6.07 % for serious adverse event, 0.44 % for fatal adverse event, 17.86 % for all-grade immune-related AE (irAE), and 3.22 % for high-grade irAE. In summary, avelumab monotherapy presents an active anti-tumor activity, shows no sign of increased toxicity due to the ADCC. These characteristics provide rational for further application of avelumab in cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specific surface area and active groups are major concerns in the design and synthesis of metal ion adsorbent. Inspired by coral's high efficiency in preying on tiny plankton in the ocean, we pioneered a simple method for the in situ construction of "nano-tentacles" based on the original porous material skeleton. The introduction of "nano-tentacles" can further redesign and remolding of the existing interconnected pores to increase the specific surface areas and specific chelating sites for target metal ions. Herein, a proof-of-concept design is illustrated by in situ growing (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APS) on the inner wall of the porous structure of chitosan/graphene oxide composite gel (CGG). The resulting material (NT-CGG) has a distribution coefficient (K d) of 1.25 × 108 mL g−1, which exhibits ultrahigh affinity for lead ions, and the uptake capacity can reach 470 mg g−1. More significantly, the NT-CGG can effectively remove lead from 10 ppm to undetectable levels (≤0.02 ppb) with remove efficiency ≥99.9998% in the breakthrough experiment. The method proposed in this paper may be widely applicable to the redesign and remolding of most existing porous materials. Unlabelled Image • A nano-tentacled Chitosan/Graphene Oxide Gel (NT-CGG) was achieved with increased surface area and target chelating sites. • NT-CGG shows uptake capacity of 470 mg g−1 and fast sorption kinetics to Pb(II). • NT-CGG shows distribution coefficient value of 1.25 × 108 mL g−1 toward Pb(II) • A possible amino chelating mechanism is proposed for high-efficiency lead adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six new coumarin glycosides, genglycoside A–F (1–6), were isolated from the aerial parts of Gendarussa vulgaris, along with ten known analogues (7–16). Their structures were unambiguously established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data and HPLC analysis. The cytotoxic activities of all isolated compounds were evaluated by MTT assay. Compound 12 showed the most potent cytotoxicity in Eca-109, MCF-7, and HepG2 cell lines. By the preliminary structure–activity relationships, it was firstly discovered that the glycosylation or esterification at 7,8-dihydroxy or 7-hydroxy drastically reduced the cytotoxic activity of the parent coumarin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) detection and monitoring have enormous potential clinical utility in oncology. We describe here a fast, flexible and cost-effective method to profile multiple genes simultaneously in low input cell-free DNA (cfDNA): Next Generation-Targeted Amplicon Sequencing (NG-TAS). We designed a panel of 377 amplicons spanning 20 cancer genes and tested the NG-TAS pipeline using cell-free DNA from two HapMap lymphoblastoid cell lines. NG-TAS consistently detected mutations in cfDNA when mutation allele fraction was > 1%. We applied NG-TAS to a clinical cohort of metastatic breast cancer patients, demonstrating its potential in monitoring the disease. The computational pipeline is available at https://github.com/cclab-brca/NGTAS_pipeline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins are among the most important factors affecting the leaf colour of kale, and MYB proteins are key transcription factors regulating their synthesis in plants. In this study, purple-leaf kale 'D07' was used as a test material, and the complete coding sequence of BoMYB was determined by homologous cloning. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the cDNA sequence of the BoMYB coding region was 753 base pairs in length and encoded a predicted 250-amino acid protein with a mass of 25 kDa and an isoelectric point of 9.08. The BoMYB protein was predicted to contain two MYB conserved domains and to be localized in the cell nucleus. A phylogenetic tree indicated that the amino acid sequence encoded by BoMYB in kale was most closely related to the MYB protein sequence of Brassica napus. The expression patterns of BoMYB were evaluated in different tissues of 'D07' by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and the results showed that BoMYB was expressed in kale roots, stems, inner leaves, and outer leaves. However, the expression levels were tissue specific and correlated with the anthocyanin content in each tissue. To confirm the effect of BoMYB on anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation, ectopic expression in Arabidopsis was performed. Morphological observation showed that overexpression of BoMYB increased the accumulation of anthocyanidins in transgenic Arabidopsis. Thus, BoMYB may encode an MYB transcription factor, which positively regulates the synthesis of anthocyanins in kale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CDK4/6 are important regulators of cell cycle and their inhibitors have been approved as anti-cancer drugs. Here, we report a STING-dependent anti-tumor immune mechanism responsible for tumor suppression by CDK4/6 blockade. Clinical datasets show that in human tissues, CDK4 and CDK6 are over-expressed and their expressions are negatively correlated with patients' overall survival and T cell infiltration. Deletion of Cdk4 or Cdk6 in tumor cells significantly reduce tumor growth. Mechanistically, we find that Cdk4 or Cdk6 deficiency contributes to an increased level of endogenous DNA damage, which triggers the cGAS-STING signaling pathway to activate type I interferon response. Knockout of Sting is sufficient to reverse and partially reverse the anti-tumor effect of Cdk4 and Cdk6 deficiency respectively. Therefore, our findings suggest that CDK4/6 inhibitors may enhance anti-tumor immunity through the STING-dependent type I interferon response. The work suggests that DNA damage induced by either Cdk4 or Cdk6 knockout triggers anti-tumor immune responses through the STING-dependent type I interferon response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The light pathways are segregated into rod and cone pathways in which rods synapse with rod bipolar cells (RBCs), while cones contact cone bipolar cells (CBCs). However, previous studies found that cones can make synapse with RBCs (cone–RBC synapses) and rods can contact OFF CBC in primate and rabbit retinas. Recently, such cone–RBC synapses have been reported physiologically and morphologically in the mouse retina. Nevertheless, the precise subcellular evidence to determine whether it is the invaginating synapse or the flat contact remains absent. This is due to a lack of immunochemically verified ultrastructural data. Here, we investigated the precise expression of protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) using pre‐embedding immunoelectron microscopy (immuno‐EM) with a monoclonal antibody against PKCα, a biomarker for the RBCs. We determined the nanoscale localization of PKCα in the outer plexiform layer of the mouse and guinea pig retinas. Our results demonstrate the existence of both the direct invaginating synapse and the basal/flat contact of the cone–RBCs, providing for the first time immunochemically verified ultrastructural evidence for the cone–RBC synapse in the mouse and guinea pig retinas. These results suggest that the cross talk between cone and rod pathways is much more extensive than previously assumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new biflavonoids, sinodiflavonoids A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Sinopodophyllum emodi. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic evidences (HR-ESI-MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HSQC, HMBC, CD). Their cytotoxic activities were evaluated in comparison with etoposide against four cell lines (MCF-7, HepG2, HeLa, KB). The preliminary structure-activity relationships showed that the simple, nonprenylated, nonmethylated biflavonoid (2) showed higher cytotoxic activities than the corresponding prenylated 3-hydroxymethylated one (1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nine new gingerols, including three 6-oxo-shogaol derivatives [(Z)-6-oxo-[6]-shogaol (1), (Z)-6-oxo-[8]-shogaol (2), (Z)-6-oxo-[10]-shogaol (3)], one 6-oxoparadol derivative [6-oxo-[6]-paradol (4)], one isoshogaol derivative [(E)-[4]-isoshogaol (5)], and four paradoldiene derivatives [(4E,6Z)-[4]-paradoldiene (8), (4E,6E)-[6]-paradoldiene (9), (4E,6E)-[8]-paradoldiene (10), (4E,6Z)-[8]-paradoldiene (11)], together with eight known analogues, were isolated from the rhizoma of Zingiber officinale. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. It was noted that the isolation of 6-oxo-shogaol derivatives represents the first report of gingerols containing one 1,4-enedione motif. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic and HRESIMS data. All the new compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against human cancer cells (MCF-7, HepG-2, KYSE-150). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message : QTL analysis revealed two interacting loci, FS1.2 and FS2.1, underlying round fruit shape in WI7239 cucumber; CsSUN , a homolog of tomato fruit shape gene SUN , was a candidate for FS1.2. Abstract: Fruit size is an important quality and yield trait in cucumber, but its genetic basis remains poorly understood. Here we reported QTL mapping results on fruit size with segregating populations derived from the cross between WI7238 (long fruit) and WI7239 (round fruit) inbred cucumber lines. Phenotypic data of fruit length and diameter were collected at anthesis, immature and mature fruit stages in four environments. Ten major-effect QTL were detected for six traits; synthesis of information from these QTL supported two genes, FS1.2 and FS2.1, underlying fruit size variation in the examined populations. Under the two-gene model, deviation from expected segregation ratio in fruit length and diameter among segregating populations was observed, which could be explained mainly by the interactions between FS1.2 and FS2.1, and segregation distortion in the FS2.1 region. Genome-wide candidate gene search identified CsSUN, a homolog of the tomato fruit shape gene SUN, as the candidate for FS1.2. The round-fruited WI7239 had a 161-bp deletion in the first exon of CsSUN, and its expression in WI7239 was significantly lower than that in WI7238. A marker derived from this deletion was mapped at the peak location of FS1.2 in QTL analysis. Comparative analysis suggested the melon gene CmSUN- 14, a homolog of CsSUN as a candidate of the fl2/fd2/fw2 QTL in melon. This study revealed the unique genetic architecture of round fruit shape in WI7239 cucumber. It also highlights the power of QTL analysis for traits with a simple genetic basis but their expression is complicated by other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ultrasound‐guided quadratus lumborum block (QLB) is considered a novel nerve block for postoperative pain control. However, its efficacy after urological surgery remains unclear. Objectives: The purpose of the current meta‐analysis was to evaluate the effects of the QLB block versus control (placebo or no injection) on postoperative pain and other adverse outcomes after urological surgery, providing extensive evidence of whether quadratus lumborum block is suitable for pain management after urological surgery. Study design: Systematic review with meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials. Methods: We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov to collect studies investigating the effects of QLB on analgesia after urological surgery. The primary outcomes included visual analog scale (VAS) at rest and during movement, 24‐h postoperative morphine consumption, and the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Results: Overall, 13 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were reviewed, including 751 patients who underwent urological surgery. The QLB group exhibited a lower VAS score postoperatively at rest or on movement at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h, with less 24‐h postoperative morphine consumption and lower incidence of PONV. Limitations: Although the result is stable, heterogeneity exists in the current research. Conclusions: QLB exhibited a favorable effect of postoperative analgesia with reduced postoperative complications at rest or during movement after urological surgery. However, it is still a novel technology at a primary stage, which needs further research to develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cost, flux and rejection rate of the membrane are the main factors in the process of water reclamation and reuse. A new type of composite membrane can be prepared by using fly ash (FA) and polyurethane (PU). The structure and properties of composite membrane can be adjusted by the theory of pigment volume concentration (PVC) to treat wastewater containing methylene blue (MB). The morphology, FT-IR spectroscopy, wettability, diffusivity, flux and rejection rate of the composite membrane were studied. The results showed that when PVC was close to the critical pigment volume concentration (CPVC), the performances of the 3# (PVC = 40.03%) composite membrane, the mass ratio of FA to PU was 1.44: 1, were the best. The flux and rejection rate for MB solution of the 3# membrane were 66.52 L·m−2·h−1 and 96.77%, respectively. At the same time, there was no serious pollution on the membrane with a long-term application. In addition, several typical organic wastewaters were treated by this composite membrane. The rejection rates for organic pollutants such as Rhodamine B, phenol and actual industrial wastewater were 96.12%, 96.48%, and 97.58%, respectively. The sustainable technology for the recovery and reuse of water by using solid waste in wastewater treatment has good environmental and social benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Loess Plateau is a typical ecologically sensitive area that can easily be perturbed by the effects of human activities and global climate change. Therefore, it is necessary to develop tools to monitor the environmental quality in the LP quickly and accurately. To reveal the spatio-temporal changes in environmental quality in the LP from 2000 to 2020, we used the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products on the Google Earth Engine platform and constructed the remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) through principal component analysis (PCA). Then, Sen–Mann–Kendall methods were applied to determine the changing trend of the environmental quality of the LP. Finally, natural and anthropogenic factors affecting the environmental quality were probed using a geographical detector model. The results showed that: (1) the average RSEI values in 2000, 2010 and 2020 were 0.396, 0.468 and 0.511, respectively, displaying an upward trend from 2000 to 2020, with a growth rate of 0.005 year − 1 . The overall environment quality was moderate (0.4–0.6). (2) In terms of spatial distribution, the environmental quality was excellent in the southeast and poor in the northwest of the LP. The areas with improved environmental quality (84.51%) were located in all the counties, whereas the areas with degraded environmental quality (8.11%) occurred in the north and southeast of the study area. (3) Greenness, heat, wetness, dryness and land use types were prominent factors affecting RSEI throughout the study period; additionally, the total industrial gross domestic product showed a growing influence. The contribution of multi-factor interaction was stronger than that of single factors. The results will provide a reference and a new research perspective for local environmental protection and regional planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The increasing trend of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) change in 1997–2020 is ten times higher than in 1981–1996. • Increasing VPD promoted cropland and grassland growth in Arid, while inhibited the growth of shrubland. • Significant positive or negative difference in the sensitivity to VPD for the same vegetation under different climatic zones. • The vast majority of vegetation showed a significant increase in the inter-annual trend of the sensitivity to VPD. • The relationship of higher sensitivity with lower VPD is not stable under different vegetation and climatic zones. Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) shows significant spatial and temporal variability in the context of global climate change, which is important for studying the implications of climate change on the structure and function of ecosystems to analyze the effects of VPD on vegetation dynamics. Spatial patterns of vegetation sensitivity to VPD have been recently investigated, however, the feedback of different vegetation types to VPD may vary depending on physiological characteristics, it is unclear how different types influence the sensitivity to VPD. In this study, the ERA5-Land reanalysis time-series dataset was used to analyze the spatial and temporal trends of VPD under different vegetation types. It was found that VPD showed an increasing trend in vegetated areas over the past 20 years with large spatial heterogeneity, generally increasing with drying conditions. On this basis, the spatial patterns of vegetation sensitivity to VPD and temporal trends in sensitivity were evaluated over the past 20 years in China using the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv) which can describe vegetation dynamics. The results show that the sensitivities under the two indices have high spatial consistency, with northeastern and central China showing positive sensitivities and southern China showing negative sensitivities, respectively. The positive sensitivities are relatively high for Deciduous Broadleaf Forests (DBF), Deciduous Needleleaf Forests (DNF), Grasslands (GL), and Croplands (CL) types, while the negative sensitivities are larger for Shrublands (SL) and Savannas (SA) types. Under different climatic zones, the sensitivity of CL and GL are independent of climatic zones (both showing positive), while the sensitivity of SL is negative in the Humid zone and positive in the Semi-Arid zone. Temporally, the sensitivity showed a slow increasing trend over the last 20 years. In terms of vegetation types, sensitivities of Evergreen Broadleaf Forests (EBF), DBF, GL and CL types showed a significant increasing trend (p < 0.05), except for the SL type, which showed a significant decreasing trend (p < 0.05). The trends of sensitivity are not affected by the differences in vegetation types (all of them show an increasing trend) under arid and semi-arid conditions, while dry sub-humid and humid have a greater impact on sensitivity trends. The finding of an overall increase in sensitivity suggests a mechanism of erratic change in vegetation growth under climate change. Notably, the increased sensitivity of certain vegetation types (especially GL and CL) suggests that these may become progressively vulnerable to increased VPD as global climate change persists, with the risk of moving from facilitation to inhibition of photosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and ZIKV epidemic have been continuously spreading silently throughout the world and its associated microcephaly and other serious congenital neurological complications poses a significant global threat to public health. Type I interferon response to ZIKV infection in host cells suppresses viral replication by inducing the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Methods: The study aims to demonstrate the anti-ZIKV mechanism of PARP11. PARP11 knock out and overexpressing A549 cell lines were constructed to evaluate the anti-ZIKV function of PARP11. PARP11−/−, PARP12−/− and PARP11−/−PARP12−/− HEK293T cell lines were constructed to explain the synergistic effect of PARP11 and PARP12 on NS1 and NS3 protein degradation. Western blotting, immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation assay were performed to illustrate the interaction between PARP11 and PARP12. Results: Both mRNA and protein levels of PARP11 were induced in WT but not IFNAR1−/− cells in response to IFNα or IFNβ stimulation and ZIKV infection. ZIKV replication was suppressed in cells expressed PARP11 but was enhanced in PARP11−/− cells. PARP11 suppressed ZIKV independently on itself PARP enzyme activity. PARP11 interacted with PARP12 and promoted PARP12-mediated ZIKV NS1 and NS3 protein degradation. Conclusion: We identified ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP11 as an anti-ZIKV ISG and found that it cooperated with PARP12 to enhance ZIKV NS1 and NS3 protein degradation. Our findings have broadened the understanding of the anti-viral function of ADP-ribosyltransferase family members, and provided potential therapeutic targets against viral ZIKV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A bulk segregant analysis (BSA-seq) and preliminary linkage mapping identified the 1.63 mbp region on chromosome 5, controlling short lateral branching in watermelon. • Fine genetic mapping shortened the candidate slb locus to a 25.35 kb interval. • The haplotype and gene expression analysis suggested that the Cla97C05G088180.1 gene encoding phytochrome B is mainly regulating the short lateral branched phenotype in mutant slb line. • A CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutation of CsphyB led to hypocotyl elongation, reduced leaf angle, and inhibited branch elongation, suggesting the genetic regulation of branch elongation in cucumber plants. The plant branching habit is a unique morphological trait of watermelon that regulates the plant architecture as well as crop yield, but the in-depth understanding of molecular regulation of the branching habit in watermelon is less studied. In this experiment, two contrasted watermelon lines with different phenotypes "a normal branching line (GWAS-38) and a mutant short lateral branched (slb) line" were crossed to derive the bi-parental F 2 mapping populations. Genetic segregation analysis of collected phenotypic data depicted a good-fit 3:1 segregating ratio, which indicated that the slb locus in the mapping population was regulated by one recessive gene. A bulk segregant sequencing analysis (BSA-seq) method and genetic linkage mapping with F 2 mapping populations (336 plants) preliminary identified the 1.63 Mbp region on chromosome 5. Fine genetic mapping with an expanded F 2 mapping population (1020 plants) narrowed down the candidate slb locus to a 25.355 kb interval with two predicted genes. The sequence variations indicated a 1 bp deletion (A→-) causing a truncated protein lacking the conserved domains for the phytochrome PAS2 structural domain and HATPase structural domain in the mutant slb line, which was also co-segregated with the short lateral branched phenotype. The haplotype analysis and gene expression analysis suggested that the Cla97C05G088180.1 gene encoding phytochrome B, is the major gene regulating the phenotype of short lateral branched trait in mutant slb line. Further, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutation of CsphyB led to hypocotyl elongation, reduced leaf angle, and inhibited branch elongation, suggesting that CsphyB is mainly responsible for regulation of branch elongation in cucumber plants. To the best of our knowledge, we first time reported the vital molecular characterization and cloning of the ClphyB gene regulating branch elongation in watermelon. We believe that our results would provide beneficial genetic insights for understanding the possible roles of ClphyB in the architecture watermelon plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Domestication and improvement are two important stages in crop evolution. Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an important vegetable crop with wide phenotypic diversity in many horticultural traits, especially fruit size, flesh thickness and aroma, which are likely the results of long‐term extensive selection during its evolution. However, selective signals in domestication and improvement stages for these remarkable variations remain unclear. We resequenced 297 wild, landrace and improved melon accessions and obtained 2 045 412 high‐quality SNPs. Population structure and genetic diversity analyses revealed independent and two‐step selections in two subspecies of melon: ssp. melo and ssp. agrestis during melon breeding. We detected 233 (~18.35 Mbp) and 159 (~17.71 Mbp) novel potential selective signals during the improvement stage in ssp. agrestis and spp. melo, respectively. Two alcohol acyltransferase genes (CmAATs) unique to the melon genome compared with other cucurbit crops may have undergone stronger selection in ssp. agrestis for the characteristic aroma as compared with other cucurbits. Genome‐wide association analysis identified eight fruit size and seven flesh thickness signals overlapping with selective sweeps. Compared with thin‐skinned ssp. agrestis, thick‐skinned ssp. melo has undergone a stronger selection for thicker flesh. In most melon accessions, CmCLV3 has pleiotropic effects on carpel number and fruit shape. Findings from this study provide novel insights into melon crop evolution, and new tools to advance melon breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cucurbitaceae family hosts many economically important fruit vegetables (cucurbits) such as cucumber, melon, watermelon, pumpkin/squash, and various gourds. The cucurbits are probably best known for the diverse fruit sizes and shapes, but little is known about their genetic basis and molecular regulation. Here, we reviewed the literature on fruit size (FS), shape (FSI), and fruit weight (FW) QTL identified in cucumber, melon, and watermelon, from which 150 consensus QTL for these traits were inferred. Genome-wide survey of the three cucurbit genomes identified 253 homologs of eight classes of fruit or grain size/weight-related genes cloned in Arabidopsis, tomato, and rice that encode proteins containing the characteristic CNR (cell number regulator), CSR (cell size regulator), CYP78A (cytochrome P450), SUN, OVATE, TRM (TONNEAU1 Recruiting Motif), YABBY, and WOX domains. Alignment of the consensus QTL with candidate gene homologs revealed widespread structure and function conservation of fruit size/shape gene homologs in cucurbits, which was exemplified with the fruit size/shape candidate genes CsSUN25-26-27a and CsTRM5 in cucumber, CmOFP1a in melon, and ClSUN25-26-27a in watermelon. In cucurbits, the andromonoecy (for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase) and the carpel number (for CLAVATA3) loci are known to have pleiotropic effects on fruit shape, which may complicate identification of fruit size/shape candidate genes in these regions. The present work illustrates the power of comparative analysis in understanding the genetic architecture of fruit size/shape variation, which may facilitate QTL mapping and cloning for fruit size-related traits in cucurbits. The limitations and perspectives of this approach are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One-dimensional shaped ZnGa 2 O 4 , ZnO and ZnGa 2 O 4 /ZnO nanofibers were successfully prepared by electrostatic spinning technique and the photocatalytic degradation performance of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl) were studied. It was found that the S-scheme heterojunction formed in the ZnGa 2 O 4 /ZnO could greatly reduce the recombination of the photogenerated carriers and therefore improve the photocatalytic performance. By optimizing the ratio of the ZnGa 2 O 4 and ZnO, the largest degradation rate could reach 0.0573 min−1, which was 20 times of the self-degradation rate of TC-HCl. It was verified that the h+ played the key role in the reactive groups for the high performance decomposition of TC-HCl by capture experiments. This work provides a new method for the highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of TC-HCl. • One-dimensional nanofibes ZnGa 2 O 4 , ZnO and ZnGa 2 O 4 /ZnO composites were successful synthesized via electrospinning technique. • ZnGa 2 O 4 /ZnO nanofiber showed remarkable performance for TC-HCl photocatalytic degradation. • S-scheme heterojunction facilitated the carrier separation rapidly. • The hole radicals play a significant role in the photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long distance charge transfer will lead to the recombination of carriers, which seriously limits the practical application of photoelectrochemical (PEC) detector. In this work, a self-powered solar-blind photodetector based on a mixed dimensional α-Ga 2 O 3 nanorod arrays and Cu 2 O quantum dots has been prepared by a simple hydrothermal method and a two-part impregnation method. Cu 2 O quantum dots can form type Ⅱ heterojunction with α-Ga 2 O 3 and effectively reduce the photoinduced electron and hole recombination due to their short carrier transport distances. Just because of this, α-Ga 2 O 3 photodetectors modified by Cu 2 O quantum dots present special self-power optical response at 254 nm, with optical flow densities of 13.88 μA/cm2, large responsivity of 4.57 mA/W, high detection sensitivity of 2.107 × 109 Jones and fast photoresponse time of 0.815 s/0.978 s. This kind of thought provides a simple and feasible method for the preparation of α-Ga 2 O 3 and other semiconductor oxides based on PEC photodetectors. • α-Ga 2 O 3 /Cu 2 O quantum dots were prepared by hydro-thermal method and immersion method. • Incorporation of Cu 2 O QDs has improved the responsivity of the detector. • The detection band of the α-Ga 2 O 3 /Cu 2 O QDs device remains in the solar-blind band. • The short transport distance of Cu 2 O QDs improves separation of electrons and holes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message : QTL analysis revealed 11 QTL underlying flowering time and fruit size variation in the semi-wild Xishuangbanna cucumber, of which, FT6.2 and FS5.2 played the most important roles in determining photoperiod-dependent flowering time and round-fruit shape, respectively. Abstract: Flowering time and fruit size are two important traits in domestication and diversifying selection in cucumber, but their genetic basis is not well understood. Here we reported QTL mapping results on flowering time and fruit size with F and F segregating populations derived from the cross between WI7200, a small fruited, early flowering primitive cultivated cucumber and WI7167, a round-fruited, later flowering semi-wild Xishuangbanna (XIS) cucumber. A linkage map with 267 microsatellite marker loci was developed with 138 F plants. Phenotypic data of male and female flowering time, fruit length and diameter and three other traits (mature fruit weight and number, and seedling hypocotyl length) were collected in multiple environments. Three flowering time QTL, FT1.1, FT5.1 and FT6.2 were identified, in which FT6.2 played the most important role in conferring less photoperiod sensitive early flowering during domestication whereas FT1.1 seemed more influential in regulating flowering time within the cultivated cucumber. Eight consensus fruit size QTL distributed in 7 chromosomes were detected, each of which contributed to both longitudinal and radial growth in cucumber fruit development. Among them, FS5.2 on chromosome 5 exhibited the largest effect on the determination of round fruit shape that was characteristic of the WI7167 XIS cucumber. Possible roles of these flowering time and fruit size QTL in domestication of cucumber and crop evolution of the semi-wild XIS cucumber, as well as the genetic basis of round fruit shape in cucumber are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and its oxygenated derivatives (OPAHs) are toxins in PM 2.5 . Little information has been known for their transformation in the ambient airs. In this study, PM 2.5 samples were collected at 19 sampling sites in Xi’an, China during the heating period, which is classified into: urban residential, university, commercial area, suburban region, and industry. Organic compounds including PAHs, OPAHs, hopanes and cholestanes were quantified. The average of total quantified PAHs and OPAHs concentrations were 196.5 ng/m 3 and 29.4 ng/m 3 , respectively, which were consistent with other northern cities in China. Statistical analyses showed that there were significant differences on the distributions of PAHs between urban and suburban regions. The industry also had distinguishable profiles compared with urban residential and commercial area for OPAHs. The greater diversity of OPAHs than PAHs might be due to different primary emission sources and transformation and degradation pathways. The ratios of OPAHs to the corresponding parent PAHs, including 9-fluorenone/fluorene, anthraquinone/anthracene, benz[ a ]anthracene-7,12-dione/benzo[ a ]anthracene were 6.2, 12.7, and 1.4, respectively, which were much higher than those for the fresh emissions from coal combustion and biomass burning. These prove the importance of secondary formation and transformation of OPAHs in the ambient airs. Biomarkers such as retene, cyclopenta[CD]pyrene and αα-homohopane were characterized for the source apportionment. With Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model analysis, biomass burning was recognized as the most dominant pollution sources for PAHs during the heading period, which accounted for a contribution of 37.1%. Vehicle emission (22.8%) and coal combustion (22.6%) were also contributors in Xi’an. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land surface temperature (LST) is a key parameter when monitoring land surface processes. However, cloud contamination and the tradeoff between the spatial and temporal resolutions greatly impede the access to high-quality thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing data. Despite the massive efforts made to solve these dilemmas, it is still difficult to generate LST estimates with concurrent spatial completeness and a high spatio-temporal resolution. Land surface models (LSMs) can be used to simulate gapless LST with a high temporal resolution, but this usually comes with a low spatial resolution. In this paper, we present an integrated temperature fusion framework for satellite-observed and LSM-simulated LST data to map gapless LST at a 60-m spatial resolution and half-hourly temporal resolution. The global linear model (GloLM) model and the diurnal land surface temperature cycle (DTC) model are respectively performed as preprocessing steps for sensor and temporal normalization between the different LST data. The Landsat LST, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LST, and Community Land Model Version 5.0 (CLM 5.0)-simulated LST are then fused using a filter-based spatio-temporal integrated fusion model. Evaluations were implemented in an urban-dominated region (the city of Wuhan in China) and a natural-dominated region (the Heihe River Basin in China), in terms of accuracy, spatial variability, and diurnal temporal dynamics. Results indicate that the fused LST under all-weather conditions is highly consistent with actual Landsat LST data (in situ LST measurements), in terms of a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.94 (0.96–0.99), a mean absolute error of 0.71–0.98 K (0.82–3.34 K), and a root-mean-square error of 0.97–1.26 K (1.09–4.36 K). The generated diurnal Landsat-like LSTs under all weather conditions are able to support diurnal dynamic studies that are the most relevant to human activities, such as the study of urban heat islands (UHIs) and water resource management at the field scale. • Gapless LSTs with a high spatio-temporal resolution were generated. • The first time to integrally fuse multi-source satellite-observed and model-simulated data. • Improvement in the generalization ability of spatio-temporal LST fusion. • Highly accurate fused results under all-weather conditions based on extensive validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • PANI/SFA composite was synthesized by the method of interfacial polymerization. • PANI@SFA composite has an optimal RL of −54.11 dB (thickness of 2.82 mm). • PANI@SFA composite has a broad effective absorption bandwidth of 4.08 GHz. • "Treating hazardous substance with wastes" strategy. Transforming solid waste into a functional material is a vital technology that protects the environment and gets high value-added products. The polyaniline (PANI) and sludge fly ash (SFA) composites were fabricated by a facile interfacial polymerization in this study. The structure, composition and morphology of PANI/SFA were investigated in detail. The results showed that with increasing the content of SFA, the electromagnetic microwave absorption properties of PANI/SFA composites first increase then decrease, and it almost stays the same in the end. When the content of SFA is 0.4 g, the composite has an optimal reflection loss of −54.11 dB (thickness of 2.82 mm) at 10.00 GHz and a broad effective absorption bandwidth of 4.08 GHz (RL < −10 dB). The excellent electromagnetic microwave absorption properties are attributed to the synergistic effect of dielectric loss and magnetic loss. These electromagnetic microwave absorbers have potential application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • This novel absorber prepared from FAB has promising commercial prospects. • The PANI@FAB/Ni has an optimal RL of −67.07 dB (thickness of 5.48 mm) at 5.52 GHz. • "Treating hazardous substance with wastes" strategy. The utilization of fly ash (FA) and the treatment of electromagnetic pollution have become important contents of current environmental management. A new type of electromagnetic waves absorption material was obtained by using fly ash magnetic beads (FAB), nickel powders (Ni) and polyaniline (PANI) in this study. A novel core–shell PANI@FAB/Ni composite was successfully prepared by interfacial polymerization of PANI on the surfaces of FAB and Ni. The structure, composition, morphology, magnetic property and electromagnetic parameters of composites were investigated in detail. Due to the synergistic effect of several different loss mechanisms, which improved attenuation capacity and impedance matching, the optimal reflection loss of PANI@FAB/Ni at 5.52 GHz was −67.07 dB (thickness of 5.48 mm). Meanwhile, the effective absorption bandwidth of PANI@FAB/Ni is 4.24 GHz with a thin matching thickness of 1.98 mm. This novel electromagnetic waves absorption material made of FAB has potential commercial prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The compressive strength of FGPC is due to the generation of hydroxyl sodalite. • The concentration of NaOH promotes the generation of hydroxyl sodalite to a range. • The cracks in the FGPC will be found at the high concentration of NaOH. • The growth of hydroxy sodalite is promoted by curing conditions in a certain range. The influence factors of the high compressive strength of fly ash based geopolymer concrete (FGPC) were studied rarely mentioned the generation of hydroxy sodalite before. In this paper, FGPC was prepared by using low-calcium fly ash and NaOH acted as the main component in the base activator. By comparing the compressive strengths of FGPC under different preparation parameters, the microstructures of cross-section and hydroxy sodalite (Na 4 Al 3 Si 3 O 12 OH) in FGPC were observed by SEM. The spectra information of FGPC were characterized by XRD and FT-IR. The compressive strength of FGPC was analyzed by studying the growth of hydroxy sodalite and the microstructure of the matrix section under different conditions. The results showed that increasing the concentration of NaOH solution, changing curing temperature and curing time in a certain range can effectively enhance the activity of fly ash and promote the generation of N-A-S-H gel and hydroxy sodalite. The compressive strength of FGPC was decided by matrix structure and the generation of hydroxy sodalite. When the ratio of Na 2 SiO 3 /NaOH is 1.7, the ratio of alkali activator/fly ash is 0.58, the compressive strength of the FGPC can reach 110.2 MPa by curing at 75 ℃ for 24 h after 28 days. The results can help to understand the mechanism of promotion of hydroxy sodalite and give a novelty reference to produce a high compressive strength FGPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]